LC-MS/MS测定人血浆中的盐酸伪麻黄碱

目的 采用LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中盐酸伪麻黄碱的血药浓度.方法 血浆样品经液-液萃取,结合液-液反相萃取的方法处理,采用Diamonsil~(TM) C_(18)柱(150 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-10 mmol·L~(-1)醋酸铵(冰醋酸调pH4)(20:80)为流动相,LC-MS/MS用正离子电喷雾离子源(ESI~+)、离子选择通道为盐酸伪麻黄碱(m/z 166→148)、磷酸可待因内标(m/z300→191).结果 盐酸伪麻黄碱血药浓度5.065～1.013×10~3ng·ml~(-1)与检测信号具有良好的线性关系(r=0.9986),最低定量浓度为1 ng·ml~(-1).低、次低、中、高浓度的盐酸伪麻黄碱的萃取回收率分别为86.86%±5.8%、95.24%±4.31%、96.91%±1.75%、92.60%±7.79%;内标的萃取回收率为86.24%±3.86%.盐酸伪麻黄碱的日内、日间RSD均小于11.7%.结论 所建方法适用于盐酸伪麻黄碱的生物等效性及药物动力学的研究.     

HPLC法测定人血清中甲氧氯普胺的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定人血清中甲氧氯普胺的浓度。方法:采用地西泮为内标,血清经碱化后,乙酸乙酯提取。色谱柱为Hypersil ODS C_(18)(250mm×4.0mm,5μm),流动相为含0.03%三乙胺的甲醇-水(75:25),流速1.0ml·min~(-1),紫外276 nm波长检测。结果:甲氧氯普胺血清浓度在3.7～660.0ng·ml~(-1)内具有良好线性关系,定量限为2.0ng·ml~(-1),方法回收率为92.7%～97.9%,日内、日间RSD均<10%。结论:本法简便、准确、灵敏,适用于甲氧氯普胺血药浓度监测和药物动力学研究。     

液质联用测定人血浆中伪麻黄碱的浓度

目的:建立液质联用法测定人血浆中伪麻黄碱的浓度。方法:采集到的血浆样品以苦参碱为内标,经0.2 mL 0.02 mol·mL~(-1)碳酸钠溶液碱化后氯仿萃取进行 LC-MS 分析。色谱条件为 Kromasil C_(18)柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%甲酸(13:87),流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1);质谱条件为大气压电喷雾离子源(ESI 源),正离子方式检测;扫描方式为选择离子监测(SIM),用于定量分析的离子分别为 m/z 166(伪麻黄碱)和 m/z 249(苦参碱)。结果:方法的线性范围为5～300 ng·mL~(-1),定量下限为5 ng·mL~(-1),提取回收率均大于77.9%,日内、日间精密度(RSD)均小于12.7%。结论:本方法灵敏、专属,适于伪麻黄碱人体血浆药物浓度的测定。     

SPE技术在风湿骨痛片麻黄含量测定中的应用

目的采用SPE-HPLC联用技术测定风湿骨痛片麻黄中盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量。方法采用Oasis MCX-SPE阳离子固相萃取小柱对样品进行前处理,Welch XDB-C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)为色谱柱,以乙腈-0.1mL·L~(-1)磷酸(用三乙胺调pH值至3.0)(5∶95)为流动相等度洗脱,流速1.0mL·min~(-1),检测波长207nm,柱温30℃。结果该实验条件下,盐酸麻黄碱和盐酸伪麻黄碱分离度好。盐酸麻黄碱进样量在22.99~1 150ng、盐酸伪麻黄碱进样量在14.60~730.2ng范围内线性关系良好,盐酸麻黄碱平均回收率为100.8%(RSD=2.8%),盐酸伪麻黄碱平均回收率为98.6%(RSD=2.4%)。结论该方法简便、专属性好,能有效消除复方中其他干扰,可用于风湿骨痛片中麻黄的质量控制。     

盐酸曲普利啶胶囊在中国健康志愿者体内的药物动力学

目的:研究单剂量和多剂量盐酸曲普利啶胶囊在中国健康志愿者体内的药物动力学特征。方法:健康受试者单次(2.5 mg)或多次(2.5 mg,tid,连续服药6d)口服盐酸曲普利啶胶囊,用LC-MS法测定血浆中曲普利啶浓度,用DAS 2.0处理数据。结果:本法线性良好,精密度、准确度、回收率均符合要求。所得药物动力学参数如下,单剂量:t_(1/2)=(5.88±1.62)h,t_(max)=(2.21±0.62)h,C_(max)=(27.50±6.32)ng·ml~(-1),AUC_(0-∞)=(216.74±67.18)h·ng·ml~(-1),MRT_(0-∞)=8.64±1.24 h。多剂量:t_(1/2)=(6.38±2.58)h,t_(max)=(1.71±0.58)h,AUC_(8S)=139.29±47.22 h·ng·ml~(-1),C_(max)=(27.78±6.52)ng·ml~(-1),C_(min)= (10.12±9.26)ng·ml~(-1),C_(av)=(17.41±5.90)ng·ml~(-1),DF=1.13±0.60。结论:该法灵敏度高,操作简便,盐酸曲普利啶胶囊多剂量给药与单剂量给药的药物动力学参数基本一致,无蓄积,给药后安全性良好。     

LC-MS法测定血浆中氨氯地平浓度

目的:建立人血浆中氨氯地平浓度的测定方法,以考察其人体内药物动力学。方法:采用C_(18)反相柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为10 mmol·L~(-1)醋酸铵缓冲液(pH 3.5)-甲醇(20:80);流速:1.0 ml·min~(-1);检测离子:氨氯地平,m/z 341.2;内标:非洛地平,m/z 406.0。结果:氨氯地平回归方程Y=0.176C-0.004,权重系数w=1/C~2,r=0.9986。线性范围为0.12～11.9 ng·ml~(-1),最低检测浓度为0.12 mg·ml~(-1),高、中、低3个浓度的相对回收率分别为104.8%,98.7%,94.7%,日内、日间RSD均小于15%(n=5)。结论:该法灵敏、准确、快速,可用于血浆氨氯地平的浓度测定。     

HPLC法测定盐酸左氧氟沙星血浓度

目的:建立HPLC法测定血清中盐酸左氧氟沙星浓度。方法:采用三氯乙酸提取血样,以盐酸洛美沙星为内标,色谱柱:shim-pack C_(18)柱(250 mm×4．6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈:50 mmol·L~(-1)柠檬酸:1 mol·L~(-1)醋酸胺(16:83:1),流速1．0 ml·min~(-1),检测波长295 nm,灵敏度0．01AUFS。结果:本法在0．1～10μg·ml~(-1)之间线性良好(r=0．999 9),日间和日内RSD小于10％,最低检测浓度为0．1μg·ml~(-1)。结论:本法快速、准确、重现性好,可为临床血药浓度监测和药物动力学提供依据。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定环孢素血浓度

目的:建立一种反相HPLC法监测人全血中环孢素浓度的方法。方法:采用反相C_(18)色谱柱;柱温:70℃;流动相:乙腈-甲醇-水=160:30:15;流速:0.8ml·min~(-1);检测波长:210nm。结果:在15～1 600ng·ml~(-1)范围内,环孢素与内标的峰高比与环孢素浓度有良好的线性关系(r=0.999 3),最低检测限为5 ng·ml~(-1),高、中、低3种浓度平均相对回收率为96.0%～98.3%;日内RSD为1.2%～3.4%(n=5),日间RSD为3.4%～4.3%(n=5)。结论:该法简单、准确、经济,可用于环孢素的血药浓度监测。     

高效液相色谱测定人体血清中低浓度盐酸伪麻黄碱的含量

目的:建立一种测定人体血清中低浓度盐酸伪麻黄碱含量的高效液相色谱法。方法:取人体血清0.5mL,加入内标苯丙醇胺后,加入混合碱溶液(1000mL 水中含有10g 氢氧化钠和40g 碳酸钠)0.5mL 碱化,乙醚-正己烷(1∶1)振荡萃取,离心,有机相盐酸酸化,水浴中氮气挥干。残渣用100μL 流动相溶解,进样。流动相为0.05mol·L~(-1)磷酸二氢钾(含0.005mol·L~(-1)庚烷磺酸钠,用磷酸调pH=2.6)-乙腈(85∶15)。流速:0.8mL·min~(-1)。紫外检测波长:195nm。结果:盐酸伪麻黄碱的线性范围为400-12.5ng·mL~(-1),加权回归r=0.998,最低检测限为8ng·mL~(-1),方法的回收率为60%-80%,日内 RSD 为3.3%-17.5%,日间 RSD 为8.2%-17.8%。结论:本方法灵敏度较文献报道的灵敏度高近10倍,操作简单,专属性和重现性均符合要求,可用于口服低剂量盐酸伪麻黄碱的血药浓度测定和药代动力学研究。     

RP-HPLC法测定人血中盐酸伪麻黄碱浓度

目的建立反相高效液相色谱法测定盐酸伪麻黄碱的血药浓度。方法血浆中盐酸伪麻黄碱经碱化有机萃取后,用稀盐酸反相萃取后分析,色谱柱Nova-pakC18(150×3.9mm,4μm),柱温25℃,流动相为甲醇-0.5%硫酸铵(5∶95,硫酸调节pH至3.0,v/v),流速:0.9mL.min-1,检测波长210nm,盐酸苯丙醇胺(phenylpropanolamine hydrochloric,PPA)为内标。结果盐酸伪麻黄碱在28.5~1140ng.mL-1浓度范围内相关系数为0.9992(n=6),平均回收率为100.5%,日内及日间RSD均小于2.2%(n=5),最低检测限为9.5ng.mL-1。结论本法可用于盐酸伪麻黄碱血药浓度测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.