胰岛素泵联合马来酸罗格列酮强化治疗2型糖尿病的临床研究

目的采用胰岛素泵联合马来酸罗格列酮强化治疗2型糖尿病（T2DM）以评价其临床疗效。方法将246例T2DM患者随机分为胰岛素泵（CSⅡ）联合马来酸罗格列酮治疗组（CSⅡ＋罗格列酮）组80例、单纯CSⅡ治疗组84例和多次皮下注射胰岛素治疗（MDⅠ）组82例，均连续2周。比较三组治疗前后血糖、HbA1c、血糖达标时间、胰岛素用量、Fins、C肽（C—P）水平及HOMA-IR、胰岛素敏感指数（IAI）。结果CSⅡ＋罗格列酮和单纯CSⅡ均能显著降低患者血糖和HbA。c（P〈0．01）；与MDI比达标时间短（P〈0．01），节省胰岛素用量（P〈0．01）。CSⅡ＋罗格列酮组胰岛素用量更少（P〈0．05）；与单纯CSⅡ和MDI比HOMA-IR明显降低、IAI明显增加（P〈0．05），且无心、肝、肾功能损害发生。结论胰岛素泵联合马来酸罗格列酮强化治疗T2DM更能有效地控制血糖、节省胰岛素用量、减轻胰岛素抵抗。     

马来酸罗格列酮联合格列美脲、二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病的疗效观察

目的观察马来酸罗格列酮(RSG)对2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的疗效和安全性。方法128例T2DM患者随机分为RSG组(66例)及对照(Con)组(62例),观察治疗前后空腹及餐后2小时血糖(FPG,2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)及胰岛素(Ins)的变化。结果连续服RSG3个月后,其FPG、2hPG、HbA1c及FIns与试验前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0·05);与Con组比较差异也有统计学意义(P<0·05);对肝肾功能等无影响。结论RSG能显著降低血糖并改善胰岛素的敏感性,本研究尚未发现其明显不良影响。     

罗格列酮和二甲双胍治疗新发2型糖尿病的疗效比较

为观察胰岛素增敏剂治疗初发2型糖尿病（T2DM）的临床疗效，新诊断T2DM患者120例被随机分为三组，分别给予马来酸罗格列酮、二甲双胍和二者联合治疗。结果马来酸罗格列酮和联合治疗明显降低新发T2DM的FPG、HbA1c、HOMA-IR，明显升高脂联素，使体重较治疗前增加。     

胰岛素增敏剂罗格列酮抗高血压作用探讨

目的　观察胰岛素增敏剂马来酸罗格列酮在超重和 (或 )肥胖的轻、中度高血压患者的降血压作用及其影响因素 ,探讨胰岛素增敏剂用于原发性高血压治疗或辅助治疗的可能性。方法　超重及肥胖 (体重指数≥ 2 5kg/m2 )的非糖尿病轻、中度原发性高血压 [14 0mmHg <收缩压 <190mmHg ,(1mmHg =0 133kPa) ]患者 89例。测定口服葡萄糖耐量试验各时点血糖及胰岛素浓度 ,排除糖尿病。原服用降血压药物者停用药物 2周后进入试验 ,原生活方式不变。仅服用胰岛素增敏剂马来酸罗格列酮 8mg/d ,疗程 4周。分析血压下降情况及影响因素。 结果　 (1)治疗 4周后收缩压平均降低了 17mmHg ,舒张压平均降低了 11mmHg。 (2 )治疗后比治疗前空腹、糖负荷后 1h及 2h血胰岛素水平分别下降 2 7%、35 %、4 1% (P <0 0 0 0 1)。胰岛素敏感性改善了 30 % (P <0 0 0 0 1)。(3)在基线血压水平较高、胰岛素抵抗程度较严重及无高血压家族史的患者中罗格列酮的降压幅度更大。结论　马来酸罗格列酮对超重或肥胖非糖尿病人群显示了良好的抗高血压效能 ,提示此类胰岛素增敏剂可能在某些人群原发高血压治疗或辅助治疗中有一定价值。     

胰岛素联合罗格列酮对初诊2型糖尿病患者胰岛β细胞功能的保护作用

目的探讨胰岛素与罗格列酮合用对初诊2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者胰岛β细胞功能和血糖控制的影响。方法新诊断的空腹血糖大于12 mmol/L的T2DM患者47例,随机分为胰岛素组(n=22)、胰岛素 罗格列酮组(n=25)治疗12 w,分别在治疗前后检测空腹血糖、胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1 c)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)和胰岛素敏感性指数(ISI)及Homa B胰岛素分泌指数,并随访胰岛素与罗格列酮合用对初诊T2DM患者长期血糖控制的影响。结果12 w后,胰岛素 罗格列酮组较胰岛素组hs-CRP及胰岛素日用量明显下降(P<0.05),ISI和Homa B治疗后较对照组明显升高(P<0.05)。随访12个月时,胰岛素 罗格列酮组有13例患者仅采用饮食控制,血糖就可达到理想水平,而对照组仅有5例。结论胰岛素联用罗格列酮可以明显恢复初诊T2DM患者的胰岛功能,改善胰岛素抵抗。     

马来酸罗格列酮对2型糖尿病患者的长期疗效与安全性的观察

目的观察罗格列酮对2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的长期疗效及安全性。方法采用自身治疗前后对照的方法，42例合用磺脲类、双胍类和α糖苷酶抑制剂药物治疗3个月以上血糖控制不良的T2DM患者加服马来酸罗格列酮，随访36个月，观察治疗前后血糖、HbA1c、FIns、HOMAIR、ISI、血清高敏C反应蛋白（hsC-RP）、Hb、谷丙转氨酶（GPT）、谷草转氨酶（GOT）、谷氨酰转移酶（γ-GT）等的变化。结果马来酸罗格列酮治疗组FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、FIns、hsCRP均较治疗前明显下降（P〈0．01），且与时间成正比，约治疗9个月后疗效趋于稳定，GPT、GOT、γ-GT较治疗前明显下降（P〈0．05）；所见的不良反应为下肢水肿，发生率为4．8％，经对症处理后消失。结论马来酸罗格列酮能有效降低长期口服降糖药物控制不佳的T2DM患者的血糖水平，对因脂肪肝而致的肝脏酶谱的增高有治疗作用，有良好的安全性。     

罗格列酮联合胰岛素强化治疗2型糖尿病分析

42例胰岛素强化治疗血糖控制不良的T2DM患者随机分为：治疗组24例,胰岛素强化治疗加罗格列酮4mg,qd;对照组18例,单用胰岛素强化治疗。结果：治疗后治疗组FPG及HbA1c较对照组明显下降（P〈0.05）,胰岛素用量明显减少,有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。甘油三脂下降,有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：罗格列酮能有效改善T2DM患者的血糖,减少胰岛素用量,降低甘油三脂。     

罗格列酮联合胰岛素强化治疗2型糖尿病分析

42例胰岛素强化治疗血糖控制不良的T2DM患者随机分为：治疗组24例,胰岛素强化治疗加罗格列酮4mg,qd;对照组18例,单用胰岛素强化治疗。结果：治疗后治疗组FPG及HbA1c较对照组明显下降（P〈0.05）,胰岛素用量明显减少,有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。甘油三脂下降,有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：罗格列酮能有效改善T2DM患者的血糖,减少胰岛素用量,降低甘油三脂。     

罗格列酮对2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能和高敏C反应蛋白的影响

目的 探讨罗格列酮(RGZ)对2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血管内皮功能和高敏C反应蛋白(hsC-RP)的影响.方法 选择40例T2DM患者(DM组)给予口服RGZ 12周.观察治疗前后FPG、FIns、HbA1c、hsC-RP、血管性假血友病因子(vWF)和血栓调节蛋白(TM)水平.另设30名健康正常人为对照(NC)组.结果 DM组给药前与NC组比较,血浆vWF、TM和hsC-RP均明显升高;经RGZ治疗12周后,患者FPG、FIns、HbA1c和胰岛素敏感指数均明显改善,且血浆vWF、TM和hsC-RP均明显下降.结论 RGZ在降低血糖和提高胰岛素敏感性同时,能改善患者血管内皮功能,降低炎症反应.     

盐酸吡格列酮治疗2型糖尿病患者的临床研究

目的研究胰岛素增敏剂盐酸吡格列酮对2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者的胰岛素抵抗、血压、血脂的影响.方法对102例体质指数(BMI)≥25 kg/m2且使用磺脲类+双胍类药物后糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)>7.0%的T2DM患者,在重新制定合理的饮食和运动的基础上,随机分为两组:治疗组使用盐酸吡格列酮15 mg/d连用12周,对照组使用原药物,观察两组患者治疗前后空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后两小时血糖(2hPG)、空腹胰岛素(FIns)、餐后2小时胰岛素(2hIns)HbA1c、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、血压(BP)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)等指标的变化.结果治疗12周后,治疗组FBG、HbA1c、Ins、BP、TG、LDL-C及HOMA-IR较较对照组均下降.结论盐酸吡格列酮能减轻胰岛素抵抗,降低血糖,改善脂代谢.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.