小儿血小板无力症45例临床及实验室资料分析

目的　分析总结血小板无力症(GT)患儿的临床特征和实验室资料。方法　对 1990~2002年中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学血液学研究所血液病医院收治的 45例GT患儿的临床表现、实验室资料、治疗措施进行回顾分析。结果　45例血小板无力症患儿的血小板对多种诱导聚集剂(ADP、AA、COLADR等 )反应低下或(和)缺如;瑞斯托霉素诱导的血小板聚集正常。结论　多种诱导聚集剂诱导的血小板聚集试验是诊断GT的关键。     

流式细胞术快速确诊小儿血小板无力症

血小板无力症(glanzmann’s thrombasthenia,GT)是一种罕见的常染色体隐性遗传性疾病,其发病机理是由于血小板膜纤维蛋白原受体GPⅡb／Ⅲa糖蛋白缺乏,使血小板不能聚集所致。临床主要表现为反复出血。血小板糖蛋白GPⅡb／Ⅲa归属于CD41a／CD61,采用抗人CD41a／CD61和流式细胞术(FCM)能从分子水平对GT作出明确诊断。最近本     

小儿血小板无力症22例临床分析

血上板无力症（glanzmann thrombsathenia,GT) 为遗传性血小板功能缺陷中最为常见的疾病,是血小板膜糖蛋白ＩＩb/ＩＩIa/IIIa)数量减少或结构异常所致的出血性疾病^[1]。下面根据１９８６年后的标准诊断总结我科１９８３－１９９９年门诊及病房共２２例ＧＴ资料^[2]。     

在慢性免疫性血小板减少症患儿中甄别原发性免疫缺陷症

原发性免疫缺陷症(primary immunodeficiency,PID)是一组由免疫通路上特定功能性位点突变引起免疫调控异常的遗传性疾病,免疫性血小板减少为其常见表现,且病程迁延、反复,呈现慢性免疫性血小板减少状态.而免疫性血小板减少症(immune thrombocytopenic purpura,1TP)是儿童...     

血小板无力症3例报告

先天性血小板无力症是小儿较少见的常染色体隐性遗传性出血性疾病.现将两所医院收治的3例综合报告如下.例1.男,11岁.肩、背、四肢反复出现紫癜3年,血小板计数(80～100)×10~9/L,用强的松、长春新碱间歇治疗1年效果不佳转入我院.体检:无贫血貌,     

小儿血小板增多症病因分析

血小板增多症是指外周血中血小板数量明显增多,按病因可分两类,一类是原发性血小板增多症,属于骨髓增殖性疾病;另一类是继发性血小板增多症,继发于感染、肿瘤、激素治疗后等.临床上小儿血小板增多症比较常见,但是,血小板增多症病因分析报道很少,现将近5年我科收治的小儿血小板增多症分析如下.     

血小板无力症患者出血机制的初探

目的探讨血小板无力症(glanzmann’s thrombasthenia,GT)患者血小板聚集功能异常的可能机制。方法采用流式细胞仪检测血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb(GPⅡb,CD41)/Ⅲa(GPⅢa,CD61)含量,并通过血小板聚集试验、血小板黏附试验、血块收缩试验对血小板功能的检测。结果GT患者血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb(GPⅡb,CD41)/Ⅲa(GPⅢa,CD61)含量明显低于正常,血小板聚集试验、血小板粘附试验、血块收缩试验明显较正常低下,出血时间较正常明显延长。结论血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa量的减少及功能障碍是导致血小板无力原因,可能机制与其相关基因突变有关。     

应用流式细胞仪检测血小板膜糖蛋白

为检测血小板膜糖蛋白，本文建立了用流式细胞仪检测血小板膜表面糖蛋白ＧＰＩ６－Ⅸ，ＧＰⅡ６－Ⅲａ及活化血小板颗粒膜蛋白（ＧＭＰ－１４０）的方法，并用于诊断１例血小板无力症。结果表明：流式细胞仪是一种快速、简便、灵敏检测血小板膜糖蛋白的方法，为临床诊断血小板功能缺陷性疾病及血小板膜糖蛋白功能的研究提供了一种新的方法。     

应用流式细胞仪检测血小板膜糖蛋白

为检测血小板膜糖蛋白，本文建立了用流式细胞仪检测血小板膜表面糖蛋白GPⅠ6-Ⅸ，GPⅡ6－Ⅲa及活化血小板颗粒膜蛋白（GMP－140）的方法，并用于诊断1例血小板无力症。结果表明：流式细胞仪是一种快速、简便、灵敏检测血小板膜糖蛋白的方法，为临床诊断血小板功能缺陷性疾病及血小板膜糖蛋白功能的研究提供了一种新的方法。     

婴儿遗传性血栓性血小板减少性紫癜1例报告

目的探讨遗传性血栓性血小板减少性紫癜(TTP)的诊断及治疗。方法回顾分析1例遗传性TTP患儿的临床资料。结果女性患儿,出生后不久即出现黄疸、易激惹、贫血、血小板减少、蛋白尿,并反复发作。基因测序显示,ADAMTS 13基因外显子2个杂合突变,c. 3616 CT(胞嘧啶胸腺嘧啶)、c. 334 delG缺失突变,分别来自于父母,属于复合杂合突变,符合常染色体隐性遗传规律。明确诊断为血栓性微血管病中的遗传性TTP。患儿先后多次复发,经输注血浆治疗效果好。结论临床上典型或不典型溶血性贫血,同时伴血小板减少、肾损害等应警惕遗传性TTP,基因检测有助诊断。遗传性TTP可输注血浆治疗。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.