两种穿刺方法对动静脉内瘘并发症和患者疼痛的影响

目的探讨两种穿刺方法对维持性血液透析患者内瘘并发症发生率和疼痛的影响。方法选择维持性血液透析患者78例,将其中的58例随机分为观察组和对照组各29例。观察组采用顺血流方向针尖斜面向下穿刺方法,对照组采用顺血流方向针尖斜面向上穿刺方法,比较两组血管瘤、血栓、内瘘狭窄发生率。将剩余的20例患者实施自身对照研究,分别采用顺血流方向针尖斜面向下和顺血流方向针尖斜面向上穿刺各20次,采用数字疼痛强度量表记录患者疼痛感受。结果观察组内瘘狭窄发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05);顺血流方向针尖斜面向下穿刺疼痛程度显著低于顺血流方向针尖斜面向上穿刺(P0.01);两种穿刺方式的再循环率均为零,对患者透析质量无影响。结论对维持性血液透析患者采用顺血流方向针尖斜面向下穿刺动静脉内瘘,可有效保护动静脉内瘘,减少并发症发生,缓解穿刺时疼痛,不影响透析质量。     

多普勒超声引导下扣眼穿刺隧道临床探讨

目的探究多普勒超声引导下在血管条件较差的血透动静脉内瘘扣眼穿刺隧道形成中的作用。方法 2018年12月至2019年6月本院肾内科血液透析中心血管条件较差的维持性血液透析患者80例,且均为桡动脉-头静脉吻合瘘。根据随机数字表法将患者随机分为两组,绳梯式锐针穿刺为对照组,扣眼钝针穿刺为观察组。两组患者首先通过彩色多普勒超声诊断仪探测患者的血管情况进行评估后选择穿刺方案。对两组患者的疼痛评分(VAS)、穿刺不良事件和内瘘的并发症发生率进行比较分析。结果观察组患者的平均VAS评分要显著的低于对照组,有统计学差异(P0.05);观察组患者在渗血、血肿、动脉瘤和内瘘狭窄发生率均少于对照组,有统计学差异(P0.05),一次穿刺失败率、血流量不足发生情况、血栓形成率和内瘘感染发生率两组之间无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论采用多普勒超声引导下扣眼穿刺法相比较于绳梯式锐针穿刺在降低不良事件和并发症发生率,以及减轻疼痛方面均具有明显的优势。建议在利用多普勒超声引导血透患者动静脉内瘘穿刺时采用扣眼穿刺法。     

透析套管穿刺针在血液透析中的应用

目的探讨透析套管穿刺针在动静脉内瘘患者中的应用效果。方法选择行维持性血液透析使用动静脉内瘘3个月以上、能清醒合作的患者50例,每例患者采用透析套管穿刺针(观察组)及传统内瘘针(对照组)行血液透析各10次。结果观察组透析血流量、静脉压、疼痛感评分、止血时间、操作者穿刺难度评分与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05);观察组舒适度及肘部活动程度评分显著优于对照组(均P<0.01)。结论透析套管穿刺针对内瘘血管具有保护作用,且可提高患者舒适度及肘部活动程度。     

听觉分散干预对血液透析患者内瘘穿刺疼痛的影响

目的探讨听觉分散干预对血液透析患者内瘘穿刺疼痛的影响。方法对60例采用自体动静脉内瘘为血管通路的血液透析患者进行自身对照研究,内瘘穿刺时分别给予常规护理(常规干预法)或以听音乐的方式进行听觉分散干预(听觉分散干预法),即穿刺前5 min戴耳机听音乐直至穿刺结束。结果听觉分散干预法患者内瘘穿刺疼痛评分显著低于常规干预法(P<0.01)。结论听觉分散干预可有效控制血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘穿刺时的疼痛。     

恩纳乳膏用于尿毒症患者血液透析静脉穿刺镇痛

目的 观察恩纳乳膏用于尿毒症患者血液透析静脉穿刺的镇痛效果.方法 将80例尿毒症维持性血液透析患者随机均分为对照组和恩纳镇痛组各40例,恩纳镇痛组患者穿刺点周围涂恩纳乳膏1 g,对照组患者涂红霉素乳膏1 g,90 min后进行血管穿刺.采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评价两组患者痛觉,以及有无肢体抵抗、局部皮肤并发症等.结果 恩纳镇痛组患者VAS评分显著低于对照组(P<0.01),两组患者穿刺时均无明显肢体抵抗,无局部并发症发生.结论 恩纳乳膏可减轻尿毒症维持性血液透析患者静脉穿刺时的疼痛,且使用安全、方便.     

恩纳乳膏用于尿毒症患者血液透析静脉穿刺镇痛

目的观察恩纳乳膏用于尿毒症患者血液透析静脉穿刺的镇痛效果。方法将80例尿毒症维持性血液透析患者随机均分为对照组和恩纳镇痛组各40例，恩纳镇痛组患者穿刺点周围涂恩纳乳膏1g，对照组患者涂红霉素乳膏1g，90min后进行血管穿刺。采用视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评价两组患者痛觉，以及有无肢体抵抗、局部皮肤并发症等。结果恩纳镇痛组患者VAS评分显著低于对照组（P〈0．01），两组患者穿刺时均无明显肢体抵抗，无局部并发症发生。结论恩纳乳膏可减轻尿毒症维持性血液透析患者静脉穿刺时的疼痛，且使用安全、方便。     

维持性血液透析患者首次建立内瘘的无缝隙护理

目的探讨无缝隙护理在维持性血液透析首次建立内瘘患者中的应用效果。方法选择2014年首次建立内瘘的维持性血液透析患者56例为观察组,给予无缝隙护理;以2013年实施常规护理的53例患者为对照组。结果观察组术后1年内瘘假性血管瘤和内瘘血栓发生率显著低于对照组,遵医行为依从性显著高于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论无缝隙护理可降低维持性血液透析患者内瘘并发症的发生,提高患者的遵医行为。     

血液透析时内瘘手臂疼痛的相关原因分析及护理干预

目的:分析血液透析时内瘘手臂疼痛的相关原因及护理干预。方法:对我院2010年3月～2011年3月46例血液透析时内瘘手臂疼痛患者的疼痛原因进行分析,根据疼痛原因采取针对性的护理干预,观察护理干预前后患者疼痛评分及疼痛再次发生率。结果:造成疼痛的相关原因主要是患者体质增长超过5%、干体质评估误差较大、超滤速度过快、一次穿刺不成功、透析时血压下降、紧张、焦虑,其原因具有代表性,针对疼痛发生的相关因素给予针对性护理干预后,患者疼痛发生率明显降低,干预后与干预前比较差异具有显著性,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:血液透析时内瘘手臂疼痛的原因是多方面的,针对内瘘手臂疼痛的相关因素给予针对性的干预措施,包括控制透析间期的体质量增长,正确的内瘘穿刺方法,合理的设定超滤量等,可保证透析充分性,避免疼痛发生,以减轻患者的疼痛,提高护理质量。     

帕瑞昔布钠在颈椎间盘突出微创手术患者超前镇痛的效果

目的探讨帕瑞昔布钠在颈椎间盘突出症微创手术患者超前镇痛的有效性和安全性。方法50例颈椎间盘突出症患者随机分为两组:帕瑞昔布钠组(n=25)和对照组(n=25)。穿刺前20 min给药,采用视觉模拟量表(VAS)记录患者的疼痛评分,记录两组穿刺完成时间,穿刺过程中因疼痛影响穿刺患者的数量,穿刺前、穿刺时和拔针后1 h的VAS评分,拔针后1 h患者对疼痛总体满意度及整个治疗过程中的不良反应。结果两组患者一般资料方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);穿刺时疼痛、拔针后疼痛、患者满意度方面,帕瑞昔布钠组明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论帕瑞昔布钠对颈椎间盘突出症微创手术患者具有超前镇痛作用。     

两种动静脉内瘘穿刺法的安全性与穿刺疼痛的比较分析

目的:比较动静脉内瘘钝针扣眼穿刺法与锐针绳梯穿刺法的安全性和穿刺疼痛程度。方法:将上海市某二级医院以动静脉内瘘行维持性血液透析治疗的40例患者随机分为钝针扣眼穿刺组与锐针绳梯穿刺组,比较两组12个月后的内瘘穿刺止血时间、穿刺疼痛程度和并发症的发生率。结果:钝针扣眼穿刺组患者的止血时间和疼痛程度显著低于锐针绳梯穿刺组,但两组的并发症发生率无显著差异。结论:应推广钝针扣眼穿刺法在内瘘穿刺中的应用。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.