军人自我和谐与总体幸福感及其关系的研究

目的　考察青年军人自我和谐、总体幸福感的特点及其关系。方法　以重庆某部 2 6 3名军人为被试对象 ,采用《自我和谐量表》和《总体幸福感量表》进行定量调查。结果　 (1)不同文化程度的军人在自我和谐总分以及自我灵活性上差异有统计学意义 ;(2 )在总体幸福感上 ,不同军龄的军人差异有统计学意义 ;(3)自我和谐总分及各因子与总体幸福感体验均存在显著相关 ;自我与经验的不和谐、自我灵活性对总体幸福感有显著的回归效应。结论　军人自我和谐及幸福感总体水平良好 ,但存在不同文化程度、军龄及不同家庭背景的差异。部队应该加强青年军人的心理健康教育。     

Abdominal pain in a 70-year-old Danish population An epidemiological study of the prevalence and importance of abdominal pain

In order to assess the prevalence and importance of abdominal pain in the elderly, an epidemiological study of a 70-year-old Danish population was carried out. Seventy two percent of 1119 randomly selected persons answered a questionnaire concerning abdominal pain. One year prevalence of abdominal pain was 28% among women and 17% among men (p < 0.01). Among those with abdominal pain no significant sex difference was found as regards location, severity, frequency, or medicine consumption. Eleven percent of the men and 19% of the women had abdominal pain which they considered to be of importance to their well-being in terms of frequency, severity, or need of medicine (sex difference: χ² = 10.18, DF = 2, p < 0.01). Participants who had no abdominal pain judged their general health to be better than those who had experienced abdominal pain (p < 0.01).

It is concluded that abdominal pain is frequent in a 70 year old population and influences the well-being of the subjects. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether subjects with abdominal pain have a poorer prognosis than subjects without.     

Accuracy of the college alumnus physical activity questionnaire

The validity and reproducibility of the Physical Activity Index from the College Alumnus Questionnaire (PAI-CAQ) were determined in 78 men and women (21–59 yr) with a broad range of physical activity habits. The PAI-CAQ was computed as the sum of energy expended in stair climbing, walking, and sports and recreational physical activity recalled from the past week. Data were validated against measures of cardiorespiratory fitness, body fatness, motion detection, and physical activity records. All physical activity was recorded by participants for six 48-hour periods. Each day of the week, including weekends, were represented at least twice in the physical activity records. Age-adjusted correlation coefficients between like activities on the College Alumnus Questionnaire and physical activity records ranged from 0.25 to 0.65 in men and 0.28 to 0.86 in women. Correlations between the PAI-CAQ and validation criteria that reflected total and heavy-intensity physical activities were higher (r = 0.34–0.69, p < 0.05) than for lighter-intensity physical activities and motion detection expressed in MET-min·d⁻¹ and kcal·d⁻¹ (r < 0.35, p > 0.05). Test-retest reproducibility was higher over 1 month (r = 0.72) than over 8 and 9 months (r = 0.34 and 0.43) (p < 0.05). Energy expended in walking and stair climbing was underestimated on the College Alumnus Questionnaire, resulting in lower PAI-CAQ scores, as compared to the physical activity records.     

Psychometric characteristics of the General Well-Being Schedule (GWB) with African–American women

The General Well-Being Schedule (GWB) is a brief, reliable, and valid instrument used in population studies to assess psychological well-being, although its validity with African–Americans has yet to be established. This study evaluated the reliability, validity, and factor structure of the GWB in a sample of 599 overweight African–American women who participated in multicenter weight loss trial. The results of the factor analysis indicate that the GWB is primarily unidimensional and that the existence of the six hypothesized subscales was not supported. The GWB demonstrated evidence of concurrent and construct validity when examined in association with measures of self-concept, depression, and several health behaviors. The results of this study suggest that the GWB is a reliable and valid measure of psychological well-being in African–American women.     

The disability rating index: An instrument for the assessment of disability in clinical settings

The purpose of this study was to evaluate an instrument for assessment of physical disability, mainly intended for clinical settings, the Disability Rating Index (DRI). Healthy persons (n = 1092), both white and blue collar workers, and patients (n = 366) with different levels of physical capacity, were assessed. Most of the patients (n = 303) underwent rehabilitation programmes for neck/shoulder/low-back pain but some (n = 47) were arthritis patients waiting for hip or knee replacement surgery, or wheelchair patients with multiple sclerosis (n = 16). The reliability was investigated by test-retest studies, intra- and inter-rater and internal consistency studies. Five construct validity tests were carried out: a discrimination study; a converging validity test; a test for sensitivity to small alterations in health status; and two correlational validity tests. Correlation of the self-reported DRI to the actual performance in similar activities was carried out. Responsiveness was tested by correlation of the DRI before/after replacement surgery for arthritis. The test-retest correlations were 0.83–0.95 in the studies, including correlation of different versions. The intra- and inter-rater reproducibility was 0.98 and 0.99 respectively. The Kruskal-Wallis test in the discrimination study yielded p < 0.0001. More than 90% of the respondents completed the questionnaire correctly. Correlation of the DRI to the Functional Status Questionnaire was 0.46. The responsiveness was excellent, p = 0.0001. The DRI proved to be a robust, practical clinical and research instrument with good responsiveness and acceptability for assessment of disability caused by impairment of common motor functions.     

Alcohol consumption and blood pressure: a comparison of native Japanese to American men

We compared the cross-sectional association of alcohol consumption with blood pressure in 810 Japanese men (JM) living in Tokyo and 946 white men (WM) living in New York. Mean systolic (JM and WM, p < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (JM, p < 0.002; WM, p < 0.001) were associated with alcohol consumption in both groups. Compared to abstainers, the heaviest drinkers had the highest systolic (JM, p = 0.001; WM, p < 0.01) and diastolic (JM, p < 0.002; WM, p < 0.05) blood pressures. The relation of blood pressure to alcohol intake was J-shaped in the Americans, but linear in the Japanese. Exploratory analyses revealed that the J-shape may have been due to under-reporting of heavy alcohol ingestion by American abstainers. When abstainers were excluded, the relationships were similar in both the American and Japanese. The positive association between blood pressure and alcohol consumption persisted after adjustment for age, cigarette smoking, use of antihypertensive medications, body mass index, heart rate, abdominal skinfold thickness, hematocrit, fasting blood glucose, serum uric acid levels and urinary sodium/potassium ratio. Alcohol use was also related to prevalence of hypertension. These findings confirm the presence of an independent association between alcohol intake and blood pressure in both JM and WM and suggest that, despite differences in the metabolism of alcohol, the relation of alcohol consumption to blood pressure is similar in both nationalities.     

老年人主观幸福感现状及其影响因素研究

目的 了解老年人主观幸福感现状并探讨其影响因素.方法 选取西安市167名老年人作为研究对象,采用自制的一般情况调查表及幸福度量表(中国版,GWB)对老人进行调查.结果 老年男性的GWB评分为83.1±12.1,高于全国常模(75.0),差异具有统计学意义(t=5.67,P=0.00);老年女性的为78.1±14.0,高...     

From early to late adolescence: alcohol use and anger relationships

Purpose: To evaluate the longitudinal relationship of alcohol use in early adolescence to anger in late adolescence.

Methods: Data were collected in Indianapolis, Indiana, from 1987 to 1993 as part of a large drug abuse prevention trial. Fifty percent of the 1201 students were female, 75%, white, and 69%, low socioeconomic status, who were surveyed in grades 6/7, 9/10, and 11/12. Subjects were asked four anger-related questions: “When I have a problem, I get mad at people,” “When I have a problem, I do bad things or cause trouble,” “When I have a problem, I say or do nasty things,” and “I am a hotheaded person.” Two additional items asked subjects to report the number of alcoholic drinks consumed and frequency of drunkenness in the past 30 days. Odds ratios (OR) were used to assess the predictive relationship of alcohol use in early adolescence to anger in late adolescence.

Results: Early use of alcohol increased the odds of later anger. Specifically, alcohol use in the past month in grade 6/7 increased the odds in grade 11/12 of saying or doing nasty things (OR = 8.23, p < .01), self-reported hotheadedness (OR = 9.72, p < .01), and high anger on a composite anger scale (OR = 4.84, p < .05). Drunkenness in the past month in grade 6/7 increased the odds of self-reported hotheadedness (OR = 6.17, p < .05) and high anger on the anger scale (OR = 3.20, p < .05) in grade 9/10 and doing something bad to cause trouble in grade 11/12 (OR = 24.97, p < .01). For subjects in grade 9/10, alcohol use in the past month increased the odds in grade 11/12 of doing something bad to cause trouble (OR = 2.79, p < .05), saying or doing nasty things (OR = 2.02, p < .05), and self-reported hotheadedness (OR = 2.51, p < .05).

Conclusions: The present study showed that alcohol use in early adolescence was associated with increased anger, both in middle and late adolescence, controlling for gender, age, and socioeconomic status. The findings suggest that alcohol and drug prevention programs delivered in early adolescence may have the capacity to prevent risk for later anger and related violent behavior.     

Determinants of adolescents’ satisfaction with health care providers and intentions to keep follow-up appointments

Objective: To better understand the determinants of adolescents' satisfaction with their health care providers and to examine the relationship among satisfaction, intention to return for follow-up, and appointment-keeping behavior.

Methods: One hundred and twenty-four adolescent patients attending a university-based general adolescent medicine clinic were surveyed prior to the visit about their attitudes regarding provider behavior. After the visit, subjects completed a questionnaire on provider behavior during the visit, satisfaction with the visit, and intention to keep their follow-up appointment.

Results: Multivariate regression analysis revealed that pre-visit attitudes about providers' style of behavior predicted satisfaction (β = 0.252; p < 0.01). After controlling for pre-visit attitudes, perceptions about providers' style of behavior proved to be a strong predictor of visit satisfaction (β = 0.512; p < 0.01). Visit satisfaction was associated with intention to keep scheduled follow-up appointments (r = 0.327; p < 0.01). However, subjects with greater intention to return were not more likely to keep their follow-up appointments.

Conclusion: Provider behavior is an important determinant of adolescents' satisfaction with their health care.     

大学生纠察队员心理健康与自我和谐自我控制及总体幸福感分析

目的了解大学生纠察队员的心理健康与自我和谐、自我控制及总体幸福感方面的情况。方法采用症状自评(SCL-90)、自我和谐(SCCS)、自我控制能力(SCS)、总体幸福感(GWB)等量表对某综合性大学136名纠察队员进行研究。结果 (1)大学生纠察队员症状自评量表所有因子得分极显著低于全国大学生常模;抑郁得分极显著低于国内常模,强迫、焦虑、精神病性得分极显著高于国内常模。(2)男女纠察队员在自我控制能力得分上差异无统计学意义。(3)大学生纠察队员自我和谐得分均极显著低于全国常模。(4)总体幸福感得分上只在松弛和紧张、对情感和行为的控制上男女差异有统计学意义。(5)自我与经验的不和谐同除躯体化因子以外的其他因子得分有着极显著的正相关。结论大学生纠察队员的心理健康状况优于全国大学生标准、男女纠察队员自我控制方面趋于一致、自我和谐总体状况良好,优于常模水平。     

Differential parental communication with adolescents who are disabled and their healthy siblings

Purpose: To examine the levels of parental communication and differential conversational styles with adolescents who are disabled and their healthy siblings, to better understand why the adolescent who is disabled has a higher risk of psychosocial problems during the transition into adulthood.

Methods: Families who had a disabled adolescent and at least one other adolescent who was not disabled were videorecorded during dinner at home. Twenty adolescents (12 girls and 8 boys) and their families participated. Analyses were conducted on the 392 interactions.

Results: Not only did the healthy adolescents participate in family interactions at higher frequencies than the adolescents who were disabled F(1, 383) = 14.00, p < .001, but the interactions were also more meaningful with healthy adolescents, F(2, 383) = 5.25, p < .01. Furthermore, healthy siblings had significantly greater conversational control than did their siblings with disabilities, χ² [1] = 14.36, p < .001. Parents responded more negatively when adolescents who were disabled initiated a topic in comparison with their response to the healthy siblings, F(2, 69) = 5.44, p < .01. Finally, adolescents with disabilities were ignored more often than their healthy siblings, z = −3.75, p < .001, and they did not monopolize the conversation as often as did their healthy siblings, z = −3.91, p < .001.

Conclusion: These results suggest that adolescents who are disabled may be at a disadvantage when engaged in family interactions in contrast with their healthy siblings.     

Reliability and physiologic correlates of the Harvard alumni activity survey in a general population

The reliability of the Harvard Alumni Activity Survey (HAAS) and its association with physiologic measures was assessed in a large sample of men and women aged 25–65 years residing in the Boston metropolitan area in 1987. Reliability was estimated by comparing HAAS energy expenditure reports (kcal/week) from two separate interviews conducted 7–12 weeks apart. The test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.58 for the entire sample, but was considerably higher (r = 0.69) for those whose activity patterns had not changed from one interview to the next. HAAS self-reports were compared to two physiologic measures known to be affected by physical activity: high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and body mass index (BMI). The natural logarithm of weekly HAAS expenditures was positively correlated with HDLC (r = 0.14, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with BMI (r = 0.13, p < 0.01) for all respondents. These statistically significant associations persisted when adjusted for other covariates influencing physiologic status. The reliability coefficients and physiologic correlations for the HAAS in this sample are comparable to those reported for physical activity instruments requiring more intensive data collection and scoring procedures.     

Scientific abstracts at the society for adolescent medicine meetings:: A 3-decade comparison

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review abstracts accepted for presentation at the annual national meeting of the Society for Adolescent Medicine (SAM) over the past 3 decades for subject content and research design.

Methods: Retrospective review was conducted of research abstracts for 3 years, selected at random, for the 1990s and then matched at 10-year intervals for the previous 2 decades. The major categories for subject content were: medical, psychosocial, health services, and miscellaneous; for research design categories were: retrospective, observational, experimental, and miscellaneous. Subsequent publication was also assessed.

Results: The most notable change over the 3 decades in subject content was a shift from medical topics (58% to 19%) to psychosocial topics [20% to 52% (p < .001)] of abstracts, the latter largely accounted for by increases in topics pertaining to high-risk behaviors. There was a substantial decrease in abstracts concerning medical aspects of chronic illness (p < .001), well-adolescent care, growth and development, and psychosocial aspects of chronic illness (p < .02). Regarding research design, the proportion of retrospective studies decreased over the 3 decades (p < .02); the most prevalent design was observational, with an increase in studies using established databases (p < .02). Less than 15% represented an experimental design. Studies using qualitative analysis appeared for the first time in the 1990s. The percentage of presentations which eventuated in published reports increased from 35% to 63% over the 3 decades (p < .02).

Conclusion: A significant shift occurred in subject con- tent of scientific abstracts from a medical to a psychosocial emphasis. The proportion of retrospective designs decreased, and qualitative analyses emerged. The likelihood of later publication of the studies increased.     

Lung function, smoking and survival in severe alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, PiZZ

Lung function, smoking, age and mortality data in 158 adult severe alpha₁-antitrypsin deficient, PiZZ individuals, followed from 1963 to 1982 were analyzed. Low initial FEV₁ value was significantly associated with increased mortality (p < 0.005). A 3 yr mortality rate of 40% was found in individuals whose initial FEV₁ values were less than 30% of that predicted. In contrast, the corresponding 3-yr mortality among those whose initial FEV₁ values were between 30 and 65% of that predicted was only 7%. Smokers were found to have significantly lower FEV₁ levels (p = 0.008) and higher mortality (p < 0.005) than non-smokers. The difference between current and ex-smokers in mortality and FEV₁ level were not statistically significant (p = 0.9 and p>0.25, respectively). Cross-sectional analysis of the initial FEV₁ values indicated a significant decline (p < 0.005) of FEV₁ with increasing age. This decline was greater among smokers than non-smokers. Longitudinal analysis of FEV₁ rates of decline in 80 cases with follow-up FEV₁ measurements failed to detect any significant differences between smokers and non-smokers, but was performed late in the disease process. The application of these results to the planning of studies on replacement therapy, smoking intervention strategy and longitudinal follow-up is discussed.     

Gestational protein restriction induces a reduced number of glomeruli in the young

In order to study the effect of low protein content in maternal diet on kidney development of pups, Wistar female rats were fed isocaloric diets containing 4%, 8% or 20% protein throughout pregnancy and transferred to a commercial diet during lactation. Birth weight of pups was significantly lower (p < 0.05) only when mothers were fed 4% protein diet. Offspring of the 3 groups of dams were weaned on the 21^st day and sacrificed 7 days later. Significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the number of glomeruli but not in their diameter, glomerular sclerosis index or interstitial fibrosis index were found in the pups born to mothers fed both low protein diets. Plasma creatinine was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in offspring of both low protein diets, while homocysteine only in that born to the 4% protein fed mothers. So, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that maternal undernutrition can determine a reduction in nephron number and hence influence adult cardiovascular and renal diseases.     

A comparative study of Norinyl 1/35 versus Brevicon in Panama City, Panama

A comparative study of Norinyl 1/35 and Brevicon was conducted at the APLAFA clinic in Panama City, Panama. The study sought to evaluate the differences in continuation rates and the frequency of selected side effects which might contribute to method discontinuation. The 300 subjects were randomly allocated to one of the two oral contraceptives. Women in the Brevicon group reported significantly more (p <0.05) intermenstrual bleeding, nausea, headaches, dizziness and vaginal discharge than women in the Norinyl 1/35 group. The total discontinuation rate at 12 months was 28.0 for the Norinyl 1/35 group and 46.7 for the Brevicon group, and this difference was significant (p <.01). Also, significantly more women (p <.01) in the Brevicon group discontinued for menstrual problems than women in the Norinyl 1/35 group. No pregnancies were reported during this study. While both oral contraceptives appear safe and effective, Norinyl 1/35 was more acceptable to this group of Panamanian women.     

应对方式在食管癌患者心理一致感与主观幸福感间的中介作用

目的 探讨食管癌患者心理一致感、应对方式和主观幸福感的关系。方法 便利抽取安徽省2所三甲医院的280名住院食管癌患者,采用心理一致感量表、简易应对方式问卷、总体幸福感量表及一般资料调查表进行调查,运用Amos 17.0和SPSS 17.0 软件对数据进行统计分析。结果 食管癌患者主观幸福感与心理一致感、积极应对呈正相关（r = 0.486、0.406,P＜0.01）,与消极应对呈负相关（r = - 0.297,P＜0.01）。线性回归和结构方程分析显示,心理一致感和积极应对均正向预测主观幸福感（β = 0.307,β = 0.248,P＜0.05）;消极应对负向预测主观幸福感（β = - 0.236,P＜0.05）,应对方式在心理一致感和主观幸福感之间起部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的25.00%。结论 心理一致感可直接影响主观幸福感,也可通过应对方式对其产生间接影响。     

Adolescents becoming smokers: the roles of stress and coping methods

Purpose: To examine the relationship of stress and coping methods to smoking status (never-smoker, experimenter, and current smoker) among an inner-city, clinic-based, adolescent population, as well as to examine the prevalence of smoking and related behaviors in this population using a cross-sectional survey.

Methods: A self-administered questionnaire that included the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), negative life events (LES), and a coping measures scale was used with 954 clinic patients aged 12–21 years. Demographic characteristics were compared using analysis of variance and Chi-square test. The Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance was used to compare the values of each scale among smoking-status groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relationship of smoking status to PSS, LES, and coping methods.

Results: The overall prevalence of smoking in this population was 26%. The age of onset was 13.3 years for current smokers vs. 15.5 for experimenters (p < .01). Perceived stress and negative life events, adjusting for demographic variables, were highest among current smokers, less so in experimenters, and lowest in the never-smokers (p < .001). Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that negative life events, perceived stress, greater use of the negative coping methods of anger and helplessness, and less use of the positive coping methods of parental support and cognitive coping were significantly and independently related to smoking status.

Conclusions: One in four inner-city youth report smoking. Higher levels of stress and greater use of negative coping methods were found in current smokers than in experimenters and never-smokers.     

心理韧性在癌症患者家庭韧性与主观幸福感之间的中介作用

目的 调查癌症患者主观幸福感的现状,并探讨癌症患者的家庭韧性、心理韧性与主观幸福感之间的关系,以及探索心理韧性在家庭韧性和主观幸福感之间所起的作用.方法 采用家庭韧性量表(FRAS),总体幸福感量表(GWB),心理韧性量表(RS-14)对安徽省某两所三甲医院的292名癌症患者进行调查研究.结果 癌症患者的主观幸福感得分...