盐酸米诺环素软膏应用时机对超声龈下刮治治疗慢性牙周炎效果的影响

目的探讨盐酸米诺环素软膏应用时机对超声龈下刮治治疗慢性牙周病效果的影响。方法选取2013年4月~2015年2月在我院择期行超声龈下刮治治疗的中重度慢性牙周炎患者69例,按随机数字表法分为A组(n=31)和B组(n=38),分别于龈下刮治前0.5~1h和龈下刮治完成后次日予盐酸米诺环素软膏牙周袋内注射,1次/周,连用4周。分别于牙周治疗前、治疗后2个月时,检测菌斑指数(PI)、牙龈指数(GI)、探诊出血(BOP)、探诊深度(PD),并进行组间比较。结果治疗前,两组患者PI、GI、BOP%、PD比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),治疗后2个月均明显降低(P0.05);治疗后2个月,A组患者PI、PD、BOP%均明显低于B组(P0.05),而组间GI、AL比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论超声龈下刮治同时予牙周袋内注射盐酸米诺环素软膏可较大程度地发挥抗菌作用,有助于提高对慢性牙周炎的治疗效果,优于刮治后用药。     

盐酸米诺环素辅助超声龈下刮治联合手工根面平整术治疗慢性牙周炎的疗效观察

目的比较局部使用盐酸米诺环素辅助超声龈下刮治联合手工根面平整术与单纯超声龈下刮治联合手工根面平整术治疗慢性牙周炎的临床疗效。方法共纳入15例慢性牙周炎患者,以超声洁治后1周作为基线。采用分口设计方案,按照随机原则,一侧(实验侧)行超声龈下刮治联合手工根面平整术后局部使用盐酸米诺环素,之后每周上药1次,共使用4次;另一侧(对照侧)则仅进行超声龈下刮治和手工根面平整术。基线和治疗后(从超声龈下刮治联合手工根面平整术后开始计)2、6个月测量如下指标:菌斑指数(plaque index,PLI)、牙龈出血指数(bleedingin-dex,BI)、探诊深度(probing depth,PD)和附着丧失(attachment loss,AL)。结果实验组和对照组患牙在治疗前各项牙周临床指标无显著性差异;两组治疗后2个月和6个月时PLI、BI、PD和AL与基线比较均有明显下降;治疗后2个月,两组之间临床指标BI、PD和AL的变化有显著性差异;治疗后6个月,两组之间临床指标PD和AL的变化有显著性差异。结论盐酸米诺环素辅助超声龈下刮治联合手工根面平整术可以提高对中度慢性牙周炎的治疗效果。     

盐酸米诺环素治疗重度慢性牙周炎临床观察

目的评价盐酸米诺环素辅助治疗重度慢性牙周炎的临床疗效。方法20例重度慢性牙周炎患者，以超声洁治后1周为基线。同一患者的一侧牙随机设置为实验组，另一侧为对照组。实验组患牙超声龈下刮治和手工根面平整术后，牙周袋内放药，每周一次，共四次。对照组患牙仅超声龈下刮治和手工根面平整术。基线、治疗后2个月和4个月测量：牙龈出血指数（BI）、牙周探诊深度（PD）和附着丧失（AL）。结果治疗后2个月和4个月实验组与对照纽的BLPD和AL与基线比较均有明显下降，当基线PD≥6mm时，治疗后2个月和4个月实验组的临床指标改善优于对照组。结论盐酸米诺环素辅助超声龈下刮治和手工根面平整术可以提高治疗重度慢性牙周炎的疗效。     

光动力疗法联合龈下刮治和根面平整术治疗重度慢性牙周炎的疗效观察

目的 比较光动力疗法（photodynamic therapy,PDT）辅助龈下刮治术及根面平整术（scaling and root planing,SRP）和单独使用SRP治疗重度慢性牙周炎的临床疗效.方法 对34例重度慢性牙周炎患者做自身对照,每个病人选取PD≥7 mm的位点,一共300个,随机分为实验组（SRP/PDT）和对照组（SRP）.实验组在龈下刮治术及根面平整术后做一次光动力治疗（光敏剂为26.7 mmol·L-1亚甲基蓝,660 nm激光）,对照组仅行SRP.术前、术后1个月、3个月检查实验组及对照组的牙周探诊深度（probing depth,PD）和探诊出血（bleeding on probing,BOP）.结果 实验组和对照组术前PD和BOP差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,术后1个月和3个月的结果显示,两组PD和BOP较术前均有改善,且实验组的PD和BOP改善效果均优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 对重度慢性牙周炎患者应用PDT辅助SRP治疗较单独使用SRP效果更佳.     

盐酸米诺环素缓释药条用于成人牙周炎辅助治疗的疗效观察

目的　评价盐酸米诺环素缓释药条用于成人牙周炎辅助治疗的临床效果。方法　采用单盲随机法 ,选择成人牙周炎患者 16例 ,12 6个BOP( +)位点 ,探诊深度 >5mm。基础治疗后 ,随机分为两组 ,试验组为盐酸米诺环素缓释药条组 ,对照组则为龈下刮治组。试验组每周于牙周袋内上药 1次 ,共 6周。第 0、4、6、12周观察PD、AL、BOP临床指标。结果　试验组各临床指标改善均优于对照组。结论　盐酸米诺环素缓释药条用于成人牙周炎辅助治疗是有效的。     

盐酸米诺环素缓释药条用于成人牙周炎辅助治疗的疗效观察

目的 评价盐酸米诺环素缓释药条用于成人牙周炎辅助治疗的临床效果。方法 采用单盲随机法，选择成人牙周炎患16例，126个BOP( )位点，探诊深度＞5mm。基础治疗后，随机分为两组，试验组为盐酸米诺环素缓释药条组，对照组则为龈下刮治组。试验组每周于牙周袋内上药1次，共6周。第0、4、6、12周观察PD、AL、BOP临床指标。结果 试验组各临床指标改善均优于对照组。结论 盐酸米诺环素缓释药条用于成人牙周炎辅助治疗是有效的。     

米诺环素软膏治疗慢性牙周炎疗效分析

目的：评价米诺环素软膏结合机械基础治疗慢性牙周炎的临床疗效。方法：将54例患者随机分成2组,实验组患者27例在进行龈上洁治术、龈下刮治及根面平整术等基础治疗后接受米诺环素软膏局部辅助药物治疗,每周将米诺环素软膏注入实验组患者牙周袋内1次,注满为止,连续用药4次,对照组仅进行机械基础治疗。在治疗前以及治疗后6周时,检查记录患者牙齿牙龈炎症情况、牙齿松动度（MD）、牙龈指数（GI））、附着丧失程度（AL）以及用标准刻度探针测定牙周袋深度（PD）。结果：治疗后6周各组的指标均有改善（P〈0.01）,实验组疗效好于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：米诺环素软膏辅助治疗成人牙周炎疗效比单独基础治疗成人牙周炎疗效显著。     

盐酸米诺环素缓释软膏治疗牙周炎的临床疗效

目的：观察盐酸米诺环素缓释软膏治疗牙周炎的临床疗效。方法：将纳入的观察对象的患牙随机分为治疗组与对照组,观测两组治疗前后的牙龈指数（GI）、探针菌斑指数（PLI）、龈沟出血指数（SBI）、牙周袋深度（PD）、牙周附着水平（AL）、牙齿松动度（MD）、出血（BOP）等临床指标,进行疗效比较。结果：疗程结束后,治疗组在疗效及临床指标方面优于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：基础治疗和软膏的联合应用对牙周炎的治疗优于单纯的基础治疗,盐酸米诺环素软膏对牙周基础治疗有良好的辅助作用。     

米诺环素辅治慢性牙周炎53例疗效观察

目的 观察盐酸米诺环素辅治慢性牙周炎的临床疗效.方法 将105例牙周炎患者随机分为治疗组53例和对照组52例.治疗组牙周袋内放置米诺环素软膏,对照组患牙周袋内放置甲硝唑凝胶,观察2组探诊出血（BOP）、牙周袋深度（PD）、菌斑指数（PLI）.结果 治疗后2组第5、9周BOP、PD和PLI水平均低于治疗前,且治疗组低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）.治疗组治疗后第9周BOP、PD和PLI水平低于治后第5周,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.对照组治疗第5、9周BOP、PD和PLI水平差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 盐酸米诺环素辅治慢性牙周炎疗效显著,不良反应小,可在基层推广.     

盐酸米诺环素软膏联合牙龈刮治术治疗重度牙周病的疗效研究

目的探究将牙龈刮治术联合盐酸米诺环素应用于治疗重度牙周病中的临床应用效果。方法64例重度牙周炎患者,根据治疗方法不同分为对照组和实验组,每组32例。对照组患者采用常规龈下刮治术、根面平整术进行治疗。实验组患者在对照组基础上加用盐酸米诺环素软膏进行治疗。比较两组患者治疗效果、牙周袋深度(PD)以及牙龈指数(GI)。结果实验组患者治疗总有效率90.63%高于对照组的65.63%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组患者GI、PD分别为(1.19±0.21)、(2.48±0.28)mm,均低于对照组的(1.62±0.32)、(2.91±0.36)mm,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论重度牙周炎患者在常规应用牙周龈下刮治术进行治疗时,配合盐酸米诺环素对病症进行控制,能够获得较好的治疗效果,有助于改善患者的口腔状况,值得推广使用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.