Airtraq喉镜和Macintosh直接喉镜在经口气管插管时血流动力学的比较

目的比较Airtraq视频喉镜和Macintosh直接喉镜经口气管插管时心血管反应。方法40例拟择期经口气管插管全麻下手术的患者,按照随机数字表随机分为两组,Airtraq组（A组）和Macintosh喉镜组（M组）,每组20例。观察麻醉诱导前、诱导后、插管即刻、插管后1、3min时的心率（HR）、血压和心率收缩压乘积（ratepressureproduct,RPP）。结果两组声门暴露时间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,导管置入时间A组（6±4）S短于M组（10±4）S（P〈0．01）。两组诱导后的HR、血压和RPP值都较诱导前的基础值明显下降（P〈0．05）,插管即刻、插管后1min的心血管指标较诱导后明显增高（P〈0．05）。A组插管后3min心血管指标与诱导后比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而M组3min时心血管指标[收缩压（SBP）（106±17）mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）,舒张压（DBP）（65±10）mmHg,平均动脉压（MAP）（78±19）mmHg,HR（92±12）次／分,RPP（9748±2072）]与诱导后[SBP（93±15）mmHg,DBP（54±9）mmHg,MAP（67±10）mmHg,HR（85±12）次／分,RPP（8117±1886）]比较差异仍有统计学意义（R0．05）。A组、M组插管后5min心血管指标与诱导后比较差异均无统计学意义。结论与Macintosh直接喉镜相比,应用Airtraq视频喉镜行经口气管插管可减少插管置入时间,且血流动力学反应较轻。     

Airtraq(R)喉镜和Macintosh直接喉镜在经口气管插管时血流动力学的比较

目的比较Airtraq(R)视频喉镜和Macintosh直接喉镜经口气管插管时心血管反应。方法40例拟择期经口气管插管全麻下手术的患者,按照随机数字表随机分为两组,Airtraq(R)组（A组）和Macintosh喉镜组（M组）,每组20例。观察麻醉诱导前、诱导后、插管即刻、插管后1、3 min时的心率(HR)、血压和...     

Cardiovascular responses to fiberoptic intubation: A comparison of orotracheal and nasotracheal intubation

We compared the cardiovascular responses between nasal and oral intubation with a fiberoptic bronchoscope under the combination of neuroleptic analgesia (NLA) and topical anesthesia. The 16 patients studied were divided into 2 groups: the nasal intubation group (N group: 8 patients) and the oral intubation group (O group: 8 patients). There were significant changes in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures in the N group and in the pressure rate quotient in the O group. Diastolic arterial pressure and heart rate were significantly higher in the N group than in the O group before induction of general anesthesia. The rate pressure product (RPP) was significantly higher in the N group than in the O group at some points during the procedure. The individual RPP in both groups was relatively stable except for one patient in the N group, who had a marked increase in RPP during the procedure. We conclude that, under the combination of NLA and topical anesthesia, the cardiovascular responses to oral fiberoptic intubation are less severe than those to the nasal approach. The oral approach is recommended, especially in patients with coronary artery disease, taking into consideration of the cardiovascular responses to fiberoptic intubation.(Shibata Y, Okamoto K, Matsumoto M, et al.: Cardiovascular responses to fiberoptic intubation: a comparison of orotracheal and nasotracheal intubation. J Anesth 6: 262–268, 1992)     

GlideScope视频喉镜、直接喉镜和光导纤维支气管镜经口气管插管时血液动力学反应的比较

目的比较正常气道患者GlideScope视频喉镜(GSVL)、Macintosh直接喉镜(MDLS)和光导纤维支气管镜(FOB)经口气管插管时的血液动力学反应。方法拟在经口气管插管全身麻醉下行择期整形外科手术的患者60例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,年龄18-50岁,随机分为3组(n=20):GSVL组、MDLS组和FOB组。常规麻醉诱导后,分别采用GSVL、MDLS或FOB实施经口气管插管,记录麻醉诱导前(基础值)、气管插管前即刻、气管插管后即刻及插管后1、2、3、4、5min血压(BP)和心率(HR),并记录整个观察期BP和HR的最大值。计算各观察时点的收缩压×心率乘积(RPP)。以时间为横坐标、观察期BP和HR为纵坐标计算血液动力学时-效关系曲线下面积。结果与MDLS组相比,FOB组气管插管时间延长(P<0.05),气管插管后即刻HR和RPP升高(P<0.05),GSVL组各指标差异无统计学意义;与GSVL组相比,FOB组各指标差异无统计学意义;3组血液动力学时-效关系曲线下面积差异均无统计学意义。结论与MDLS和FOB相比,采用GSVL在预防正常气道患者经口气管插管时血液动力学反应方面并无明显优势,但FOB引导经口气管插管时所致的血液动力学反应却强于MDLS。     

Comparative study between fibro-optic bronchoscope and rigid laryngoscope in direct laryngoscopy with microlaryngosurgery

ObjectiveAnesthesia of patient for direct laryngoscopy (DL) and microlaryngosurgery (MLS) was technically challenging. The anesthetist had usually concern about the loss of spontaneous ventilation and occurrence of obstruction after induction with IV drugs. The aim of this study was to compare between flexible fibro-optic bronchoscope and direct rigid laryngoscope during awake intubation in patients with laryngeal mass scheduled for direct laryngoscopic surgery (DL) and microlaryngosurgery (MLS). It was a study to assess the best way for intubation with the least side effects, discomfort to the patients and high success rate of intubation.MethodsFourty adult patients Malampati 1,2 and ASA I,II,III with small laryngeal mass or polyp scheduled for direct laryngoscope (DL) and microlaryngoscopic surgery. They were randomly computerized divided into two groups 20 patients in each group; Group FO; intubation with flexible fibro-optic bronchoscope. Group RL; intubation with rigid laryngoscope.ResultsThe time of intubation was statistically significantly higher in fibro-optic group (group FO) (92 ± 34 s) than rigid laryngoscope group (group RL) (35 ± 5 s). There were two patients in group RL needed 2nd intubation attempt for better visualization of the view but there were six patients in group FO needed 2nd intubation attempt for suction of secretion and blood. According to modified six point scale the patients ranged between 1 and 3 in group FO while they range between 2 and 4 in group RL.ConclusionThe study suggested that the flexible fibro-optic bronchoscope was very comfortable to the patients and less traumatic with less cardiovascular stress but it took longer time and had a higher incidence of 2nd attempt and failure rate. Accordingly, it recommend the use of flexible fibro-optic bronchoscope in expected small size and non-bloody mass with prepared rigid laryngoscope and tube with stylet to be ready to use if needed.     

右美托咪定对全麻患者气管插管时血流动力学变化的影响

目的 探讨右美托咪定对全麻患者气管插管时血流动力学变化的影响.方法 择期手术患者40例,随机分为M1、M2组,M1组麻醉诱导前给予右美托咪定0.5μg/kg,再以0.3 μg/（kg·h）速度持续输注.两组均给予咪达唑仑、芬太尼、丙泊酚、罗库溴铵麻醉诱导,气管插管.记录患者入室后、麻醉诱导前、插管前、插管即刻、插管1、3、5 min后的血压、心率.结果 M1组输注右美托咪定后,HR较基础值明显降低;麻醉诱导后各观察时刻,BP较基础值明显减低;M2组HR插管前低于基础值,插管后1 min大于基础值,BP在插管前与插管即刻明显小于基础值;M1组HR自诱导前各观察时刻、BP自插管时各观察时刻均低于M2组;M1组麻醉药诱导用量明显少于M2组.结论 麻醉诱导前给予右美托咪定0.5 μg/kg可较完善地抑制插管时的心血管反应,减少麻醉药用量.     

Assessment of small-dose fentanyl and sufentanil blunting the cardiovascular responses to laryngoscopy and intubation in children

BACKGROUND: The authors found no study assessing the efficacy of small-dose narcotics on the cardiovascular response from intubation in children, so they observed the effects of fentanyl 2 microg x kg(-1) and sufentanil 0.2 microg x kg(-1) on the cardiovascular changes during laryngoscopy and intubation in children. METHODS: Ninety-three children aged 3-9 years were randomized to one of three groups to receive the following treatments in a double-blind manner: normal saline (group C), fentanyl 2 microg x kg(-1) (group F) and sufentanil 0.2 microg x kg(-1) (group S) 2 min before induction. Noninvasive blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded before anesthesia induction (baseline value), immediately before intubation (postinduction values), at intubation and 5 min after intubation at 1-min interval. RESULTS: Tracheal intubation caused significant increases in BP and HR in the three groups compared with baseline values. BP and HR at intubation and after intubation and their maximum values during observation were significantly lower in groups F and S than in group C (P < 0.05). The mean percent increases of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and HR at intubation were significantly lower in group S, 7% and 10%, than in group F, 17% and 25% (P < 0.05). The increases in SBP and HR of more than 30% of baseline values during the observation period were significantly higher in group F, 27% and 43%, than in group S, 0% and 3% (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: When used as part of anesthesia induction with propofol in children, sufentanil 0.2 microg x kg(-1) 2 min before induction is more effective in attenuating the cardiovascular intubation response than fentanyl 2 microg x kg(-1).     

纤支镜导引下经皮扩张气管造口术的临床研究

目的 探讨纤支镜导引下经皮扩张气管造口术相对于常规经皮扩张气管造口术（PDT）的优点。方法 60例患者随机分为两组，即纤支镜导引组（A组，n=28），常规组（B组，n=32）。记录两组的手术时间，近期远期并发症例数，作统计分析。结果 A组有更大的成功率，更少的近期和远期并发症，手术时间并没有延长。结论 纤支镜导引下经皮扩张气管造口术相对于常规经皮扩张气管造口术有更高的安全性与实用性。     

视可尼喉镜经口不同径路气管插管对血流动力学影响的临床研究

目的 研究视可尼（Shikani Optical Stylet,SOS）左侧磨牙入路、正中入路和右侧磨牙入路经口气管插管对血流动力学的影响.方法 选择92例美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级、年龄20岁～65岁,拟在经口气管插管全身麻醉下实施择期手术的患者,采用随机数字表法分为3组：左侧磨牙入路组（SL组,30例）、正中入路组（SM组,32例）和右侧磨牙入路组（SR组,30例）.麻醉诱导后分别采用不同径路实施SOS经口气管插管操作,观察3组患者麻醉诱导前后、气管插管时和气管插管后5 min内的血压（blood pressure,BP）、心率（heart rate,HR）和二重指数（rate pressure product,RPP）的变化,并记录气管插管时间.结果 右侧磨牙入路经口气管插管的操作时间[（31±10）s]较左侧磨牙入路[（22±11）s]明显延长（P＜0.05）.麻醉诱导后,3组患者的BP[SL组：（94±15） mmHg/（59±10） mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）;SM组：（95±17） mmHg/（56±9） mmHg;SR组：（102±14） mmHg/（58±9） mmHg]和RPP[SL组：7 125±1 826;SM组：7 127±1 826;SR组：7 326±1 621]均较麻醉诱导前[SL组：（132±11） mmHg/（72±9） mmHg;SM组：（135±11） mmHg/（72±6） mmHg;SR组：（136±14） mmHg/（71±1） mmHg;RPP：SL组：10 718±3 256;SM组：10 717±2 256;SR组：10 728±1 738]明显降低（P＜0.05）.与麻醉诱导后[SL组：（194±15）mmHg/（159±10）mmHg,HR：（77±16）次/min;SM组：（95±17） mmHg/（56±9）mmHg,HR：（77±16）次/min;SR组：（102±14）mmHg/（58±9） mmHg,HR：（74±13）次/min; RPP：SL组：7 125±1 826;SM组：7 127±1 826;SR组：7 326±1 621]比较,气管插管后3组患者的BP[SL组：（110±19） mmHg/（68±16） mmHg;SM组：（107±18） mmHg/（69±13） mmHg;SR组：（125±16） mmHg/（75±10） mmHg]、HR[SL组：（93±13）次/min;SM组：（93±17）次/min;SR组：（87±13）次/min]和RPP（SL组：9 234±2 787;SM组：9 234±2 689;SR组：9772±1 885）明显升高（     

Comparative study of awake endotracheal intubation with Glidescope video laryngoscope versus flexible fiber optic bronchoscope in patients with traumatic cervical spine injury

BackgroundThe Gldiescope video laryngoscope (GVL) as a recent intubating device has gained much popularity in difficult intubation over the last decade. It can be used as a substitute to flexible fiber optic bronchoscope (FOB) in intubating challenges. The object of this study is to compare the utility of GVL and FOB for intubating time, attempts, effects on hemodynamics, adverse effects, patient satisfaction and post intubation neurological outcome during awake intubation in traumatic cervical spine injury.MethodsFifty patients undergoing post traumatic cervical spine fixation under general anesthesia were randomly allocated to two groups in a prospective, controlled non-blinded study. All patients were premedicated with glycopyrrolate 0.2 mg iv and midazolam 1 mg iv that be repeated up to 0.05 mg/kg followed with a bolus dose of remifentanil 1.5 μg/kg then a continuous remifentanil infusion of 0.15 μg/kg/min for 3 min before procedure. Each patient underwent a wake endotracheal intubation with either GVL (G group) or FOB (F group) with manual in line stabilization (MILS). Intubating time, intubating attempts, hear rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), oxygen desaturation (SO₂ < 90%), sore throat, patient satisfaction and postintubation neurological outcome were recorded.ResultsIntubating time was significantly lower in G group compared with F group (26 ± 5 versus 72 ± 11 respectively), while the percentage of the first successful intubating attempt was insignificantly higher in G group (88%) than in F group (72%). Both HR and MAP were significantly increased only in F group during intubation in comparison with the basal line values. Both devices were safe for post neurological outcome. No significant differences of adverse effects or patient satisfaction were recorded between groups.ConclusionThe GVL is a safe surrogate for FOB during awake intubation for post traumatic cervical spine fixation.     

Shikani可视喉镜与Mc Coy喉镜对气管插管应激反应影响的比较

目的探讨全身麻醉诱导后采用Shikani可视喉镜(SOS)和Mc Coy喉镜(MCL)进行气管插管时的应激反应。方法选择择期手术的患者191例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为SOS组(S组,n=99)和MCL组(M组,n=92),每组中按声门暴露程度各分为三个亚组:S1组(n=34)、S2组(n=33)、S3组(n=32)和M1组(n=30)、M2组(n=30)、M3组(n=32)。静脉麻醉诱导后分别采用SOS(S组)和MCL(M组)实施经口气管插管操作。记录气管插管时间和麻醉诱导前(T0)、麻醉诱导后(T1)、插管后1min(T2)、3min(T3)、5min(T4)时的SBP、DBP、HR和Narcotrend指数(NI),记录插管过程中芬太尼用量,并于T0、T2、T4时检测血糖。结果 M3组芬太尼用量明显多于S3组(P0.05)。M2组1次插管成功率明显低于S2组,M3组1次插管成功率明显低于S3组(P0.05);T2、T4时M3组血糖明显高于T0时和S3组(P0.05)。T2~T4时M3组SBP、DBP明显高于,HR明显快于S3组(P0.05)。结论气管插管导致不同程度的应激反应,与MCL比较,SOS能有效减轻应激反应的程度,缩短插管时间,尤其在困难插管方面具有明显优势。     

Effects of alfentanil on the responses to awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation

Intubation conditions and pressor response were assessed in 30 healthy patients undergoing awake nasotracheal intubation. The patients were premedicated with peroral diazepam. All the patients were sedated with intravenous diazepam 0.1 mg/kg. Alfentanil 20 micrograms/kg or saline was administered in a double-blind fashion. Alfentanil caused moderate respiratory depression but significantly improved conditions for fiberoscopy. In the control group, arterial pressures and heart rate increased significantly immediately after tracheal intubation. These responses were attenuated by alfentanil.     

Tosight视频喉镜在Klippel-Feil综合征患儿气管插管中的应用

目的探讨Tosight视频喉镜在Klippel-Feil综合征(KFS)患儿气管插管中的应用效果。方法 20例KFS患儿,年龄4~12岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机均分为两组:Tosight可视喉镜组(T组)和Macintosh喉镜组(M组)。记录喉镜下喉部显露分级(Cormack-Lehane分级)、气管插管时间、气管插管次数、插管成功率和并发症发生情况。结果 T组全部完成气管插管,M组完成6例气管插管。T组气管插管时间明显短于、插管次数明显少于M组(P0.05)。两组患儿均无严重并发症发生。结论 Tosight视频喉镜用于KFS患儿气管插管操作简单,声门暴露清晰,插管成功率高,插管时间短,优于Macintosh喉镜。     

可视喉镜在新生儿手术气管插管中的应用

目的探讨可视喉镜在新生儿手术气管插管中的应用。方法选择2013-07—2013-12间行新生儿手术50例为研究对象,随机分为可视喉镜组(A组)25例和直接喉镜组(B组)25例,比较两组新生儿气管插管时声门暴露时间,完成气管插管的时间,插管一次成功率和新生儿插管前3 min、插管时及插管后3 min的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)的变化及插管相关不良反应。结果 A组与B组相比,A组声门暴露时间,完成气管插管的时间均明显缩短,A组插管一次成功率96%,B组插管一次成功率80%,差异有统计学意义。两组新生儿插管前和插管后3 min的MAP和HR比较,差异无统计学意义。但与B组相比,插管时A组新生儿MAP和HR明显降低,差异有统计学意义。A组新生儿插管时不良反应明显低于B组,差异有统计学意义。结论可视喉镜可提高新生儿手术气管插管时成功率,缩短声门暴露时间,气管插管的时间,降低插管不良反应,提高新生儿手术麻醉安全性。     

Using a nasopharyngeal airway during fiberoptic intubation in small children with a difficult airway

BACKGROUND: Induction of anesthesia and tracheal intubation in small children with a difficult airway is a challenging task. We report the experience with a procedure based on sevoflurane inhalation via a nasopharyngeal airway inserted early during induction before airway obstruction occurs. A pediatric fiberscope is used to perform a nasotracheal intubation via the opposite nostril. METHODS: All small children with suspected or known difficult airway needing tracheal intubation were scheduled for a fiberoptic intubation following the described protocol. RESULTS: In 3 years, we performed 27 successful fiberoptic guided tracheal intubations in 19 children, median age 8.2 months (1.0-39.1 months) and median weight 7.6 kg (3.0-15.0 kg). The optimal depth for placement of the nasopharyngeal airway was found to be 8.0 cm (7.0-8.5 cm) from the nostril in the first year of life and 8.5 cm (8.0-10 cm) in the second year. Oxygenation was sufficient during the entire procedure in all cases except one child who had short-lasting laryngeal spasm caused by instillation of lidocaine during light anesthesia. The duration of fiberoptic intubation was significantly shorter when performed by an experienced anesthesiologist (55 s vs. 120 s), but there was no significant correlation between the duration of fiberoscopy and oxygen saturation during fiberoscopy or endtidal CO(2) after intubation. CONCLUSION: The combination of nasopharyngeal airway and fiberoptic guided tracheal intubation seems to be a reliable and safe procedure for managing the difficult airway in small children.     

Continuous ventilation technique for laryngeal mask airway (LMA) removal after fiberoptic intubation in children

BACKGROUND: Fiberoptic tracheal intubation through the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is a simple technique to establish a safe airway in neonates and infants with a difficult airway. The technique, however, is complicated by the removal of the laryngeal mask from the patient's mouth because of the similarity in length of the LMA and the tracheal tube. METHODS: Several solutions have been presented to stabilize the tracheal tube within the trachea during withdrawal of the LMA. With all these techniques ventilation of the patient is interrupted. RESULTS: We present a modified technique, using a double tube assembly, which allows uninterrupted ventilation of the patient during withdrawal of the LMA from the patient's mouth. CONCLUSIONS: The technique is simple and safe, can be performed without hurry and carries potential advantages for neonates and children with limited cardiorespiratory reserve.     

预计困难插管患者使用Airtraq喉镜、Shikani喉镜和Macintosh喉镜行气管插管的比较

目的 探讨Airtraq喉镜、Shikani喉镜和Macintosh喉镜在预计困难插管患者中行气管插管的应用价值.方法 行全麻插管手术预计困难插管患者75例,随机分为Airtraq喉镜组(A组)、Shikani喉镜组(S组)和Macintosh喉镜组(M组),三次内插管成功者入选本研究,每组25例.记录插管时间,麻醉诱导前(T1)、诱导后(T2)、插管结束即刻(T3)和插管后3 min(T4)时的MAP和HR.同时观察各组患者的声门暴露程度以及有无咽喉损伤.结果 A组插管时间最短,其次为S组,M组最慢,A组明显短于S组和M组(P＜0.05).A组插管成功率高于S组和M组(P＜0.05).与T2时比较,T3、T4时M组MAP明显升高、HR明显增快(P＜0.05).T3、T4时M组MAP高于A组,HR快于A组(P＜0.05).A组声门完全显露率最高,其次为S组,M组最低,A组明显优于S组和M组(P＜0.05).A组咽喉损伤发生率低于M组(P＜0.05).结论 在预计困难插管条件下,与Shikani喉镜和Macintosh喉镜比较,使用Airtraq喉镜可以缩短插管时间,提高插管成功率,减少气管插管时心血管应激反应,维持血流动力学稳定,降低咽喉损伤的发生率.