3例前置胎盘合并胎盘植入不同处理结局分析

前置胎盘是引起妊娠晚期出血的常见并发症之一,当前置胎盘合并有胎盘植入时常产生更为严重的产后出血,多威胁产妇生命.以下对本院3例前置胎盘合并胎盘植入病例进行分析,试讨论前置胎盘合并胎盘植入不同处理对妊娠结局的影响.     

前置胎盘剖宫产出血并发感染危险因素及胎盘前置对妊娠结局的影响

目的 探析前置胎盘剖宫产出血患者并发感染的危险因素及不同类型胎盘前置状态对妊娠结局的影响。方法 选取本院接诊的316例前置胎盘剖宫产患者为研究对象。患者经超声检查明确胎盘位置,判断胎盘前置类型。采集患者宫颈分泌物,培养后鉴定支原体类型。采集疑似感染产妇的尿液、血液、宫颈分泌物及阴道分泌物等标本进行病原菌培养鉴定。对比患者资料,分析前置胎盘剖宫产孕妇并发出血与宫颈支原体的相关性、并发出血感染的危险因素及不同类型胎盘前置状态对妊娠结局的影响。结果 316例前置胎盘剖宫产患者,93例患者发生出血,出血率29.43%,主要为产后出血。125例患者阴道分泌物检出支原体感染,感染率39.56%,主要为Uu单一感染。出血组支原体感染率49.46%,未出血患者为35.43%,前置胎盘剖宫产出血率与宫颈支原体感染呈正相关。93例出血患者中,33例发生感染,感染率35.48%。共检出病原菌33株,66.67%为革兰阴性菌,主要为铜绿假单胞菌;30.30%为革兰阳性菌,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌;3.03%为真菌(白假丝酵母菌)。单因素分析显示,侵入性操作、贫血、产程、宫缩乏力、留置尿管时间、手术时间、生殖道感染...     

必须重视妇产科异常出血的诊,治,防

妇产科异常出血的原因与情况极为复杂。单纯的产科异常出血系指与病理妊娠或分娩有关的出血。常见者有发生于妊娠早期的宫内妊娠流产、异位妊娠、葡萄胎,发生于晚期妊娠的前置胎盘、胎盘早期剥离、子宫颈或阴道静脉曲张破裂出血,以及发生于产时或产后的各种原因出血(子宫乏力性、软产道损伤性、胎盘性、血液病性);少见者如不定发生于妊娠何期的软产道炎症、肿瘤,以及     

晚期妊娠出血的诊治

晚期妊娠出血系指妊娠28周至胎儿娩出前的异常子宫出血。这是围产期常见的急症,也是引起围产期死亡的重要原因之一。一般可分为两类:①产科性出血:胎盘早剥、前置胎盘、胎盘边缘血窦破裂出血和前置血管破裂、帆状胎盘等,②非产科性出血:宫颈、阴道、外阴部炎症或肿瘤性疾病等。下文主要讨论胎盘早剥和前置胎盘,此两种晚期妊娠出血不仅常见,而且对母婴危害最大。     

杂交手术室剖宫产术前子宫动脉置管术中行栓塞术对防治前置胎盘产后出血的效果

目的评估在杂交手术室前置胎盘患者剖宫产术前经股动脉子宫动脉置管后,术中行子宫动脉栓塞术防治产后出血的效果。方法回顾性分析34例前置胎盘剖宫产术前经股动脉子宫动脉置管后,术中再行子宫动脉栓塞术的患者(术前置管术中栓塞组)与38例前置胎盘剖宫产术后行子宫动脉栓塞术患者(术后置管栓塞组)的临床资料,比较两种手术方式在防治产后出血方面的效果。结果术后置管栓塞组弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)发生率、出血量及产后并发症发生率均高于术前置管术中栓塞组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论前置胎盘患者常合并有胎盘植入,剖宫产术中及术后发生大出血的风险较高。在杂交手术室剖宫产术前行股动脉穿刺子宫动脉插管为栓塞提前做好准备,待胎儿娩出后再行子宫动脉栓塞治疗是安全有效的,能减少术中及术后的出血量及产后并发症。     

剖宫产术后再次妊娠合并前置胎盘并穿透性植入胎盘1例

前置胎盘和胎盘植入是分娩期严重并发症,是产科出血的主要原因之一.随着B超技术的广泛应用,前置胎盘的诊断相对容易,但胎盘植入因产前难以明确,易造成产后出血,严重者需切除子宫,甚至危及产妇生命.随着人工流产、药物流产、剖宫产等子宫手术的增多,前置胎盘和胎盘植入较以往有明显增多的趋势.现将我院诊治的剖宫产术后再次妊娠合并前置胎盘并穿透性植入胎盘1例报道如下.     

同位素~(113m)铟扫描胎盘定位的初步评价

目前妊娠晚期出血的原因仍以前置胎盘、胎盘早期剥离为最常见。国内统计前置胎盘患者的住院患病率为0.83～1.8%,我院为0.34～1.15%,以经产妇较多见。前置胎盘的临床诊断(尤其在临产前)一般较困难。因此,要留心观察,尽量避免     

前置胎盘剖宫产术前应用米索前列醇临床观察

目的探讨前置胎盘剖宫产术前应用米索前列醇减少术中术后出血的临床效果。方法将妊娠晚期124例前置胎盘患者随机分为2组:研究组62例、对照组62例,2组均按常规行剖宫产术,研究组术前予米索前列醇0.4mg直肠置药。比较2组术时、术后2h及术后24h内平均累计出血量和输血率。结果研究组术时、术后2h、术后24h累计出血量均显著小于对照组(P<0.05),输血率亦低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论术前直肠置入米索前列醇能促进子宫收缩,预防前置胎盘剖宫产术时、术后出血。     

159例前置胎盘妊娠结局的临床分析

目的探讨三种前置胎盘类型的病因、临床表现及妊娠结局。方法将10年间的159例前置胎盘按类型分为边缘性(80例)、部分性(32例)、完全性(47例)三组,并将临床资料进行回顾性比较分析。结果前置胎盘的发生率为1.98%,其中边缘性0.99%,部分性0.4%,完全性0.58%。高龄、多产、流产、剖宫产均为发生前置胎盘的高危因素,三组前置胎盘患者产前出血、输血、诊断孕周、分娩孕周、阴道分娩、早产、剖宫产率比较差异均有统计学显著意义(P0.05);三组产后出血、失血性休克、切除子宫、急诊剖宫产、择期剖宫产、新生儿体重、窒息及围产儿死亡比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。完全性新生儿体重平均只有2470.2g。结论前置胎盘的临床表现、妊娠结局与其类型有关,完全性及部分性前置胎盘临床症状较重,母儿预后较差,早诊断、早治疗可降低并发症发生率。     

子宫下段横形环状压迫缝合术治疗前置胎盘剖宫产术中胎盘剥离面出血的效果分析

［摘要］　目的　分析应用子宫下段横形环状压迫缝合术治疗前置胎盘剖宫产术中出现胎盘剥离面出血的效果。方法　选取2017-01～2017-06该院67例前置胎盘剖宫产术中发生胎盘剥离面出血采用传统的“8”字缝合方法止血的患者作为对照组,选取2017-07～2017-12该院67例前置胎盘剖宫产术中发生胎盘剥离面出血采用子宫下段横形环状压迫缝合术止血的患者作为观察组。观察对比两组手术时间、术中失血量、术后24 h出血量、缩宫素应用量、术后并发症情况及子宫切除率。结果　观察组手术时间、术中失血量、术后24 h出血量低于对照组（P<0.01）,两组缩宫素应用量比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组晚期产后出血、子宫复旧不全及术后切口感染发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。观察组子宫切除率为0.00%,低于对照组的8.96%（P<0.05）。结论　前置胎盘剖宫产术中出现胎盘剥离面出血后,采用子宫下段横形环状压迫缝合术治疗可以达到理想的止血效果,适于临床推广。     

The method for termination of mid-trimester pregnancy with placenta previa: A case study

Background:Prenatal bleeding is very dangerous for pregnant women with placenta previa during termination of pregnancy in the mid-trimester. Traditionally, cesarean section or hysterectomy is used to stop bleeding. This study aims to investigate the method for termination of mid-trimester pregnancy with placenta previa, especially emergency uterine artery embolization (UAE) combined with cervical double balloon (CDB).Methods:A retrospective study was conducted based on 261 cases of mid-pregnancy termination in our hospital, where 34 cases with placenta previa were set as the observation group, and the remaining 227 cases were set as control group. At first, the termination method of Mifepristone combined with Misoprostol/Ethacridine Lactate was adopted. If the volume of prenatal bleeding was up to 400 mL, emergency uterine artery embolization (UAE) was implemented to stop bleeding, then cervical double balloon (CDB) was used to promote cervical ripening. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis was performed to assess the accuracy in predicting the length of placental edge crossed the cervical os for prenatal bleeding.Results:The number of gravidity/parities, the rate of cesarean section, the medical cost, the rate of previous cesarean section were all higher in the observation group than in the control group (P < .05). The volume of prenatal hemorrhage, postpartum hemorrhage, the rate of puerperal morbidity, emergency UAE rate and ICU rate were higher in the observation group than in the control group (P < .05). There were 4 cases showing prenatal hemorrhage up to 400 mL and undergoing emergency UAE + CDB in the observation group, while there were no such cases in the control group (P < .05). An optimal cut-off value of 1.7cm for the length of placental edge crossed the cervical os in diagnosing prenatal hemorrhage demonstrated sensitivity and specificity of 75.0% and 86.7%, respectively (area under the ROC curve, 0.858).Conclusion:The combined therapy of mifepristone and Misoprostol/Ethacridine Lactate was useful for termination of mid-trimester pregnancy with placenta previa, and attention needs to be attached to prenatal hemorrhage during labor induction. Emergency UAE + CDB is a good combination method to treat prenatal hemorrhage and promote cervical ripening during the induction.     

Liver diseases in pregnancy: Liver transplantation in pregnancy

Pregnancy in patients with advanced liver disease is uncommon as most women with decompensated cirrhosis are infertile and have high rate of anovulation.However,if gestation ensued;it is very challenging and carries high risks for both the mother and the baby such as higher rates of spontaneous abortion,prematurity,pulmonary hypertension,splenic artery aneurysm rupture,postpartum hemorrhage,and a potential for life-threatening variceal hemorrhage and hepatic decompensation.In contrary,with orthotopic liver transplantation,menstruation resumes and most women of childbearing age are able to conceive,give birth and lead a better quality of life.Women with orthotopic liver transplantation seeking pregnancy should be managed carefully by a team consultation with transplant hepatologist,maternal-fetal medicine specialist and other specialists.Pregnant liver transplant recipients need to stay on immunosuppression medication to prevent allograft rejection.Furthermore,these medications need to be monitored carefully and continued throughout pregnancy to avoid potential adverse effects to mother and baby.Thus delaying pregnancy 1 to 2 years after transplantation minimizes fetal exposure to high doses of immunosuppressants.Pregnant female liver transplant patients have a high rate of cesarean delivery likely due to the high rate of prematurity in this population.Recent reports suggest that with close monitoring and multidisciplinary team approach,most female liver transplant recipient of childbearing age will lead a successful pregnancy.     

剖宫产产后出血相关因素分析

目的探讨剖宫产产后出血的相关因素,为其防治提供参考。方法选择剖宫产产后出血产妇118例（出血组）,并与同期年龄相仿、无剖宫产后出血的产妇118例（对照组）对照。收集两组有关的临床资料（包括年龄、职业、孕产次、孕周等）,通过χ2检验比较两组暴露因素的构成差异,采用多因素Logistic回归分析筛选剖宫产产后出血的高风险独立相关因素。结果单因素分析显示,出血组的脑力劳动、孕周〈37周、胎盘异常（胎盘粘连或植入）、择期剖宫产、宫缩乏力、子宫裂伤、妊娠期高血压疾病、新生儿体重≥4.0kg的构成比高于对照组（P=0.001～0.045）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,宫缩乏力（OR？=5.367;95%CI：2.451～11.755）和子宫裂伤（OR？=5.778;95%CI：1.963～17.009）是剖宫产产后出血的高风险独立相关因素。结论宫缩乏力和子宫裂伤是剖宫产产后出血的高风险因素,应加强防护。     

Reduced lopinavir exposure during pregnancy

BACKGROUND: Optimal antiretroviral exposure during pregnancy is critical for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission and for maternal health. Pregnancy can alter antiretroviral pharmacokinetics. Our objective was to describe lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) pharmacokinetics during pregnancy. METHODS: We performed intensive steady-state 12-h pharmacokinetic profiles of lopinavir and ritonavir (three capsules: LPV 400 mg/r 100 mg) at 30-36 weeks gestation and 6-12 weeks postpartum. Maternal and umbilical cord blood samples were obtained at delivery. We measured LPV and ritonavir by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Target LPV area under concentration versus time curve (AUC) was > or = 52 microg h/ml, the estimated 10th percentile LPV AUC in non-pregnant historical controls (mean AUC = 83 microg h/ml). RESULTS: Seventeen women completed antepartum evaluations; average gestational age was 35 weeks. Geometric mean antepartum LPV AUC was 44.4 microg h/ml [90% confidence interval (CI), 38.7-50.9] and 12-h post-dose concentration (C12h) was 1.6 microg/ml (90% CI, 1.1-2.5). Twelve women completed postpartum evaluations; geometric mean LPV AUC was 65.2 microg h/ml (90% CI, 49.7-85.4) and C12h was 4.6 microg/ml (90% CI, 3.7-5.7). The geometric mean ratio of antepartum/postpartum LPV AUC was 0.72 (90% CI, 0.54-0.96). Fourteen of 17 (82%) pregnant and three of 12 (25%) postpartum women did not meet our target LPV AUC. The ratio of cord blood/maternal LPV concentration in ten paired detectable samples was 0.2 +/- 0.13. CONCLUSIONS: LPV/r exposure during late pregnancy was lower compared to postpartum and compared to non-pregnant historical controls. Small amounts of lopinavir cross the placenta. The pharmacokinetics, safety, and effectiveness of increased LPV/r dosing during the third trimester of pregnancy should be investigated.     

HBsAg positivity during pregnancy and adverse maternal outcomes: a retrospective cohort analysis

Hepatitis B virus infection characterized by HBsAg positivity during pregnancy is a well‐recognized issue in developing countries, but the association between HBsAg positivity and adverse maternal outcomes remains uncertain. To examine the association between HBsAg positivity during pregnancy and adverse maternal outcomes, a retrospective cohort study was conducted in Sichuan province, China. Deliveries were recorded from six hospitals between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2010. Pre‐eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), postpartum haemorrhage (PPH), intrahepatic cholestasis, Caesarean section and placenta previa were prespecified adverse maternal outcomes. We used two multivariate logistic regression models to assess the association between HBsAg positivity and adverse maternal outcomes. In total, 948 (4.2%) pregnant women were HBsAg positive from 22 374 deliveries. Pregnant women with positive HBsAg had higher risk of GDM (aOR1.41, 95%CI 1.15–1.74), PPH (1.44, 1.13–1.83), intrahepatic cholestasis (1.74, 1.40–2.16) and Caesarean section (1.24, 1.06–1.45). No statistical associations were found between HBsAg positivity and pre‐eclampsia (1.36, 0.94–1.97), and placenta previa (1.21, 0.87–1.67). HBsAg positivity during pregnancy was associated with higher risk of multiple adverse maternal outcomes. Although the causality has yet to be established, efforts may be warranted in routine care, particularly in those with high risk for adverse maternal outcomes, given the volume population infected with HBsAg. Future studies are needed to establish causality and examine the impact of HBeAg on the adverse outcomes.     

甲状腺疾病与妊娠

妊娠期甲状腺激素的产生、循环、代谢、调节以及甲状腺免疫均会随妊娠的不同阶段而改变。相关的改变包括:(1)雌激素刺激的血清甲状腺素结合球蛋白水平升高。(2)由于人绒毛膜促性腺激素与促甲状腺激素(TSH)的同源性导致的甲状腺激素产生增加。(3)碘在胎盘的降解加快和在肾脏的排除增加。母体甲状腺这些生理性的变化为妊娠期甲状腺疾病的诊断和治疗带来困惑,因此,需要建立孕期特异的TSH、总T4和游离T4正常参考范围。遗憾的是,目前尚无这样的标准。如非妊娠状态一样,TSH也可以作为诊断妊娠期甲状腺疾病首选的指标,TSH检测不受方法学的限制,下限介于0.2~0.4 mIU/L之间,2.5 mIU/L可以作为TSH在妊娠早期正常范围保守的上限。TT4结果稳定,可以通过非妊娠状态的正常值乘以系数1.5来推断妊娠期的参考范围。妊娠期甲状腺功能减退的患者应该接受左旋T4(L-T4)替代治疗,并尽快使TSH低于2.5 mIU/L,L-T4的剂量在妊娠期要较妊娠前增加30%~50%。对于妊娠期甲状腺功能亢进的患者,丙硫氧嘧啶是首选的治疗药物。甲状腺功能正常的自身免疫性甲状腺炎的孕妇在妊娠期发生甲状腺功能减退、分娩后发生产后甲状腺炎的危险性提高,应该注意监测甲状腺功能。     

Epidemiological study on Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnant housewives and investigation on its influence on outcome of pregnancy and on their newborns

We surveyed Chlamydial infection with Chlamydiazyme for 3010 pregnant housewives in Hokkaido. Four hundred and fourty six out of the 3010 pregnant housewives were also be retrospectively investigated for the influence of C. trachomatis on outcome of pregnancy and on their newborns. The results were as follows. 1) Of the 3010 pregnant housewives, 217 (7.2%) were C. trachomatis-antigen positive, when their endocervical specimens were tested. There was no difference in the positive rate of C. trachomatis among the six cities where our investigation was performed. 2) A high C. trachomatis-positive rate (21.9%) was achieved in the pregnant teen-aged housewives with a significant decrease as age increased. 3) As for placenta previa, threatened abortion, preterm delivery and small for date infants, the incidence was higher in the untreated C. trachomatis positive group than in the C. trachomatis negative group. 4) The weeks of gestation and birth weight of newborns in the untreated C. trachomatis positive group were significantly lower than those of the C. trachomatis negative group. 5) No statistical significance was found in the incidence of premature rupture of membrane, fatal distress, spontaneous abortion nor postpartum fever between the C. trachomatis negative group and the untreated C. trachomatis positive group. These results suggest that Chlamydial infection in pregnant housewives is widely spread in Hokkaido and gives some disadvantage to pregnancy outcome and newborns. Consequently, Chlamydial infection in pregnant women must be appropriately diagnosed and treated in the early stage of pregnancy.     

Effect of blood transfusion during cesarean section on postpartum hemorrhage in a tertiary hospital over a 4-year period

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal morbidity and death worldwide. The history of cesarean section and the occurrence of placenta previa were significantly associated with the increase in blood transfusion. Therefore, to prevent PPH, it is important to understand the effect of blood transfusion during cesarean section on postpartum hemorrhage. The purpose of this study is to determine the cause of blood transfusion during cesarean section, especially large amounts of blood transfusion, and to take measures to reduce the blood demand caused by PPH with limited blood supply.This study was a retrospective study of patients who underwent blood transfusion during cesarean section in Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (China) from January 2013 to December 2016. Red blood cell infusion ≥10 U during cesarean section was defined as massive blood transfusion. The study collected the demographics of pregnant women, obstetric characteristics and reasons for blood transfusions, as well as blood components and blood transfusion results. Multivariate regression analysis was performed for evaluating the risk factors of PPN.From 2013 to 2016, a total of 587 patients received blood transfusions during cesarean section. The proportion of women receiving blood transfusion during cesarean section increased (from 3.21% to 7.40%, P < .001). The history of cesarean section (P = .005) and the occurrence of placenta previa were positively correlated with the increase in blood transfusion (P = .016). There were 72 cases of massive blood transfusion, accounting for 12.27% of blood transfusion patients. Among mass blood transfusions, 93.1% of cases had prior cesarean delivery, and placenta previa accounted for 95.8%. 19.4% of patients receiving massive blood transfusions underwent hysterectomy. There was no significant difference in maternal BMI and gestational age between the mass blood transfusion group and the non-mass blood transfusion group.From 2013 to 2016, the demand for blood transfusion, especially the demand for massive blood transfusion, increased. Repeated cesarean section and placental previa combined with uterine scar are positively correlated with increased blood transfusion. Reducing the initial cesarean section should help reduce the massive blood transfusion caused by placenta previa with a history of cesarean section.     

瘢痕子宫再次妊娠分娩方式选择的效果观察

目的探讨瘢痕子宫再次妊娠的合理分娩方式,减少母婴近期和远期并发症。方法对该院近3年来收治的168例剖宫产术后再次足月妊娠孕妇按分娩方式分为阴道试产组（观察组）48例和择期剖宫产术组（对照组）120例。对比分析两种分娩方式术中及术后并发症、产后出血、新生儿并发症等发生情况。结果观察组48例阴道试产成功42例,成功率为87.5%,未发现子宫破裂现象;术中及术后并发症、产后出血发生率低于对照组（P均〈0.05）;住院时间短于对照组（P〈0.01）;住院费用也少于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论阴道分娩具有无术后并发症、产后出血发生率低、住院时间短、住院费用少等优点,瘢痕子宫再次妊娠在符合试产条件下实施阴道分娩是可行和安全的。     

A comprehensive analysis of adverse obstetric and pediatric complications in women with asthma

RATIONALE: Previous studies have raised concern that women with asthma have increased risks of adverse obstetric and pediatric complications, but these have generally been underpowered. OBJECTIVES: To quantify risks of major adverse pregnancy outcomes and obstetric complications in women with and without asthma. METHODS: We extracted information on 281,019 pregnancies from the Health Improvement Network database between 1988 and 2004. We analyzed the data using logistic regression. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In 37,585 pregnancies of women with asthma compared with 243,434 pregnancies of women without asthma, risks of stillbirth and therapeutic abortion were similar; however, the risk of miscarriage was slightly higher (odds ratio [OR], 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.13). Risks of most obstetric complications (placental abruption, placental insufficiency, placenta previa, preeclampsia, hypertension, gestational diabetes, thyroid disorders in pregnancy, and assisted delivery) were not higher in pregnancies of women with asthma compared with those without asthma, with the exception of increases in antepartum (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.08-1.34) or postpartum (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.21-1.57) hemorrhage, anemia (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.12), depression (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.36-1.69), and caesarean section (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.07-1.16). Risks of miscarriage, depression, and caesarean section increased moderately in women with more severe asthma and previous asthma exacerbations. CONCLUSIONS: We found some increased risks in women with asthma that need to be considered in the future; however, our results indicate that women with asthma have similar reproductive risks compared with women without asthma in the general population for most of the range of outcomes studied.