808例学龄前儿童血铅水平与相关因素分析

目的 了解兰州市学龄前儿童血铅水平及影响因素。方法 采用分层整群抽样法对兰州市９所幼儿园的８０８名７～７ａ儿童进行毛细血管血铅测定,室内外尘土及环境铅测定,对儿童家庭和环境等因素进行问卷调查。结果 儿童血铅平均值为１０１．５８μｇ／Ｌ,标准差为４８．７５μｇ／Ｌ,其中３９．１％≥１００μｇ／Ｌ,工业区儿童血铅最高,其次是市中心区,环境铅与血铅呈明显的正相关（ｒ＝１８．１３ Ｐ〈０．０００１）。住在     

学龄前儿童血铅水平与5种微量元素相互关系的研究

目的　探讨学龄前儿童铅中毒现状及血铅水平与微量元素锌、铁、铜、钙、锰间的相互关系。方法　采用电感耦合高频等离子体原子发射光谱法 ,广东省佛山市妇幼保健院于 2 0 0 3年对 5 175名 3～ 6岁学龄前儿童进行血铅、锌、铁、铜、钙、锰含量的测定及血铅与其他 5种微量元素的相关分析。结果　 (1) 5 175名儿童中 ,血铅含量最低值为 0 0 2 4mg/L ,最高值为 0 2 9mg/L ,几何均值为 0 10 1mg/L ,铅中毒发生率为 4 3 7%。 (2 )线性回归分析显示血锌、铜标准回归系数最大 ,分别为 0 0 5 1和 0 0 4 1,与儿童血铅水平差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。 (3)双因素方差分析显示血铅与血锌、血铜呈负相关关系。结论　儿童铅中毒可导致血锌、血铜水平下降。     

危重评分与儿童死亡风险评分在儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的作用及其相互关系

目的探讨儿童危重评分（PCIS）与儿童死亡风险评分（PRISMⅢ）对儿童急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的病情评价、预后预测的准确度及其相关关系。方法2005年12月～2006年12月河北省ARDS协作组所在医院29d～14岁的住院患儿且符合ARDS诊断标准者71例,在ARDS患儿入PICU、住PICU病情最重时、确诊ARDS、患ARDS最重时对其同时行PCIS和PRISMⅢ评分,之后对所记录分值以Logistic回归分析二种评分的分值是否能预测患儿的死亡危险;双因素方差分析寻求其数值变化规律;以直线相关分析评价二种评分方法间是否有直线相关关系及其关程度;直线回归计算回归方程。结果PCIS与PRISMⅢ评分对患儿死亡风险的Logistic回归分析Pa〉0.05;PCIS及PRISMⅢ评分分值在ARDS死亡组与存活组间均无统计学差异Pa〉0.05。PCIS与PRISMⅢ评分呈显著负相关（r=-0.342P=0.001）,回归方程：Y=56.468＋（-0.597）X（Y=儿童死亡风险评分,X=危重评分,t=-3.513P=0.001）。结论PCIS与PRISMⅢ评分对ARDS死亡预测欠准确。     

河南省农村地区学龄前儿童生长发育与营养状况调查分析

目的 了解河南省农村地区学龄前儿童的营养状况,探讨饮食营养与儿童生长发育的关系.方法 采用多阶段分层抽样方法对河南18个地市3～7岁学龄前儿童进行抽样,以WHO推荐使用的Z评分和多无线性回归分析方法评价营养状况;并对其家长进行问卷调查,调查儿童出生时的情况、喂养方法、辅食添加的种类及时间,通过问卷了解家长对儿童营养知识的掌握程度等.结果 2 060名学龄前儿章低体质量、生长迟缓发生率分别为4.18％、3.06％,超重、肥胖发生率分别为2.82％、1.51％;多元线性回归分析显示,与体质量增长相关的因素有每天餐次、每餐餐量、喜吃甜点零食及进食动物性食品和含碳水化合物丰富食物;而与身高增长相关的因素有每餐餐量、每天餐次、进食动物性食品及乳类食品.结论 农村地区学龄前儿童的营养状况不容乐观,营养不良和营养过剩并存,需高度重视,对不同年龄儿童应根据其生长发育给予科学营养.     

出生体重与学龄前儿童血压关系的研究

目的 分析出生体重与学龄前儿童收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)的关系。方法 选择在上海市闵行妇幼保健院产科出生,于2006年3月至2010年11月接受常规健康体检的2～6岁儿童,采用电子血压计测量SBP、DBP和心率,并测量身高和体重。血压评价参照1997年“日本学龄前儿童正常血压和高血压参考值”,以SBP或DBP≥其性别、年龄相对应的P95诊断为高血压。采用多元线性回归分析出生体重与血压的关系,多因素Logistic回归模型分析儿童期患高血压风险的危险因素。结果 4 642名学龄前儿童进入分析,其中男性2 458例（53%）;低出生体重儿占3.2 %(148/4 642),巨大儿占5.4%（251/4 642）。男童SBP水平和高血压患病率均高于女童（P分别为<0.001和0.002）。低出生体重儿SBP、DBP与正常出生体重儿童无明显差异（P分别为0.492和0.398）;巨大儿DBP低于正常出生体重儿童（P=0.003）。多因素Logistic回归显示低出生体重儿、巨大儿与发生儿童高血压无统计学关联,而心率高于平均水平发生高血压的危险增高,OR= 2.55,95%CI＝1.96～3.31。结论 在学龄前儿童中,男童SBP高于女童。未发现低出生体重、巨大儿与儿童期患高血压有统计学关联;心率、体重对血压水平的影响较为明显。     

2626例学龄前儿童乙肝疫苗免疫效果分析

目的了解乙型肝炎疫苗(HepB)在学龄前儿童中的免疫效果。方法采用双抗原夹心法对2626例学龄前儿童进行乙型病毒性肝炎HBsAg血清学检测,对1445例学龄前儿童进行乙型病毒性肝炎HBsAb血清学检测。结果乙型病毒性肝炎HBsAg的阳性率为0.27%,乙型病毒性肝炎HBsAb阳性率为45.74%,HBsAb阴性率为54.26%,HBsAb阳性率明显低于有关报道。结论学龄前儿童应做乙型病毒性肝炎血清学检查,对无应答或低应答者,及时补种,提高该人群对HepB的应答。     

学龄前儿童呕血的临床与内镜特点(附30例分析)

目的：观察学龄前儿童呕血的临床及内镜特点。方法：于发病后24～48 h内行急诊胃镜检查。结果：所有患儿均成功实施纤维胃镜检查。检出食管病变3例(10.0%),胃溃疡12例(40.0%),各型胃炎7例(23.3%),胃肠道血管畸形3例(10.0%),十二指肠球部疾病2例(6.7%),原因不明者3例(10.0%)。结论：该组以男性居多,起病突然,起病前常有感染、结缔组织疾病及意外伤害等诱因。病变主要部位在胃部,胃溃疡的发生率远高于十二指肠溃疡的发生。先天性胃肠道血管畸形也是引起该组患儿呕血的原因之一。     

3086例学龄前儿童尿液筛查分析

目的早期发现泌尿系疾病患儿并及时干预,防止和减少慢性肾衰竭的发生。方法对儿童保健门诊以及幼儿园体检的儿童,在健康体检同时留取尿液标本,通过尿液分析仪检测并作尿沉渣镜检,发现异常者,嘱清洗会阴留取晨尿再连续复查2次尿常规。结果尿常规检查3 086名儿童,初步筛查发现有异常者157例,阳性率5.09%;157例复查2次尿常规,36例仍有异常,占全部检查者的1.17%。15例白细胞尿患儿诊断为尿路感染,给予抗感染治疗,其中14例治愈,其余持续蛋白尿和(或)血尿儿童中通过进一步诊治发现膀胱反流综合征1例﹑单纯性肾病综合征1例﹑IgA肾病1例。结论通过尿液筛查能够发现部分隐匿性泌尿系疾病,及早进行治疗干预,对一些无症状血尿和蛋白尿患儿进行长期随访,可防止和减少慢性肾衰竭的发生。     

学龄前儿童颈围与体重指数的相关性

目的 探讨学龄前儿童颈围与体重指数的相关性及颈围对学龄前儿童超重/肥胖的诊断价值。方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法抽取乌鲁木齐市10所幼儿园3 719名7岁以下儿童,收集儿童一般资料并进行体格测量,采用Pearson相关分析法评估颈围与体重指数的相关性,采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析颈围判断超重/肥胖的准确性,采用Kappa一致性检验评价颈围与体重指数判断超重/肥胖的一致性。结果 各年龄阶段的男童、女童颈围与体重指数均呈正相关(r≥0.50,均P<0.001)。以体重指数作为判断超重/肥胖的标准分为超重/肥胖组与非超重/肥胖组,各年龄阶段的超重/肥胖组颈围均大于非超重/肥胖组(P<0.001)。ROC曲线分析显示,男童和女童颈围判断超重/肥胖的曲线下面积均大于0.7。Kappa一致性检验显示,各年龄阶段男童、女童的颈围和体重指数判断超重/肥胖的Kappa值均大于0.40。结论 学龄前儿童颈围与体重指数呈正相关;颈围可较好地判断学龄前儿童超重/肥胖。[中国当代儿科杂志,2022,24 (9):1042-10...     

家庭环境与学龄前儿童发育性协调障碍的相关性

目的探讨家庭环境对学龄前儿童发育性协调障碍(DCD)的影响。方法按分层随机整群方法抽取4~6岁儿童1 727例,应用"儿童运动协调能力成套评估工具"对其进行DCD筛查;采用"城市学龄前儿童运动发育家庭环境量表"及自行设计的问卷评估儿童家庭环境状况。结果 117例儿童确诊为DCD。DCD组和正常对照组儿童在母亲文化程度、家庭结构的比较中差异有统计学意义。家庭环境因素中"让孩子管理自己的日常物品"和"包办孩子一切事务"两项得分在DCD组和正常对照组儿童之间差异有统计学意义。在控制儿童性别、年龄情况下,多因素logistic回归分析显示,"母亲文化程度""家庭结构""让孩子管理自己的日常物品"及"包办孩子一切事物"是影响儿童DCD发生的主要因素(均P0.05)。结论家庭环境对学龄前儿童DCD的发生存在影响,家长在养育孩子的过程中,不要包办孩子一切事务,应为儿童提供更多的管理自己日常生活的机会,以促进其早期运动协调能力的发展,预防DCD的发生。     

兰州市城区3~6岁儿童2001~2010年体格发育变化趋势分析

目的：调查分析兰州市城区3~6岁儿童2001~2010年的体格发育变化趋势。方法：依据该地地理、社会功能区特征、参考幼儿园公私立等性质,采用分层随机整群抽样的方法,选取35所幼儿园儿童在2001、2006及2010年的体检资料。以身高、体重及体重指数（BMI）为主要指标分析其变化趋势。以Z评分,即年龄别身高（HAZ）、年龄别体重（WAZ）和身高别体重（WHZ）3项指标筛查其生长迟缓、低体重、超重、消瘦和肥胖情况并分析变化趋势。结果：该人群在同年龄段身高、体重、BMI等数值有逐年增长趋势（P<0.05）;且在同一检测年份中该人群身高和体重随年龄增长而增长,BMI随年龄增长呈逐渐减小趋势;Z评分分析发现3项指标平均值逐年增加（P<0.05）,低体重、生长迟缓和消瘦的平均患病率逐年下降,而超重和肥胖平均患病率则逐年上升。结论：兰州市城区3~6岁儿童2001~2010年间体格发育变化明显,身高、体重呈增长趋势,生长迟缓、低体重、消瘦等体格发育问题在逐渐改善,但也出现如超重、肥胖等新的体格发育障碍问题。提示应在注重营养不良问题改善的同时高度关注营养过剩的体格发育障碍问题。     

The role of mother-child relationship in the association between maternal parenting stress and emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children北大核心CSCD

Objective To study the moderating effect of mother-child relationship in the association between maternal parenting stress and emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children, and to provide reference for the prevention and control of emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children. Methods Using a stratified cluster sampling method, 2 049 preschool children were surveyed from November to December 2021, who sampled from 12 kindergartens in Wuhu City, Anhui Province. The emotional and behavioral problems of preschool children were assessed with the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship of maternal parenting stress and mother-child relationship with children's emotional and behavioral problems. The PROCESS Macro was used to analyze the moderating effect of conflicted and dependent mother-child relationships in the association between maternal parenting stress and emotional and behavioral problems in these preschool children. Results Among these preschool children, maternal parenting stress was positively correlated with the scores of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer problems subscales and total difficulty scores (P<0.001); intimate mother-child relationships were negatively correlated with the scores of conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer problems subscales and total difficulty scores (P<0.001); conflicted and dependent mother-child relationships were positively correlated with the scores of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer problems subscales and total difficulty scores (P<0.001). After controlling for relevant confounding factors, conflicted mother-child relationship (β=0.05, P=0.001) and dependent mother-child relationship (β=0.04, P=0.012) were found to have a moderating effect on the association between maternal parenting stress and total difficulty scores in these preschool children. Conclusions Negative mother-child relationships play a moderating role in the association between maternal parenting stress and emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children. Prevention of emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children should focus on reducing maternal parenting stress and improving negative mother-child relationships. © 2023 Xiangya Hospital of CSU. All rights reserved.     

宁夏吴忠市7岁以下儿童生长状况及影响因素分析

目的：了解宁夏吴忠市7岁以下儿童生长状况及影响因素,为制定相关干预措施提供参考依据。方法：采用分层整群的抽样方法,对宁夏吴忠市两县区7岁以下儿童进行了调查,生长状况采用Z评分法评价。结果：7岁以下儿童生长迟缓、低体重、消瘦的发生率分别为12.58%、5.71%、5.55%。儿童年龄的身高Z评分(HAZ)、年龄的体重Z评分(WAZ)以及身高的体重Z评分(WHZ)均值分别为-0.26±2.50、0.29±4.54和0.65±3.02。不同民族儿童消瘦发生率差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,不同地区和不同年龄段儿童生长迟缓发生率、低体重的发生率差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。儿童生长迟缓的主要影响因素为地区（OR=0.369,P＜0.001）、民族（OR=1.694,P=0.027）、儿童年龄（OR=1.143,P=0.002）。低体重的主要影响因素为地区（OR=0.453,P=0.001）、儿童年龄（OR=1.204,P=0.002）。消瘦的主要影响因素为民族（OR=1.735,P=0.024）。结论：吴忠市7岁儿童生长水平欠佳,其生长水平与民族、地区、年龄等因素有关。     

剖宫产与学龄前儿童感觉统合失调的前瞻性队列研究

目的 采用前瞻性队列研究,评价剖宫产与学龄前儿童感觉统合失调的关联。 方法 依托上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院和附属国际和平妇幼保健院2012年建立的多中心母婴队列,于2017年采用儿童感觉统合能力发展评定量表,从前庭平衡、触觉防御和本体觉3个维度评价392名学龄前儿童感觉统合功能。剖宫产出生为暴露因素,阴道分娩者作为对照组。采用多因素logistic回归分析评估剖宫产与感觉统合各维度失调的关联。 结果 学龄前儿童感觉统合失调率为21.9%（86/392）,前庭平衡、触觉防御和本体觉失调率分别为5.9%（23/392）、5.4%（21/392）和15.1%（59/392）。调整母亲分娩年龄、母亲受教育程度及儿童出生情况等混杂因素后,剖宫产儿童发生本体觉失调的风险性显著增加（RR=4.16,95%CI：1.41~12.30,P<0.05）。按性别分层分析发现,剖宫产男童本体觉失调的发生风险高于阴道分娩男童（RR=5.75,95%CI：1.26~26.40,P<0.05）。 结论 剖宫产能显著增加学龄前儿童本体觉失调的发生风险,尤其是对男童的影响更为明显。     

Sleep architecture in healthy 5-year-old preschool children: associations between sleep schedule and quality variables

Aim: Although disturbed sleep quality such as night awakenings and difficulties in falling asleep are common symptoms during sleep in preschool children, relationships between sleep quality and sleep schedule are mostly unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between sleep schedule and quality variables in preschool children. Methods: Sleep‐wake patterns of 48 healthy 5‐year‐old children were assessed over 7 consecutive days using actigraphy. Results: Children with longer sleep latency had a lower sleep quality, a later bedtime, a later sleep onset time, a shorter nocturnal sleep period and a longer daytime nap. Children with a longer nocturnal sleep period on weekends compared with weekdays had longer sleep latency and a later sleep onset time on weekdays, resulting in a lower sleep quality on weekends. An irregular bedtime on weekdays was associated with a later sleep onset time and a shorter sleep period on weekends. Conclusion: Sleep quality and schedule were linked with each other, whiche may explain why sleep problems tend to aggregate and form a wider syndrome of disturbed sleep even in young children. Strategies solely targeting the improvement of sleep quantity may not promote ideal sleep; simultaneous considerations for the sleep rhythm and quality may be required.     

A 3-year longitudinal analysis of changes in fitness, physical activity, fatness and screen time

Aim:  To analyse whether changes in physical activity index (PAI), screen time (ST: television, computer) and body mass index (BMI) made a contribution to longitudinal changes in fitness of children and adolescents. Additionally, we analysed the interaction between baseline fitness level and changes in fitness.
Methods:  This is a 3-year longitudinal study of 345 high school students aged 11–19 years. Students performed curl-ups, push-ups and 20-m shuttle run tests from Fitnessgram. PA and ST were evaluated using a standard questionnaire. Standardized scores of fitness tests were summed. Changes over time were calculated as Δ₁ (2007 minus 2006), Δ₂ (2008 minus 2007) and Δ₃ (2008 minus 2006).
Results:  Changes in PAI were positively and independently associated with changes in fitness in Δ₁, Δ₂ and Δ₃. Changes in BMI were negatively associated with changes in fitness in Δ₃. Participants highly fit at baseline were those who showed positive changes in PAI over Δ₃, decreased changes in ST and had the lowest increase in BMI over 3 years compared with those low-fit at baseline.
Conclusions:  Changes in BMI were associated with changes in fitness over 3 years. However, changes in PAI were the best predictor for changes in fitness in each year and over the 3 years of evaluation in youth.     

The relationship between autonomic nervous activity and physical activity in children

BACKGROUND: There have been few studies that have reported on heart rate variability and the development of autonomic nervous function in children. This study investigated the relationship between heart rate variabilities at night and physical activity in children. METHODS: The study subjects were 29 children, including 17 boys and 12 girls. The daily activity product and heart rate variabilities during sleep at night (00.00-05.00 hours) were measured and several aspects of these parameters were analyzed. In one child (an 8-year-old girl), heart rate variability and the physical activity product were measured for 12 days. RESULTS: There was a negative correlation between the mean R-R interval and the duration (min) of heavy exercise per day (r = -0.39, P < 0.05). In the 8-year-old girl, from whom data was obtained for 12 days, the duration of heavy exercise per day was negatively correlated with the mean R-R interval (r = -0.63, P < 0.05), the number of changes in successive R-R intervals greater than 50 msec (RR50) (r = -0.74, P < 0.01), and the high frequency (HF) component (r = -0.66, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the daily number of steps was negatively correlated with the mean R-R interval (r = -0.66, P < 0.05), RR50 (r = -0.71, P < 0.05) and the HF component (r = -0.66, P < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between the amounts of energy consumption and the mean R-R interval (r = -0.69, P < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between the amounts of energy consumption and RR50 (r = -0.76, P < 0.01). Moreover, there was also a negative correlation between the amount of energy consumption and the HF component (r = -0.71, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggested that physical activities increase heart rate during sleep, but reduce parasympathetic nervous activity at night. Because both the HF component and RR50 reduce with growth, the exercise-related inhibition of parasympathetic nervous activity may be a developmental stimulus to reach a balanced autonomic nervous pattern in adults.