BLK基因多态性与川崎病及其临床特点的相关性

目的探讨汉族人群中BLK基因2个SNP位点rs2736340和rs2618476的多态性与川崎病(KD)以及动脉损伤的相关性。方法采取病例对照研究方法,分别选取179例KD患儿和同期182例体检正常儿童作为研究对象。利用PCRRFLP的方法测定BLK基因两个SNP位点多态性分布,并进行统计分析。结果 SNP位点(rs2736340)3种基因型(TT、CT和CC)在KD组与对照组之间分布的差异无统计学意义(P=0.093);但KD患儿T等位基因频率高于对照组,差异有统计意义(P=0.021)。SNP位点(rs2618476)3种基因型(CC、CT、TT)分布,在KD患儿与对照组之间的差异有统计学意义(P=0.021),KD组患儿CC基因型比例较高;且KD患儿C等位基因频率高于对照组,差异有统计意义(P=0.006)。KD患儿中2个SNP位点多态性均与皮疹、手足水肿以及动脉损伤无相关性,SNP(rs2618476)的多态性和口腔黏膜病变相关(P=0.018)。结论 BLK基因SNP位点(rs2736340)的T等位基因与KD相关。另一SNP位点(rs2618476)多态性与KD易感性相关;且KD患儿中该位点的多态性与口腔黏膜病变相关。     

CD40基因多态性与川崎病及其临床特点的相关性分析

目的探讨CD40基因的SNP位点rs1569723多态性与川崎病(KD)以及临床特点的相关性。方法采取病例对照研究方法,分别选取179例KD患儿和197例健康儿童作为研究对象。利用PCR-RFLP的方法测定SNP位点多态性分布;超声心动图检测动脉损伤。结果 KD组的SNP位点(rs1569723)的3种基因型(AA、AC、CC)分布与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(P=0.044),且A风险等位基因与KD易感性显著相关(OR=1.51,95%CI:1.10-2.07,P=0.012)。SNP位点(rs1569723)3种基因型(AA、AC、CC),皮疹及淋巴结肿大的发生概率均以AA基因型的发生概率为最高,CC基因型最低,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.041、0.010)。SNP位点(rs1569723)多态性与结膜充血、口腔黏膜病变、手足水肿、冠状动脉损伤无关(P均0.05)。结论 CD40基因SNP位点(rs1569723)与KD的易感性相关,A等位基因为风险因子;且该SNP位点可能与KD患儿的皮疹以及淋巴结肿大等特征相关。     

MPO基因多态性与川崎病及其临床表型的相关性分析

目的探讨我国中部汉族人群中MPO基因的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点(rs2333227,—643G/A)多态性与川崎病(KD)及其临床特点的相关性。方法采用病例对照研究方法,选取237例典型KD患儿和249例正常儿童作为研究对象。利用PCR-RFLP的方法测定SNP位点多态性分布;并收集KD患儿临床资料。结果 KD患儿SNP位点(rs2333227)的基因型(GG、GA、AA)频率与正常儿童相比差异有统计学意义(P=0.039),且等位基因频率差异亦存在统计学意义(P=0.012),G等位基因为风险因子。该SNP位点GG基因型的患儿手足水肿的比例高于其他基因型的患儿,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.029)并与腹腔积液的特点相关(P=0.028);该SNP位点多态性与结膜充血、皮疹、冠状动脉损伤肝脏肿大、脾脏肿大、小叶性肺炎等影像学特点无关(P0.05)。结论 MPO基因SNP位点(rs2333227)与KD的易感性相关,G等位基因为风险因子;且该SNP位点多态性可能与部分临床特点相关。     

TARC/CCL17 基因多态性与川崎病及其临床特征的相关性分析

目的 探讨我国中部汉族人群中TARC/CCL17 基因的SNP 位点(rs223895、rs223899)多态性与川崎病(Kawasaki disease, KD)及其临床特点的关系。方法 采用病例对照研究方法,选取218 例典型KD 患儿和248 例体检正常儿童作为研究对象。利用PCR-RFLP 的方法测定SNP 位点多态性分布;评估TARC/CCL17基因多态性与KD 临床特点的相关性。结果 KD 患儿SNP 位点(rs223895)的基因型(CC、CT、TT)频率及等位基因频率与正常对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且C 等位基因为风险因子(OR=1.379)。SNP位点(rs223899)的基因型频率及等位基因频率与对照组相比差异无统计学意义。SNP 位点(rs223895)CC 基因型患儿的血红蛋白以及白蛋白水平低于其他基因型(CT+TT)的患儿(P<0.05);而血沉高于其他基因型患儿(P<0.05)。结论 TARC/CCL17 基因SNP 位点(rs223895)与KD 的易感性相关,C 等位基因为风险因子;且该SNP 位点多态性可能影响患者血红蛋白、白蛋白及血沉水平。     

CD40基因多态性与川崎病及其冠状动脉损伤的相关性研究

目的 探讨CD40 基因两个SNP 位点rs4810485 和rs1535045 的多态性与我国中部地区儿童川崎病（KD）以及动脉损伤遗传易感性的关系。方法 采取病例对照研究方法,分别选取184 例KD 患儿和206例正常体检儿童作为研究对象。利用PCR-RFLP 的方法测定两个SNP 位点多态性分布。结果 KD 患儿SNP位点rs4810485 的基因型（GG、GC、CC）频率及等位基因频率与正常对照组相比差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）;SNP 位点rs1535045 基因型（TT、TC、CC）与对照相比差异有统计学意义（P=0.011）,T 等位基因为风险因子（OR=1.592,95%CI：1.182~2.144,P=0.004）。患者中两个SNP 位点多态性均不与冠状动脉损伤相关（均P>0.05）。结论 CD40 基因SNP 位点rs4810485 与KD 无相关性, rs1535045 与KD 的易感性相关。     

TIAM1基因多态性与川崎病及其临床特点的相关性

目的 探讨TIAM1基因多态性与川崎病(KD)及其临床特点的相关性。方法 采取病例-对照研究方法,选取2012年3月至2014年9月诊断为KD的患儿188例为KD组,同期选取197例行健康体检的儿童作为对照组。利用PCR-RFLP方法测定TIAM1基因2个SNP位点rs2833188和rs2833195的多态性分布,并进行统计分析。结果 KD组SNP位点(rs2833188)的基因型(AA、AG、GG)和等位基因分布频率与正常对照组相比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);KD组SNP位点(rs2833195)基因型(CC、GC、GG)分布频率与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P=0.017),且KD患儿C等位基因频率高于对照组(P=0.015)。SNP位点(rs2833188)的多态性和KD患儿结膜充血的易感性相关(P=0.011);而SNP位点(rs2833195)的多态性与KD患儿皮疹的易感性相关(P=0.021)。结论 TIAM1基因的SNP位点rs2833195的多态性与KD的易感性相关;SNP位点rs2833188和rs2833195的多态性可能与KD患儿的部分临床特点的发生相关。     

不完全川崎病患儿遗传易感性研究

目的 分析2 个与川崎病(Kawasaki disease, KD)相关的基因CD40 基因及BLK 基因位点在不完全KD 中的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)分布特点,并探讨其与不完全KD 的遗传易感性以及临床表型的相关性。方法 采用病例对照研究方法,选取184 例不完全KD 患儿和203 例体检正常儿童作为研究对象。利用限制性片段长度多态性分析的方法测定CD40 基因及BLK 基因SNP 位点多态性分布,比较两组其SNP 位点基因型分布,并分析其基因多态性与不完全KD 临床特点的相关性。结果 患儿CD40 基因SNP 位点(rs1569723)的3 种基因型(AA,AC,CC)频率及等位基因频率与对照组相比差异均无统计学意义。BLK 基因SNP 位点(rs2736340)的基因型频率与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P=0.031),且KD 组T 等位基因频率明显高于对照组(P=0.007)。CD40 基因SNP 位点(rs1569723)3 种不同基因型患儿结膜充血的比例差异有统计学意义(P=0.036);而BLK基因中SNP 位点(rs2736340)的多态性与患儿四肢末端改变相关(P=0.017)。结论 BLK 基因SNP 位点(rs2736340)与不完全KD 的易感性相关;BLK 基因SNP 位点(rs2736340)及CD40 基因SNP 位点(rs1569723)多态性与部分临床表型相关。     

SLC26A9基因多态性与儿童哮喘相关性分析

目的探讨我国中部地区汉族儿童中SLC26A9基因SNP位点(rs2282430和rs12031234)多态性与哮喘及其临床特点的关系。方法利用病例对照的研究方法,选取203例哮喘患儿和221例健康儿童为研究对象,利用限制性片段长度多态性分析(PCR-RFLP)的方法检测两个SNP位点多态性,并进行统计分析。结果哮喘患儿与对照组之间,SNP位点rs2282430的3种基因型(AA、AG、GG)分布差异有统计学意义(P=0.042),哮喘患儿AA基因型的比例较高;在隐性模式下(AA对AG+GG),两组相比差异有统计学意义(P=0.028)。哮喘患儿SNP位点rs2282430的A等位基因频率高于对照儿童,差异有统计学意义(P=0.011),提示A等位基因为风险因子。而哮喘患儿与对照组儿童之间,SNP位点rs12031234的3种基因型(TT、GT、GG)分布差异无统计学意义(P=0.479),等位基因频率差异也无统计学意义(P=0.215)。哮喘患儿SNP位点rs2282430不同基因型之间,淋巴细胞总数、中性粒细胞百分比、C反应蛋白、免疫球蛋白E、以及嗜酸性粒细胞百分比的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 SLC26A9基因SNP位点rs2282430的多态性与我国中部地区儿童哮喘的易感性相关;但该位点的多态性与LYM、CRP、Ig E、NEU%以及EOS%等指标不具有相关性。     

谷氨酸受体2基因多态性与儿童癫癎的相关性

目的 探讨我国中部地区汉族人群中谷氨酸受体2(GRIK2)基因两个SNP位点rs9390754和rs4840200的多态性与儿童癫癎遗传易感性的关系。方法 利用病例对照研究方法,选取来自我国中部地区的284例癫癎患儿(包括132例难治性癫癎)以及315例正常体检儿童(对照组)作为研究对象。利用限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)的方法测定SNP位点rs9390754和rs4840200的多态性分布,并比较组间的基因型频率的差异。结果 癫癎组儿童SNP位点(rs9390754)的基因型(GG、GA、AA)频率与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P = 0.016),等位基因频率差异也有统计学意义(P = 0.002)。而SNP位点(rs4840200)基因型(CC、CT、TT)频率以及等位基因频率与对照组相比差异均无统计学意义。难治性癫癎亚组SNP位点(rs4840200)C等位基因频率高于非难治性癫癎亚组(OR = 1.435, 95%CI: 1.021~2.016, P = 0.037)。结论 我国中部地区汉族人群GRIK2基因SNP位点(rs9390754)的多态性与癫癎的易感性相关,而SNP位点(rs4840200)的C等位基因可能是癫癎患儿发生耐药的遗传学危险因素。     

ZNF365基因多态性与儿童支气管哮喘的相关性

目的 探讨我国中部湖北地区儿童ZNF365基因的两个SNP位点(rs2393903和rs10995251)的多态性与支气管哮喘及其临床特点的关系。方法 采用病例-对照的研究方法,选取湖北地区221例支气管哮喘患儿和243例同时期体检正常的儿童作为研究对象,利用限制性片段长度多态性分析的方法检测两个SNP位点的多态性分布。结果 哮喘患儿中SNP rs2393903位点的3种基因型(GG、GA、AA)分布及等位基因频率与正常对照组相比差异均无统计学意义;而SNP rs10995251位点的基因型(CC、CT、TT)以及等位基因频率与正常对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P< 0.05),C等位基因为风险因子(OR=1.380)。在哮喘患儿中SNP rs10995251位点CC基因型患儿血清免疫球蛋白E(IgE)的水平高于TT基因型患儿(P< 0.05)。结论 ZNF365基因SNP rs10995251位点的多态性与我国中部湖北地区儿童支气管哮喘的易感性相关;且该位点的多态性可能影响患儿血清IgE水平。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.