大学毕业生的心理弹性、积极情绪与心理健康的关系

目的探讨大学毕业生心理弹性、积极情绪与心理健康的关系。方法随机抽取了5所高校的560名大学毕业生,对其施测心理弹性量表、积极消极情绪量表、抑郁自评量表、焦虑自评量表和总体幸福感量表。结果①心理弹性与积极情绪(r=0.489,P0.01)和总体幸福感(r=0.541,P0.01)正相关,心理弹性与焦虑(r=-0.468,P0.01)和抑郁(r=-0.601,P0.01)负相关,积极情绪与焦虑(r=-0.230,P0.01)、抑郁(r=-0.392,P0.01)负相关,积极情绪与总体幸福感正相关(r=0.432,P0.01);②积极情绪能够部分中介心理弹性和抑郁之间的关系,以及心理弹性和总体幸福感之间的关系。当积极情绪进入回归方程时,心理弹性对抑郁的预测效应从-0.601降至-0.538,心理弹性对总体幸福感的预测效应从0.541降至0.433。结论大学毕业生的心理弹性对心理健康的预测效应是通过积极情绪这一中介变量实现的。     

名字喜爱度对主观幸福感的影响:自尊的中介作用

目的:探讨自尊在名字喜爱度和主观幸福感间的中介作用。方法:选取中国科学院大学在校生641人[男368人,女247人;年龄17-27岁,平均年龄为(22.46±2.02)岁]。采用主观幸福感量表(包括生活满意度量表,积极情绪和消极情绪量表)、罗森伯格自尊量表和名字喜爱度问卷进行测量。结果:名字喜爱度与生活满意度、积极情绪、自尊水平之间均呈正相关(r=0.15~0.31,均P0.001),名字喜爱度与消极情绪间呈负相关(r=-0.12,P0.01)。自尊与生活满意度、积极情绪间均呈正相关(r=0.39~0.47,均P0.001),与消极情绪间呈负相关(r=-0.41,P0.001)。自尊在名字喜爱度与生活满意度间起到部分中介作用;自尊在名字喜爱度与积极情绪和名字喜爱度与消极情绪间起到了完全中介作用。结论:个体对自己名字的喜爱度可以通过自尊对主观幸福感产生影响。     

儿童主观幸福感和同伴关系的相关性

目的:主要探讨儿童主观幸福感与同伴关系的相互关系。方法:采用主观幸福感量表和同伴提名法对242名小学生进行测量。结果:儿童的主观幸福感水平在性别(F=4.377,P0.05)和年级(F=3.861,P0.05)上均存在显著差异;同伴交往状况与主观幸福感有密切联系,同伴关系与生活满意度显著正相关(r=0.270,P0.01),与积极情绪显著正相关(r=0.210,P0.01),而与消极情绪呈显著负相关(r=-0.155,P0.05)。结论:小学生在同伴中的接纳度越高,越能体验到更多的幸福感和较少的消极情绪,同伴关系是影响儿童主观幸福感的重要因素之一。     

中小学教师工作压力、工作满意度与职业幸福感的关系

目的:探讨中小学教师工作压力、工作满意度与职业幸福感的关系。方法:采用中小学教师工作压力量表、教师工作满意感量表、教师职业幸福感问卷对2019名中小学教师进行问卷调查。结果:1中小学教师职业幸福感存在性别(t=-4.99,P0.05)、婚姻状况(F=19.30,P0.01)和教龄(F=13.72,P0.01)的差异;2工作压力与工作满意度呈显著负相关(r=-0.36,P0.01),工作压力对工作满意度有显著的负向预测作用;工作压力与职业幸福感呈显著负相关(r=-0.36,P0.01),工作压力对职业幸福感有显著负向预测作用;工作满意度与职业幸福感呈显著正相关(r=-0.85,P0.01),工作满意度对职业幸福感有显著的正向预测作用;3中小学教师工作满意度在工作压力与职业幸福感之间起部分中介作用。结论:工作压力既可以直接影响中小学教师职业幸福感,也可以通过工作满意度间接影响职业幸福感。     

乐观主义、悲观主义与自尊

目的探讨乐观主义、悲观主义、积极情绪、消极情绪与自尊的关系。方法以397名大学生为被试,用生活取向测验、积极和消极情感量表和Rosenberg自尊量表进行问卷调查。结果①乐观主义与积极情绪(r=0.11,P<0.05)和自尊(r=0.29,P<0.001)显著正相关,与消极情绪(r=-0.17,P<0.01)显著负相关;悲观主义与消极情绪(r=0.13,P<0.05)显著正相关,与自尊(r=-0.22,P<0.001)显著负相关;②积极情绪(β=0.042)和消极情绪(β=0.048)在乐观主义与自尊之间的关系中起部分中介作用,而悲观主义直接对自尊起作用(β=-0.11,t=-2.73,P<0.01)。结论乐观主义有着良好的心理收益,乐观主义和悲观主义都能直接影响自尊,乐观主义还能通过积极和消极情绪的部分中介作用间接影响自尊。     

大学生自尊与主观幸福感的关系:应对方式的中介作用

目的探讨应对方式在大学生自尊与主观幸福感之间所起的潜在中介作用,为大学生心理健康教育工作提供科学依据和指导。方法采用生活满意度量表、积极消极情感量表、Rosenberg自尊量表和简易应对方式问卷对286名大学生进行问卷调查,并运用结构方程模型技术探讨应对方式在自尊与主观幸福感之间所起的中介作用。结果相关分析发现自尊和积极应对与生活满意度和积极情绪显著正相关(r=0.15~0.42,P0.05);自尊与消极情绪显著负相关(r=0.48,P0.001);消极应对方式与消极情绪显著正相关(r=0.30,P0.001);自尊与积极应对方式显著正相关(r=0.27,P0.001),与消极应对方式显著负相关(r=-0.23,P0.001)。中介效应分析发现,消极应对在自尊与主观幸福感之间的关系中起部分中介作用(β=0.08,P0.05)。结论自尊既可以直接影响主观幸福感,也可以通过消极应对的中介作用间接影响主观幸福感。     

企业员工社会支持和主观幸福感的关系-情绪调节的中介作用

目的:探讨情绪调节在社会支持和主观幸福感间的中介作用。方法:使用社会支持问卷、主观幸福感问卷和情绪调节量表对252名企业员工进行调查。结果:1企业员工社会支持与表达积极情绪、管理消极情绪存在显著正相关(r=0.30,0.38;P0.01),表达积极情绪、管理消极情绪与主观幸福感存在显著正相关(r=0.37,0.47;P0.01),社会支持与主观幸福感存在显著正相关(r=0.26,P0.01);2表达积极情绪和管理消极情绪在社会支持与主观幸福感之间起中介作用,中介效应分别占总效应的37%和77.4%;3不同性别、年龄、职位、岗位的员工感受到的社会支持、情绪调节、主观幸福感的程度不同。结论:社会支持和情绪调节都是影响主观幸福感的重要因素,表达积极情绪、管理消极情绪在对支持的利用度和主观幸福感间起中介作用。     

大学生主观幸福感的实验研究

目的了解湖南农业大学大学生主观幸福感现状,探讨自尊、主观应激与主观幸福感的关系。方法用主观幸福感量表,自尊量表和主观应激量表对1～2年级464名大学生进行测试。结果不同性别大学生对自尊、主观应激和主观幸福感差异无显著性(P0.05),自尊与生活满意度呈显著正相关(P0.01),自尊与积极情绪呈显著正相关(P0.01),自尊与消极情绪呈显著负相关(P0.01),自尊与幸福度呈显著正相关(P0.01);自尊对主观幸福感有显著预测作用(P0.01),自尊与主观应激呈负相关(P0.01)。主观应激与生活满意度呈显著负相关(P0.01),主观应激与积极情绪呈负相关(P0.01),主观应激与消极情绪呈显著正相关(P0.01),主观应激与幸福度呈负相关(P0.01);主观应激对主观幸福感有显著预测作用(P0.01),自尊和主观应激对主观幸福感有显著预测作用(P0.01)。结论应重视大学生自尊心和主观应激能力的提高。     

基层战士情绪与应付方式的关系

目的研究部队基层战士情绪与应付方式的基本状况及二者之间的关系,为培养战士有效应对压力事件、改善情绪状态、维护心理健康提供理论依据。方法采用积极情绪消极情绪量表(PANA S)、应付方式问卷测量216名战士的情绪及应付方式。结果①战士的积极情绪与消极情绪的比例约为1.5:1,未达到临界点;②战士的总体应付方式主要表现为解决问题-求助型与退避-幻想型;③战士的积极情绪与解决问题、求助有极其显著的正相关(r=0.481,0.360;P<0.01),与合理化、自责、幻想及退避有极其显著的负相关(r=-0.373,-0.336,-0.412,-0.469;P<0.01);消极情绪与解决问题、求助有极其显著的负相关(r=-0.442,-0.223;P<0.01),与合理化、自责、幻想及退避有极其显著的正相关(r=0.331,0.490,0.425,0.437;P<0.01)。结论可通过培养战士成熟的应付方式、减少不成熟的应付方式来调整战士的情绪状态,维护其心理健康。     

护理人员职业倦怠特点及其与主观幸福感的关系

目的:了解护理人员职业倦怠和主观幸福感的状况并探究其间的关系。方法:采用Maslach工作倦怠量表(MBI—HSS)、主观幸福感测定量表(Subjective Well—Being,SWB)对烟台、威海某3所医院260名护理人员进行问卷调查。结果:护理人员职业倦怠的总分及各个维度与主观幸福感的积极情绪、生活满意度呈显著负相关(r=-0.492,-0.385;P0.01),与消极情绪呈显著正相关(r=0.573,P0.01)。回归分析发现,职业倦怠各维度对主观幸福感有预测作用(P0.01)。结论:护理人员职业倦怠现象处于中度倦怠水平,主观幸福感水平较高;学历、职称、护龄、月收入等因素对职业倦怠、主观幸福感有不同程度的影响;职业倦怠各维度对主观幸福感有预测作用。     

Atherosclerosis, and Newton, Poiseuille, Reynolds and Prandtl

Atherosclerotic fibrous plaques typically manifest at inlets of branches and in expansions etc. of large elastic arteries. A resting man with a surface area of 1.78 m(2)produces energy at a rate of 100 W (86 kcal/h), mainly by core organs. Core blood heat is convected to arterial walls and conducted through tissues to be lost from body surfaces. High losses are compensated by an increase in the basal metabolic rate, and vice versa. In laminar flow, the fluid-tube wall heat transfer coefficient is higher close to tube inlets than downstream. Unless lipoprotein etc. suspects are exceptions from the rule that an increase in temperature speeds up chemical reactions, transfer of core heat may contribute to plaque localization. In laminar flow, heat transfer is little influenced by viscosity. Hence correlations between blood viscosity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) may reside in other mechanisms: viscosity limits flow relatively more in small than in large arteries, and viscosity-linked thixotropic properties of blood increase resistance to flow in capillaries and postcapillary venules (exchange vessels). The exchange vessels of large arteries belong to the vasa vasorum, in which reduction of flow induces diffuse parent artery wall changes found also in plaques. Correlations between blood viscosity and peripheral symptoms of CVD may be explained by reduced flow in vascular loops of symptomatic organs, even if maximum flow is limited by upstream plaques. Physiological differences in the type of blood flow and in blood-tissue exchange between vessels of different size may shed light on apparent paradoxes in research on CVD.     

Force-, power-, and elasticity-velocity relationships in walking,running, and jumping

Summary Ground reaction forces and mechanical power were investigated when the subjects walked normally, while they were racing or running at four speeds, and when they performed the running long jump take-off. In addition, the apparent spring constants of the support leg in eccentric and concentric phases were investigated at the four running speeds, during the running long jump take-off, and in the triple jump. Six club level track and field athletes, four national level long jumpers, and six national level triple jumpers took part in the study. Cinematographic technique and a mathematical model of hopping (Alexander and Vernon 1975) were employed in the analysis. Force and power values were found to vary in the following order (from highest to lowest): long jump take-off, maximal running speed, submaximal running (80, 60, and 40% of maximum speed), racing gait, and normal gait. The data disclosed that the measured parameters had the highest values in the long jump take-off performed by the long jump athletes. Their peak values were: resultant ground reaction force 3270±74 N and mechanical power 160.1±10.5 J×kg^–1×s^–1. For the track and field athletes the values were 2010±80 N and 126.0±12.6 J ×kg^–1×s^–1. The apparent spring constant values of the support leg in the national level jumper group were in eccentric phase 30.54±8.38 N×mm^–1 ×kg^–1 and in concentric phase 0.129±0.012 N×mm^–1×kg^–1. In the track and field athletes the values were 13.97±1.01 N×mm^–1×kg^–1 and 0.093±0.003 N×mm^–1×kg^–1, respectively. In general, the increase in force and mechanical power output was related to the value of the apparent spring constant of the support leg in the eccentric phase. The spring constant in the eccentric phase increased with the velocity of motion in running, the long jump take-off and the triple jump. This suggests that it may be possible to use this parameter as a measure of mechanical performance, as it may reflect the combined elasticity of muscles, tendons, and bones.     

Children,Technology, Problems,and Preferences

Increasingly, young people are using various forms of technology in the service of communicating with others, and many have noted the possibility of various dire consequences of this phenomenon, including sexting, cyberbullying, online harassment, and Internet addiction. In our own survey of over 300 adolescents, we found that texting and face‐to‐face communication were considered the most “convenient” forms of communication, while face‐to‐face communication and phone conversations were perceived as most likely to lead to “feeling understood” and “feeling intimate.” Face‐to‐face communication and texting were perceived as most likely to result in feeling regret for sharing too much information. By choosing to communicate through technology, many young people, including our patients, can continue to be social and, at the same time, keep a somewhat safer emotional distance.     

Effects of nicotine and caffeine, separately and in combination, on EEG topography, mood, heart rate, cortisol, and vigilance

Effects of nicotine and caffeine, separately and in combination, were assessed in 12 male habitual smokers in a repeated-measures design. Caffeine (0-mg vs. two 150-mg doses administered in a decaffeinated/sugar-free cola drink post-baseline and 90 min later) was crossed with nicotine (ad libitum own dosing vs. 1.0-mg machine-delivered dose vs. 0.05-mg machine-delivered dose). Participants smoked a total of five cigarettes at 30-min intervals over a 2-hr period. Caffeine and nicotine had large effect sizes on electroencephalogram (EEG) power; however, these effects were modulated by the eyes open versus closed condition, the other drug, and electrode site. EEG effects of open versus closed eyes tended to be of the same size and direction as those of nicotine and caffeine. However, whereas nicotine increased EEG power in some higher frequency bands in some conditions, caffeine decreased EEG power across almost all conditions. Serum cortisol concentration, vigor, and pleasantness were increased by nicotine, but not by caffeine. Level of depressive mood depended on an interaction of caffeine and nicotine. Vigilance performance was enhanced significantly by caffeine and was increased almost significantly by nicotine. The findings were interpreted in terms of common and differential mechanisms of the two drugs.     

Lipids,inflammasomes, metabolism,and disease

Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that regulate the cleavage of cysteine protease caspase-1, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and induction of inflammatory cell death, pyroptosis. Several members of the nod-like receptor family assemble inflammasome in response to specific ligands. An exception to this is the NLRP3 inflammasome which is activated by structurally diverse entities. Recent studies have suggested that NLRP3 might be a sensor of cellular homeostasis, and any perturbation in distinct metabolic pathways results in the activation of this inflammasome. Lipid metabolism is exceedingly important in maintaining cellular homeostasis, and it is recognized that cells and tissues undergo extensive lipid remodeling during activation and disease. Some lipids are involved in instigating chronic inflammatory diseases, and new studies have highlighted critical upstream roles for lipids, particularly cholesterol, in regulating inflammasome activation implying key functions for inflammasomes in diseases with defective lipid metabolism. The focus of this review is to highlight how lipids regulate inflammasome activation and how this leads to the progression of inflammatory diseases. The key roles of cholesterol metabolism in the activation of inflammasomes have been comprehensively discussed. Besides, the roles of oxysterols, fatty acids, phospholipids, and lipid second messengers are also summarized in the context of inflammasomes. The overriding theme is that lipid metabolism has numerous but complex functions in inflammasome activation. A detailed understanding of this area will help us develop therapeutic interventions for diseases where dysregulated lipid metabolism is the underlying cause.     

Classification, identification, and clinical significance of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella

This review presents the current taxonomy of the genera Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella, along with the current methods for the identification of each species within the three genera, incorporating both conventional biochemical and commercial methods. While all of these organisms are ubiquitous in the environment, individual case reports and nosocomial outbreak reports that demonstrate their ability to cause major infectious disease problems are presented. Lastly, anticipated antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are reviewed. Many of these organisms are easily controlled, but the advent of newer and more powerful antimicrobial agents has led to some problems of which laboratorians need to be aware.     

Degradation, bioactivity, and cytocompatibility of diopside, akermanite, and bredigite ceramics

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three bioceramics in the CaO-SiO(2)-MgO systems with different composition on the in vitro degradation, bioactivity, and cytocompatibility. The degradation was evaluated through the activation energy of Si ion release from ceramics and the weight loss of the ceramics in Tris-HCl buffers. The in vitro bioactivity of the ceramics was investigated by analysis of apatite-formation ability in the simulated body fluid (SBF). The cytocompatibility was evaluated through osteoblast morphology and proliferation. The results showed that the activation energy of Si ion release increased and the degradation decreased from bredigite to diopside ceramics with the increase of Mg content, and the apatite-formation ability in SBF decreased. The Ca, Si, and Mg containing ionic products from three ceramics could stimulate cell proliferation at lower concentration, and inhibit cell proliferation with the increase of ion concentrations. Furthermore, osteoblasts could adhere, spread, and proliferate on three ceramic disks, and cell proliferation on diopside was more obvious than that on other two ceramic disks.