盐酸左氧氟沙星与二羟丙茶碱的配伍稳定性

目的考察25℃下6h内,盐酸左氧氟沙星与二羟丙茶碱注射液的配伍稳定性。方法采用紫外分光光度法测定配伍后0～6h内盐酸左氧氟沙星和二羟丙茶碱的含量变化,同时观察其紫外吸收光谱、外观、pH等变化。结果25℃下6h内,盐酸左氧氟沙星与二羟丙茶碱注射液配伍后含量、紫外吸收光谱、外观、pH几乎无变化。结论6h内盐酸左氧氟沙星与二羟丙茶碱注射液配伍基本稳定。     

头孢地嗪钠与利巴韦林的配伍稳定性观察

目的 考察25℃下8h内,注射用头孢地嗪钠与利巴韦林注射液在0.9%氯化钠注射液中的配伍稳定性.方法 采用紫外分光光度法测定配伍后0～8h内注射用头抱地嗪钠和利巴韦林注射液的含量变化,同时观察其紫外吸收光谱、外观、pH等变化.结果 25℃下8h内,两药配伍后的含量、紫外吸收光谱、外观、pH几乎无变化.结论 8h内注射用...     

利巴韦林与盐酸左氧氟沙星注射液配伍的稳定性

目的：目的：在25℃37℃下6h内考察利巴韦林与盐酸左氧指沙星注射液配伍稳定性。方法：采用双波长分光光度法及分光光度法测定配伍液中利巴韦林及盐酸左氧氟沙星在6h内的含量变化，同时观察外观及pH变化。结果：配伍液在25℃、37℃下0-6h内其外观、pH值及含量均无明显变化。结论：在上述条件下，利巴韦林注射液可与左氧指沙星配伍应用。     

盐酸莫西沙星氯化钠注射液与利巴韦林注射液配伍稳定性考察

目的:考察盐酸莫西沙星氯化钠注射液与利巴韦林注射液配伍稳定性。方法:在25,37℃条件下,观察配伍液在8h内的外观、pH变化,并用紫外分光光度法考察其含量变化。结果:两药配伍后,外观、pH、含量均无明显变化。结论:在25, 37℃下盐酸莫西沙星氯化钠注射液与利巴韦林注射液8h内可配伍使用。     

盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液与异烟肼注射液配伍稳定性考察

目的考察盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液与异烟肼注射液配伍稳定性。方法在25℃、37℃条件下6h内，观察盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液与异烟肼注射液配伍后其外观、pH的变化，并用紫外分光光度法测定盐酸左氧氟沙星和异烟肼的含量。结果配伍液在6h内其外观、pH及含量均无明显变化。结论在25℃、37℃条件下6h内盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液与异烟肼注射液配伍基本稳定。     

果糖注射液与5种药物的配伍稳定性考察

目的:探讨果糖注射液与注射用头孢拉定、利巴韦林注射液、注射用阿昔洛韦、注射用盐酸左氧氟沙星、注射用青霉素钠的配伍稳定性。方法:考察果糖注射液与5种药物分别配伍后的外观、pH值、含量及不溶性微粒的变化,用紫外分光光度法进行光谱扫描。结果:果糖注射液与注射用头孢拉定、利巴韦林注射液、注射用阿昔洛韦、注射用青霉素钠配伍后,外观、含量和pH值均无明显变化,配伍后性质稳定。与注射用盐酸左氧氟沙星配伍后24h内含量显著下降,pH值略有下降,同时混合液出现浑浊现象。结论:果糖注射液与注射用头孢拉定、利巴韦林注射液、注射用阿昔洛韦、注射用青霉素钠在室温下可配伍使用;与注射用盐酸左氧氟沙星的配伍在临床上则应谨慎。     

盐酸左氧氟沙星注射液与注射用丁溴东莨菪碱配伍稳定性研究

目的考察盐酸左氧氟沙星注射液与注射用丁溴东莨菪碱的配伍稳定性。方法用紫外分光光度法测定盐酸左氧氟沙星注射液与注射用丁溴东莨菪碱配伍液在室温（25℃）下8 h内的含量变化,观察配伍液外观并测定其pH。结果 8 h内配伍液的含量、pH及外观均无明显变化。结论盐酸左氧氟沙星注射液与注射用丁溴东莨菪碱可在配伍后8 h内使用。     

盐酸左氧氟沙星注射液与替硝唑葡萄糖注射液的配伍稳定性考察

目的:考察盐酸左氧氟沙星注射液与替硝唑葡萄糖注射液的配伍稳定性。方法:采用紫外分光光度法,测定盐酸左氧氟沙星注射液与替硝唑葡萄糖注射液配伍后在室温(20℃)下8h内其含量变化,观察外观并测定pH值。结果:2药配伍后,8h内的含量、pH值及外观均无明显变化。结论:盐酸左氧氟沙星注射液与替硝唑葡萄糖注射液可在配伍后8h内使用。     

盐酸洛美沙星注射液与利巴韦林注射液配伍稳定性考察

目的考察盐酸洛美沙星注射液与利巴韦林注射液在25℃和37℃温度下的配伍稳定性。方法采用双波长分光光度法测定配伍液中利巴韦林及盐酸洛美沙星在6 h内的含量及pH变化,同时观察其外观变化。结果配伍液在25℃下0～6 h内外观、pH及含量均无明显变化。结论在上述条件下,利巴韦林注射液可与盐酸洛美沙星注射液配伍。     

利巴韦林与3种中草药注射液配伍稳定性考察

目的 考察25℃下6h内，利巴韦林注射液与清开灵、穿琥宁、鱼腥草等3种中草药注射液的配伍稳定性。方法 采用紫外分光光度法测定配伍后6h内利巴韦林的含量，同时观察外观和pH值变化。结果 25℃下6h内配伍液外观、pH值、利巴韦林含量几乎无变化．结论 上述条件下利巴韦林与3种中草药注射液可以配伍使用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.