脑静脉窦血栓形成的CT与MRI

目的：探讨脑静脉窦血栓形成（CVST）的CT与MRI表现特点。方法：回顾分析35例CVST患者的头颅CT、MRI及MRV表现。结果：15例血栓位于上矢状窦，8例位于下矢状窦和直窦，7例累及横窦-乙状窦，5例为多窦受累，7例患者伴有皮质引流静脉及脑深部大静脉受累；10例急性病例，CT见直接和/或间接征象；MRI示32例典型病例表现为脑静脉窦内正常流空效应消失，代之以异常等信号或高信号影，MRV示受累静脉窦全程或节段性闭塞。结论：对急性CVST，头颅CT是一种简单、有效的诊断方法；而对于亚急性和慢性者，常规MRI及MRV的表现具有特征性，其是诊断CVST可靠的手段。     

肌少症的影像学研究进展

肌少症是与增龄相关的进行性、全身性肌肉质量减少和/或肌强度下降或肌肉生理功能减退的综合征,病因复杂多样,严重影响中老年人的生活质量。影像学技术定量和定性评估肌肉质量是诊断肌少症的重要依据,可为早期诊断、治疗干预及预防提供参考。本文对肌少症的影像学研究进展进行综述。     

Extensive screening for occult malignant disease in idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a prospective randomized clinical trial.

Patients with symptomatic idiopathic venous thromboembolism and apparently cancer-free have an approximate 10% incidence of subsequent cancer. Apparently cancer-free patients with acute idiopathic venous thromboembolism were randomized to either the strategy of extensive screening for occult cancer or to no further testing. Patients had a 2-year follow-up period. Of the 201 patients, 99 were allocated to the extensive screening group and 102 to the control group. In 13 (13.1%) patients, the extensive screening identified occult cancer. In the extensive screening group, a single (1.0%) malignancy became apparent during follow-up, whereas in the control group a total of 10 (9.8%) malignancies became symptomatic [relative risk, 9.7 (95% CI, 1.3-36.8; P < 0.01]. Overall, malignancies identified in the extensive screening group were at an earlier stage and the mean delay to diagnosis was reduced from 11.6 to 1.0 months (P < 0.001). Cancer-related mortality during the 2 years follow-up period occurred in two (2.0%) of the 99 patients of the extensive screening group vs. four (3.9%) of the 102 control patients [absolute difference, 1.9% (95% CI, -5.5-10.9)]. Although early detection of occult cancers may be associated with improved treatment possibilities, it is uncertain whether this improves the prognosis.     

颅内静脉血管瘤的影像学诊断

目的探讨颅内静脉血管瘤的CT、MRI及DSA的表现特征及诊断价值。方法搜集12例颅内静脉血管瘤的CT、MRI及DSA资料进行回顾性分析；男7例，女5例，年龄8-72岁；12例分别或并行CT、MRI及DSA检查。结果12例颅内静脉血管瘤均为单发；6例（50％）位于幕下小脑实质内，6例（50％）位于幕上额叶（3例25％）、顶叶（3例25％）脑实质内；患者临床症状轻微，多为合并其他病变检查时偶然发现；CT、MRI及DSA的影像比较，CT平扫为阴性，CT增强扫描与MRI平扫呈特征性表现，即树枝征，DSA静脉期可见典型表现蛇头征。结论MRI是颅内静脉血管瘤的最佳影像检查方法。     

甲状腺相关性眼病影像学研究进展

甲状腺相关性眼病(TAO)是成年人最常见的眼病之一,早期诊断活动性TAO,并采用激素、免疫抑制剂等治疗可明显改善预后。常用影像学方法,包括超声、CT、MRI及放射性核素显像等,对于TAO疾病分期及预测疗效具有重要价值。本文对影像学诊断TAO及分期研究进展进行综述。     

Stereolithographic reproduction of complex cardiac morphology based on high spatial resolution imaging

Sammary Background Precise knowledge of cardiac anatomy is mandatory for diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart disease. Modern imaging techniques allow high resolution three-dimensional (3D) imaging of the heart and great vessels. In this study stereolithography was evaluated for 3D reconstructions of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. Methods A plastinated heart specimen was scanned with MDCT and after segmentation a stereolithographic (STL) model was produced with laser sinter technique. After scanning the STL model with MDCT these data were compared with those of the original specimen after rigid registration using the iterative closest points algorithm (ICP). The two surfaces of the original specimen and STL model were matched and the symmetric mean distance was calculated. Additionally, the heart and great vessels of patients (age range 41 days–21 years) with congenital heart anomalies were imaged with MDCT (n = 2) or free breathing steady, state free-precession MRI (n = 3). STL models were produced from these datasets and the cardiac segments were analyzed by two independent observers. Results All cardiac structures of the heart specimen were reconstructed as a STL model within sub-millimeter resolution (mean surface distance 0.27 ± 0.76 mm). Cardiac segments of the STL patient models were correctly analyzed by two independent observers compared to the original 3D datasets, echocardiography (n = 5), x-ray angiography (n = 5), and surgery (n = 4). Conclusions High resolution MDCT or MRI 3D datasets can be accurately reconstructed using laser sinter technique. Teaching, research and preoperative planning may be facilitated in the future using this technique. Electronic Supplementary Material Electronic supplementary material is available if you access the Local HTML full text version of the article at     

嗜铬细胞瘤的影像学定位诊断评价

目的:评价影像学对嗜铬细胞瘤的定位诊断价值,以指导临床手术与治疗。方法:回顾分析影像学诊断的45例嗜铬细胞瘤影像学表现,并与手术病理对照。结果:左侧肾上腺单发17例,右侧肾上腺单发15例,双侧肾上腺单发2例,右侧肾上腺多发1例,异位10例。良性嗜铬细胞瘤39例,恶性嗜铬细胞瘤6例;USG、CT、MRI、131I-MIBG SPECT检查定位诊断敏感性分别为90%,96%,95%,100%。结论:应用综合影像技术对嗜铬细胞瘤的定位诊断具有重要的临床价值。     

横纹肌肉瘤的影像诊断和病理分析比较

目的:探讨横纹肌肉瘤影像学表现及其与病理学的关系。方法:对34例(男26例,女8例)横纹肌肉瘤的B超、CT、MRI和病理学资料进行回顾性分析。结果:34例中起源于泌尿生殖道12例,腹腔和后腹膜8例,头面颈部6例,四肢6例,躯干2例。B超肿瘤表现为实质性均匀或混杂回声团块影。CT肿块表现为强化的等低密度、稍高密度或混杂密度肿块,有或无局部侵润。MRI T1加权像表现为和软组织等信号或接近等信号,T2加权像表现为高信号,增强后有不同程度强化。病理学上,34例中胚胎型30例,腺泡型2例,多形型2例。结论:横纹肌肉瘤的影像学表现反映其病理改变,但缺乏特异性,在诊断和鉴别中需结合患者的年龄、发生部位等临床资料。     

影像学评价非手术治疗肺癌效果

非手术治疗是中晚期肺癌的主要治疗方法。选择适宜的影像学检查方式，有利于及时评估疗效和调整治疗方案，有助于提高远期生存时间和生活质量。本文针对各种影像学方法评价非手术治疗肺癌效果的研究进展进行综述。     

脑静脉窦及脑静脉血栓CT平扫表现及影像学诊断策略

目的：分析脑静脉窦/脑静脉血栓形成（CVST/CVT）CT平扫的影像学表现特征，以便提高CT平扫对CVST/CVT的早期认识，优化诊断方法，减少误诊。材料与方法：搜集拟诊为CVST/CVT病例25例的平扫及部分增强病例，经与MR与DSA等对照。重点回顾会诊前后血栓本身的CT平扫的直接征象及间接征象并进行对照，比较两者的结果。结果：CT平扫初诊血栓的直接征象的阳性率为13/25，阴性率为12/25，其中假阳性3例，假阴性8例。会诊后血栓阳性征象为21/25，阴性率为4/25，经统计学分析两者差别有显著性。而脑实质改变，会诊前检查的阳性率为20/25，阴性为5/20，而会诊后影像学阳性率为21/25，阴性为4/25，经统计学分析两者的差别无显著性。同时分析了CT平扫误诊原因及正确进行影像学检查的策略。结论：CVST/CVT CT初次平扫，大多都有血栓的直接征象及间接征象，正确认识这些征象，可以提示CVST/CVT的存在，并推荐立即行CTV检查来证实CT平扫的初步意见。     

细胞因子在静脉血栓栓塞形成中的研究进展

静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)包括深静脉血栓(DVT)形成和肺栓塞(PE),具有较高的致残率和致死率.在过去的10年里,随着动物模型的改进,静脉血栓的研究领域取得了较大的突破,揭示了VTE为免疫和炎症相关过程,而不仅仅只是凝血因子依赖性的血栓形成过程.免疫细胞、细胞因子等在VTE的形成和消退过程中起着至关重要的作用.但目前的...     

联体儿的影像学评估及应用

目的：通过对以往病例的回顾，发现适用于联体儿诊断的影像学检查方法，为手术做准备，提高术后生存率。方法：观察以往病例的影像学检查，对照手术及病理进行比较。结果：6例联体儿中5例胸腹联体，1例坐骨联体，5例胸腹联体均为肝脏及胸骨融合，所有患儿均有不同程度的先天性心脏病， 1例坐骨联体两个患儿共用一条直肠，手术结果与影像诊断大致一致。结论：通过适用的影像学检查，能够全面的了解联体儿内部的结构异常情况，对手术的难度、手术的选择、术前准备、预后评估有重要意义。     

Magnetic resonance black-blood thrombus imaging can confirm chronic cerebral venous thrombosis: a case report and literature review

BackgroundCerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is easily missed or misdiagnosed in clinical settings because of its high variability in terms of symptoms and radiological findings. Herein, we aimed to explore a promising modality for confirming presumed CVT in the hope to uncover its superior diagnostic performance to conventional imaging modalities.Case presentation: The patient complained of intolerable pain in her forehead and left eye. Her lumbar puncture opening pressure was 140 mmH₂O, and her cerebrospinal fluid composition was normal. No marked abnormalities were observed in routine brain images, including non-contrast computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance venography. However, chronic mural thrombi in the lumen of the left cortical veins, transverse/sigmoid sinus, and superior sagittal sinus were identified in magnetic resonance black-blood thrombus imaging (MRBTI) maps.ConclusionsMRBTI can be used to directly and non-invasively visualize thrombi, and may thus be a promising tool over alternative routine techniques for confirming the diagnosis of CVT.     

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation: role of multimodality cardiac imaging

Current evidence based on more than 8000 high-risk patients with severe aortic stenosis has demonstrated that transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a feasible alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement in selected patients. Despite current promising results on hemodynamic and clinical improvements, there are several unresolved safety issues, such as the frequency of vascular complications, postprocedural paravalvular leak, atrioventricular heart block and stroke. Multimodality cardiac imaging may help to minimize these complications and may play a central role before (optimizing patient selection, selection of appropriate prosthesis size and anticipating the procedural approach), during and after TAVI (evaluating the immediate and long-term procedural results). This article reviews the state-of-the-art TAVI procedures and the role that multimodality cardiac imaging plays before, during and after TAVI.     

Aspirin in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism

This review summarizes available evidence on effects of aspirin on incidence and outcomes of venous thromboembolism (VTE). From a pathophysiological point of view, inhibition of platelet aggregation is associated with an impaired thrombus formation both in an experimental model of venous thrombosis and in vivo. Epidemiological evidence in support of a beneficial effect of acetylsalicylic acid on VTE incidence is provided by the Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration meta-analysis of studies on the use of antiplatelet agents in cardiovascular risk reduction, showing a significant 25% risk reduction of pulmonary embolism. Moreover, a meta-analysis on older trials of antiplatelet agents in postsurgical VTE prevention and the large Pulmonary Embolism Prevention trial demonstrate a protective effect of the same magnitude: 25-30%. However, as low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) and vitamin K antagonists (VKA) have shown a superior efficacy and safety profile, and no direct comparisons have been made between aspirin, LMWH and VKA in prolonged use, the most recent guidelines advise against aspirin monotherapy for thromboprophylaxis in the surgical patient. Currently, there is no evidence to support a role for aspirin in air travel-related VTE. Regarding prevention of recurrent VTE, studies are ongoing to determine the potential role of aspirin after a first unprovoked VTE.     

Prevention of venous thromboembolism after acute ischemic stroke

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication after acute ischemic stroke. When screened by 125I fibrinogen scanning or venography, the incidence of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) in stroke patients is comparable with that seen in patients undergoing hip or knee replacement. Most stroke patients have multiple risk factors for VTE, like advanced age, low Barthel Index severity score or hemiplegia. As pulmonary embolism is a major cause of death after acute stroke, the prevention of this complication is of crucial importance. Prospective trials have shown that both unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) are effective in reducing DVT and pulmonary embolism in stroke patients. Current guidelines recommend the use of these agents in stroke patients with risk factors for VTE. Some clinicians are concerned that the rate of intracranial bleeding associated with thromboprophylaxis may outweigh the benefit of prevention of VTE. Low-dose LMWH and UFH seem, however, safe in stroke patients. Higher doses clearly increase the risk of cerebral bleeding and should be avoided for prophylactic use. Both aspirin and mechanical prophylaxis are suboptimal to prevent VTE. Graduated compression stockings should be reserved to patients with a clear contraindication to antithrombotic agents.