新生儿早发型败血症诊断进展北大核心CSCD

新生儿早发型败血症是引起新生儿,尤其在低出生体质量儿死亡的主要原因之一。其临床症状不典型,疾病进展隐匿、迅速,目前的诊断方法不够理想,易误诊、漏诊从而导致高病死率。故早期准确诊断新生儿早发型败血症极为重要。文章就新生儿早发型败血症的相关检查研究进展,包括病原菌培养、外周血细胞计数、降钙素原、C-反应蛋白、细胞因子、分子生物学技术以及新的研究尝试作一综述,为早期诊断新生儿早发型败血症提供帮助。     

新生儿早发型与晚发型败血症临床特征

目的 分析新生儿败血症发生率、致病菌及药敏、血象特点、临床特征和病死率.方法 1999年1月至2008年12月出生并收入新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)的新生儿纳入研究.依据血培养阳性时间,将病例分为早发型( ≤生后7 d)和晚发型( ＞生后7 d)败血症.结果 66例新生儿共发生67次败血症,NICU新生儿败血症发生率为1.36%(66/4 860).早发型败血症新生儿多为足月儿,晚发型败血症多为极低体质量儿和早产儿(P ＜ 0.05).早发型败血症新生儿中主要致病菌为大肠埃希菌(33.3%)和B族链球菌(GBS)(31.0%),晚发型败血症新生儿主要致病菌为肺炎克雷伯菌(32.0%)和大肠埃希菌(28.0%).早发型败血症新生儿的病死率(21.4%)高于晚发型败血症新生儿(4.2%).结论 大肠埃希菌和GBS是造成早发型败血症的主要致病菌,肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌是造成晚发型败血症的致病菌.产前对孕妇进行GBS筛查以及对所有GBS阳性孕妇产时预防性应用抗生素可能有助于预防新生儿早发型败血症.     

新生儿早发型败血症诊断进展

新生儿早发型败血症是引起新生儿,尤其在低出生体质量儿死亡的主要原因之一。其临床症状不典型,疾病进展隐匿、迅速,目前的诊断方法不够理想,易误诊、漏诊从而导致高病死率。故早期准确诊断新生儿早发型败血症极为重要。文章就新生儿早发型败血症的相关检查研究进展,包括病原菌培养、外周血细胞计数、降钙素原、C-反应蛋白、细胞因子、分子生物学技术以及新的研究尝试作一综述,为早期诊断新生儿早发型败血症提供帮助。     

疑似和确诊新生儿早发型败血症的管理

新生儿早发型败血症目前仍是导致早产儿发病和死亡的主要原因之一。由于缺乏特异性表现，各种实验室检查的阳性预测值不高，常导致延误治疗，而延长广谱经验性抗生素治疗（≥5天）与晚发型败血症、坏死性小肠结肠炎及死亡有关。本文目的是为处理疑似和确诊新生儿早发型败血症提供一个实用、有循证依据的方法。     

108例新生儿败血症临床特点及药敏分析

目的 探讨新生儿败血症的临床特点及常见病原菌对抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床诊治及合理用药提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2011年7月至2015年6月我科收治的108例新生儿败血症的临床资料及药敏结果.结果 108例中早产儿58例,近足月儿22例,足月儿28例;早发型败血症55例,晚发型败血症53例.以出生体重及胎龄评估,均以早产儿为主要发病人群.新生儿败血症中革兰阳性菌占45.4%,革兰阴性菌占54.6%,真菌3.7%.大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、表皮葡萄球菌为主要致病菌.其中早发型败血症主要致病菌为大肠埃希菌(27.3%)、表皮葡萄球菌(23.6%),晚发型败血症以肺炎克雷伯菌为主(28.3%).复方新诺明、左氧氟沙星、利奈唑胺、利福平及万古霉素药物对葡萄球菌敏感度100%.美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星对革兰阴性菌敏感度较好,未发现白色念珠菌对常用抗真菌药物耐药.结论 早发型败血症与晚发型败血症发病率大致相同,病死率以早发型败血症为主.早发型败血症致病菌以表皮葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌为主,而晚发型败血症以肺炎克雷伯菌为主.     

新生儿早发型败血症89例临床特点与病原菌分析

目的 探讨新生儿早发型败血症的临床特征.方法 将我院新生儿科10年来收治的新生儿早发型败血症89例分为早产儿组和足月儿组,对其临床特点和实验室检查结果进行回顾性分析.结果 新生儿早发型败血症病原菌中革兰阴性菌与革兰阳性菌分别为52.8%和47.1%.其中早产儿组以革兰阴性菌为主,占72.7%;足月儿组革兰阴性菌与革兰阳性菌大致相同.两组病原菌构成差异有显著性(P＜0.05).早产儿组多脏器功能障碍综合征、弥散性血管内凝血及病死率高于足月儿,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 早产儿早发型败血症较足月儿病情严重,病死率高.两者的病原菌构成有差异,根据其感染特点、胎龄迅速准确判断病原菌,合理使用抗生素,是减少伤残和病死率的关键.     

新生儿早发型败血症89例临床特点与病原菌分析

目的 探讨新生儿早发型败血症的临床特征.方法 将我院新生儿科10年来收治的新生儿早发型败血症89例分为早产儿组和足月儿组,对其临床特点和实验室检查结果进行回顾性分析.结果 新生儿早发型败血症病原菌中革兰阴性菌与革兰阳性菌分别为52.8%和47.1%.其中早产儿组以革兰阴性菌为主,占72.7%;足月儿组革兰阴性菌与革兰阳性菌大致相同.两组病原菌构成差异有显著性(P＜0.05).早产儿组多脏器功能障碍综合征、弥散性血管内凝血及病死率高于足月儿,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 早产儿早发型败血症较足月儿病情严重,病死率高.两者的病原菌构成有差异,根据其感染特点、胎龄迅速准确判断病原菌,合理使用抗生素,是减少伤残和病死率的关键.     

268例新生儿败血症临床特点病原菌分布及耐药情况分析

目的探讨新生儿败血症病原菌分布及耐药情况。方法选取2010-2015年内蒙古通辽市医院收治的268例血培养阳性的败血症患儿,分为早发型和晚发型组,分析其临床特点、病原菌分布及耐药情况。结果早发型败血症病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主(58.3%),其中大肠埃希菌(31.2%),肺炎克雷伯杆菌(23.9%)。晚发型败血症病原菌以革兰阳性菌为主(65.1%),其中包括凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(46.5%)、屎肠球菌(11.6%)。革兰阳性菌对万古霉素敏感,对青霉素、红霉素耐药率80%,对克林霉素、氨苄西林、头孢唑啉的耐药率均60%。革兰阴性菌对美罗培南敏感,对头孢他啶、头孢哌酮耐药率较低,对氨苄西林、哌拉西林、头孢噻肟耐药率较高。结论新生儿早发型及晚发型败血症的临床特点及常见病原菌不同,治疗时应合理应用抗生素类药物,加强耐药性监测。     

新生儿早发型败血症45例临床初步分析

目的 探讨新生儿早发型败血症的临床特征.方法 回顾分析2002年1月至2005年1月新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)收治早发型新生儿败血症45例,对其临床特征及非特异性实验室检查结果进行分析.结果 新生儿早发型败血症早期临床症状缺乏特异性,革兰阴性杆菌感染36例(80.0%),有26例(57.8%)并发多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)或弥漫性血管内溶血(DIC),病死率26.7%;大肠埃希菌败血症患儿血白细胞＜5×109/L、血小板＜30×109/L、CRP≥60 μg/ml,并发多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)、弥漫性血管内凝血(DIC)及死亡例数均高于肺炎克雷伯菌败血症患儿,并发MODS、DIC所用的时间短于肺炎克雷伯菌败血症,两组比较差异均有统计学意义,P值均＜0.05.结论 大肠埃希菌败血症比肺炎克雷伯菌败血症病情严重,易发生白细胞和血小板减少及CRP的增高,病死率高.因此对围产期有高危因素的新生儿生后应对感染性指标进行监测,早诊断早治疗.     

极低出生体质量儿迟发型败血症临床特征分析

目的探讨新生儿重症监护病房极低出生体质量儿迟发型败血症的发生率、临床表现、病原菌分布等临床特征。方法收集2011年1月至2013年12月出生并收入NICU的极低出生体质量儿的临床资料,其中诊断为迟发型败血症者根据血培养结果分为确诊迟发型败血症组和临床迟发型败血症组,回顾分析迟发型败血症发生率、临床表现、常见病原菌及其药敏特点。结果共226例极低出生体质量儿,发生迟发型败血症117例,发生率为51.8%。其中45例为确诊迟发型败血症,占19.9%(45/226);72例为临床诊断迟发型败血症,占31.9%(72/226)。确诊败血症组患儿心率增快、体温异常的比例高于临床败血症组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。共培养出51株病原菌,革兰阴性菌32株(62.7%),革兰阳性菌16株(31.4%),真菌3株(5.9%);常见病原菌为肺炎克雷伯菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,这两种致病菌绝大多数为多重耐药菌。结论极低出生体质量儿迟发型败血症发病率高,临床主要表现为呼吸、心率、精神状态及肤色等的突然变化,虽然无特异性,但有预警作用;常见病原菌为肺炎克雷伯菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌,均存在多重耐药。     

Bacterial profile of sepsis in a neonatal unit in south India

OBJECTIVE: To study the pattern of sepsis in a neonatal unit in south India and assess the influence of maternal factors on early onset sepsis (EOS). DESIGN: Prospective survey from 1995-1996. SETTING: Medical College Hospital. SUBJECTS: All inborn babies who had clinical signs of sepsis or were born to mothers with potential risk factors for infection were screened for sepsis. Neonatal septicemia was defined as a disease of infants who were younger than 1 month of age, were clinically ill, and had positive blood cultures. RESULTS: Among 13,367 live births in the study period, there were 131 episodes of neonatal septicemia among 125 newborn infants, 18 (14.4%) of whom died. Thirty (24%) had EOS (< or = 48 hours) and 95 (76%) had late onset sepsis (LOS) (> or = 48 hours). Sepsis occurred in 9.8 per 1000 livebirths and 4.4% of all nursery admissions. E. coli and E. fecalis were the predominant organisms causing EOS, while Klebsiella and E. fecalis were the predominant organisms in LOS. The mean gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW) of babies with EOS was significantly higher than those with LOS. Maternal factors significantly associated with EOS were meconium staining of liquor and multiple vaginal examinations. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of neonatal bacterial sepsis is 9.8 per 1000 livebirths. E. coli and Klebsiella were the most common organisms causing EOS and LOS, respectively. E. fecalis was also a major pathogen, both in EOS and LOS.     

早发型和晚发型新生儿脓毒症的临床特点

目的对比分析早发型(EOS)和晚发型(LOS)新生儿脓毒症的易感因素、感染途径、临床表现、实验室检查、病原菌分布及耐药情况,为临床提供诊治依据。方法对2008年6月-2011年6月本院新生儿科收治的新生儿脓毒症178例(EOS 79例,LOS99例)进行回顾性分析。结果新生儿脓毒症感染途径以呼吸道、皮肤、脐部为主。EOS组以黄疸(36例)、呼吸道症状(60例)多见,LOS组以发热(50例)多见;EOS组PLT降低(28例)较LOS组(9例)多见,WBC、CRP异常及血培养阳性率2组间差异无统计学意义。新生儿脓毒症血培养阳性共102例(占51.5%),病原菌以葡萄球菌为主[共67例(占65.5%)],其中耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌36例(占53.7%);EOS组革兰阴性细菌(19例)较LOS组(11例)多见,其中超广谱β内酰胺酶阳性菌14例(占13.7%)。EOS组脓毒症合并细菌性脑膜炎(17例)、DIC(12例)、坏死性小肠结肠炎(10例)较LOS组(分别为8例、6例、4例)多见,EOS组病死率(19.0%)高于LOS组(7.1%)。结论新生儿脓毒症病死率较高,临床表现缺乏特异性,目前尚缺乏特异有效的检测方法。病原菌以葡萄球菌为主,耐药菌和条件致病菌有增多趋势。早期诊断、合理使用抗生素、防治严重并发症是治愈新生儿脓毒症的关键。     

Neonatal bacterial sepsis in a neonatal intensive care unit: A 5 year analysis

Objective : To study the pattern of neonatal sepsis in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) during a 5 year period and assess the relationship between maternal risk factors and early onset sepsis (EOS).
Methodology : The study reported here was a retrospective analysis of 209 episodes of septicaemia and 5 episodes of bacterial meningitis in 198 newborn infants, 22 of whom died. Eighty-one infants had EOS (≤72h) and 117 infants had late onset sepsis (LOS >72 h). All infants had clinical evidence of sepsis, a computerized haematological score for sepsis of 4 or greater, and either treatment with antibiotics for 7 days or more or had earlier death due to sepsis. The organisms causing neonatal sepsis were analyzed according to the day of onset, gestational age, birthweight and year of infection.
Results : Sepsis occurred in 5.6 per 1000 live births and 3.8% of NICU admissions. There were 81 episodes of EOS and 128 of LOS. Coagulase negative staphylococci (CONS) 38.8%, group B Streptococcus (GBS) 20.1% and Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) 20.1% were the common causes of sepsis; and GBS (50.6%) and CONS (60.9%) were the most common organisms in EOS and LOS, respectively. The mean gestational age and birthweight were heigher in babies with EOS than compared with LOS. The higher likelihood of probable rather than definite infection in infants with EOS was related to more mothers in the EOS group receiving intrapartum antibiotics. GNB infection was more common in their babies.
Conclusions : GBS and CONS were the most common causes of EOS and LOS, respectively. The use of maternal intrapartum antibiotics interferes with neonatal blood culture results. Because blood cultures are not always positive in neonatal septicaemia, a combination of clinical, haematological and other microbiological evidence should be used when diagnosing neonatal septicaemia.     

早发及晚发型新生儿败血症的临床特征分析

目的 回顾性研究早发型败血症(early-onset sepsis,EOS)及晚发型败血症(late-onset sepsis,LOS患儿的临床表现及预后,探讨新生儿败血症的早期诊治措施。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2020年12月解放军总医院第五医学中心儿科收治的败血症患儿(血培养均阳性),根据发病时间分为EOS组(生后≤72 h发病,n=60)、LOS组(生后>72 h发病,n=43),对EOS组及LOS组患儿基本情况、起病症状、致病菌分布、实验室检测、预后进行分析比较。统计学方法采用t检验、秩和检验、χ²检验。结果 本研究共选入败血症患儿103例(血培养均阳性),其中EOS组60例(58.2%),LOS组43例(41.7%)。EOS组与LOS组患儿出生时羊水污染发生率[36.7%(22/60)与7.0%(3/43)]、孕母发热率[15.0%(9/60)与2.3%(1/43)]比较,EOS组均高于LOS组(χ²值分别为12.013和4.590, P值均<0.05);LOS组与EOS组患儿中早产儿[79.1%(34/43)与...     

Clinico-bacteriological study of neonatal septicemia in Hubli

Septicemia is a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in India. In a study of 242 infants with septicemia conducted between March 1996 & June 1997 at Hubli, Karnataka, 43.39% infants had ‘very early onset’ sepsis (VOS), 40.08%, had ‘early onset’ sepsis (EOS), and 16.53% ‘late onset’ sepsis (LOS). 54.55% neonates had birth weight below 2000g and 39.67% were born before 37 weeks of gestation. The cardiorespiratory signs and jaundice were the most frequent clinical features. The blood culture positivity rate was 64.87%.Klebsiella species was the commonest causative pathogen found and multidrug resistance was frequent. The overall mortality rate was 47.52% and the case fatality rate in LOS was higher than in VOS and EOS (p < 0.001). The mortality was significantly higher in neonates with lower birth weight and lower gestational age (p < 0.001). The study underlines the importance of monitoring the various features of neonatal septicemia, as well as the drug resistance of the pathogens from the nurseries.     

Sepsis in neonatal intensive care in the late 1990s

AIM: To determine the incidence and clinical characteristics of sepsis in ventilated infants from an Australian neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in the late 1990s. METHODS: Demographic data was collected from babies requiring assisted ventilation (AV) over the 6-month period from 1 July to 31 December 1998. Sepsis was divided into early onset sepsis (EOS; " 72 h of age) and late onset sepsis (LOS; >72 h of age), including both definite (culture-proven + abnormal markers) and probable (culture negative + abnormal markers) episodes. RESULTS: Two hundred and eleven babies required AV over this period. Of these, 64 (30.3%) had at least one infection, with 85 episodes of sepsis (40.3 episodes per 100 admissions requiring AV). There were 22 babies with 22 episodes of EOS, and 45 with 63 episodes of LOS. Three babies had both EOS and LOS. The rate of EOS was 10.4 infected infants (10.4 infections per 100 admissions requiring AV). The rate of LOS was 21.3 infected infants (29.9 infections per 100 admissions requiring AV). The rates of both EOS and LOS were higher than previously reported by Australian studies in the early 1990s. In both EOS and LOS, risk factors for infection were common. Group B streptococcus was the commonest cause of definite EOS. The mortality rate from sepsis in the EOS group was 14% (3/22). Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the commonest cause of LOS. The mortality rate from sepsis in the LOS group was 11% (5/45). CONCLUSIONS: EOS and LOS are significant problems in ventilated NICU infants in the late 1990s.     

Very low birth weight neonates who survive early-onset sepsis do not have an increased risk of developing late-onset sepsis

Background

Very low birth weight neonates (≤ 1500 g, VLBWs) have a high rate of infection and distinct baseline immune function compared with more mature populations. In critically ill children and adults, sepsis increases subsequent infection risk. It is unknown whether sepsis modifies the risk of subsequent infection in VLBWs.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of VLBWs ≤ 32 weeks of gestation at birth cared for in 312 neonatal intensive care units in the United States from 1997 to 2011 (n = 103,376). Early-onset sepsis (EOS, culture-positive only) and late-onset sepsis (LOS, culture-positive or clinical) cases were identified. Cox proportional hazard models were used to control for clinical variables between neonates with and without EOS to determine if EOS modified risk of LOS, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), or death.

Results

LOS occurred in 12,112/102,317 (11.8%) neonates without EOS and in 133/1059 (12.6%) of those with EOS. After adjustment for clinical variables, the risk of LOS was not different between neonates with or without a history of EOS (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74, 1.16). EOS increased the risk of 120-day mortality (HR = 1.78; 95% CI 1.49, 2.13).

Conclusions

In contrast to findings in children and adults, EOS was not associated with an increased risk of LOS in this cohort. Age-specific investigations are needed to determine if post-sepsis immunologic alterations are present.     

Neonatal escherichia coli infections: concerns regarding resistance to current therapy

Currently recommended antibiotic treatment of suspected neonatal sepsis is ampicillin and an aminoglycoside. Recently, we observed increasing ampicillin and gentamicin resistance in strains of Escherichia coli isolated from neonates at our institution. We therefore reviewed clinical and laboratory records of all neonates with systemic infection, hospitalized from 1994 through 1998, from whom E. coli was isolated from blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid. The influence of perinatal variables (e.g. rupture of foetal membranes > 24h, group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization, urinary tract infection during pregnancy and the use of antepartum and/or intrapartum antibiotics), and neonatal variables (e.g. gestational age, age at onset of sepsis (early: < or = 72 h, late: >72 h), number of E. coli septic recurrences, and associated underlying medical and/or surgical conditions) on antimicrobial susceptibilities of invasive E. coli isolates was studied. Twenty-three neonates with invasive E. coli infection were identified; most [19 (83%)] presented as late-onset sepsis (LOS). Ampicillin-resistant E. coli were isolated in 75% and 53% of neonates in the early- and late-onset groups, respectively. Gentamicin resistance was found in 50% of early-onset sepsis (EOS) isolates compared with 16% in the late-onset group. Isolates from two neonates with EOS were resistant to both ampicillin and gentamicin. One neonate with EOS and three with LOS had recurrent E. coli sepsis; all isolates were ampicillin-resistant and one was gentamicin-resistant. All these neonates were initially treated with ampicillin and gentamicin. Both groups had associated underlying medical and/or surgical conditions (50% early-onset, 47% late-onset). Maternal GBS colonization occurred in 2 (50%) versus 3 (16%) of EOS and LOS cases, respectively. All GBS colonized women received intrapartum ampicillin prior to delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Ampicillin and gentamicin resistance is emerging in neonatal E. coli isolates from invasive infection. Current- empiric management of neonatal sepsis requires re-evaluation given changing antimicrobial susceptibilities.     

Coagulase negative staphylococcal septicemia in newborns

A retrospective analysis of 254 newborns having blood cultures positive for coagulase negative staphylococci (CONS), and admitted in the neonatal unit of a Rural Medical College Hospital over a period of five years, was done for various clinical and perinatal characteristics as well as antimicrobial sensitivity profile of isolates. Of them, 118 (46.5%) neonates had clinical evidence of sepsis with CONS as the only growth in blood culture, and were designated as having CONS septicemia. Majority of them were delivered in this hospital itself and by normal vaginal delivery. Preterms and LBW babies constituted 23.7 and 59.4% of total cases, respectively. Other high risk perinatal factors for infection were present in 66.1% cases. Approximately two third of these cases developed sepsis within first three days of life. Early onset sepsis was more frequently seen in neonates with history of assisted delivery or perinatal asphyxia. Overall mortality in these cases was 15.6%, being significantly higher in offspring of outside deliveries and normal vaginal deliveries, in preterm and LBW babies and slightly higher in presence of birth asphyxia. Only 15.3% CONS isolates were resistant to all routinely used antibiotics and sensitivity was maximum with gentamicin followed by ampicillin. A difference in sensitivity pattern of CONS causing EOS and LOS was also recorded.     

极低出生体重儿败血症的临床分析

目的 分析极低出生体重儿败血症的发生情况及临床特征.方法 收集2019年1月至2020年6月南京医科大学附属妇产医院新生儿科收治的极低出生体重儿(出生体重<1500 g)的临床资料,分析败血症发生率、病原菌分布及危险因素.结果 共369例患儿纳入研究,其中败血症138例,包括早发型败血症(early-onset sep...