NOTES与TUES设备和器械发展现状

近年来,腹壁无瘢痕手术（scarless surgery）成为微创外科研究新的热点,其基本人路是经自然腔道内镜手术（natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, NOTES ）和经脐入路内镜手术（transumbilical endoscopic surgery, TUES）.     

经脐入路腹腔镜胆囊切除术存在的问题与对策

近年来腹壁无瘢痕手术成为微创外科研究热点.其主要方式为经自然腔道内镜手术(natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES)和经脐入路内镜手术(transumbilical endoscopic surgery,TUES).与NOTES相比,TUES具有操作简单、安全及空间定位良好等优点,而且在脐部伤口愈合后可以获得与NOTES相似的腹壁美容效果,因而     

经脐入路内镜技术治疗婴幼儿腹股沟嵌顿斜疝的应用体会

近年．经自然腔道内镜手术（natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, NOTES）席卷全球。但由于设备、器械、伦理等问题，广泛用于临床尚有相当长的距离，经脐入路内镜手术（transumbiiical endoscopic surgery,TUES）应运而生，     

腹壁无瘢痕手术的现状及展望

随着微创外科的进一步发展,腹壁无瘢痕手术（scarless surgery）成为新的研究热点,主要在2个方面：经自然腔道内镜手术（natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES）和经脐途径内镜手术（transumbilical endoscopic surgery,TUES）,后者也有人称为胚胎性自然腔道内镜手术（embryonic natural orifice transumbilical endoscopic surgery,E-NOTES）、单套管腹腔镜手术（single port laparoscopic surgery,SPL）或单切口腹腔镜手术（single incision laparoscopic surgery,SILS）。本文对腹壁无瘢痕手术的现状及未来进行概述。     

经脐入路腹腔镜手术的初步临床报告

目的探讨经脐入路内镜手术(transumbilical endoscopic surgery,TUES)的临床应用。探索操作更为简单、安全的腹壁无瘢痕手术入路。方法13例分别实施TUES肝囊肿开窗引流(1例)、腹腔探查(1例)、阑尾切除(5例)和胆囊切除术(6例)。3例用上消化道内镜及其器械完成,10例用三通道套管技术及其改良的器械完成。结果13例TUES手术均获成功。无中转常规腹腔镜或开腹手术。6例胆囊切除手术时间90~150min,5例阑尾切除手术时间15~40min,1例用普通内镜完成的肝囊肿开窗引流术手术时间90min,1例腹腔探查为膀胱周围腹膜挫伤,电凝止血,手术时间50min。无出血、胆漏等并发症发生。除脐部皱褶部位外,基本无可见的腹壁瘢痕。结论经脐入路内镜手术操作简单、安全,技术上是可行的。TUES胆囊切除难度仍较大,在开展TUES手术初期应慎重选择病例。     

经脐腹腔镜腹部联合手术的配合

腹腔镜技术相对于传统开腹手术是巨大的进步,但仍需在腹壁留下3～5个穿刺瘢痕。2007年9月朱江帆等[1,2]进行了三通套管经脐入路腹腔镜胆囊切除的可行性研究,首先提出了经脐内镜手术（tansumbilical endoscopic surgery,TUES）的概念,但由于受技术水平、操作者熟练程度的制约,其在腹部手术的运用还处于初级阶段,还只限于腹部单个脏器的切除。2009年6～8月,我院开展3例TUES腹部联合手术,其中2例胆囊切除术联合斜疝修补术,1例胆囊、阑尾切除术,手术均获成功,现将护理体会报道如下。     

单孔腹腔镜手术器械的研发与应用

近年腹壁无瘢痕手术引起微创外科医师的关注。代表技术主要有经自然腔道内镜手术（natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, NOTES）和经脐入路内镜手术（transumbilical endoscopic surgery,TUES）。主要目的在于腹壁美容（瘢痕隐蔽）及心理微创效果,生理微创效果尚无明确的RCT证据。也有学者认为经脐单孔腹腔镜手术在达到常规腹腔镜手术微创效果的同时,     

丝线悬吊胆囊及肝圆韧带的单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术66例体会

经自然腔道内镜手术（natural orifice translumihal endoscopic surgery，NOTES）、经脐内镜手术（transumbilical endoscopic surgery。TUES）是单孑L腔镜技术（1aparoendoscopic single site surgery，LESS）巾最有代表性的2类手术[1]。这些方法在手术的可行性和安全性上各有优缺点[2-4]，牡丹江医学院第二附属医院普外科2010年6月～2011年6月对20例急性胆囊炎、40例慢性胆囊炎伴胆囊结石和6例胆囊息肉患者施行丝线悬吊胆囊及肝圆韧带的单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术，取得了良好效果，总结报道如下、     

脐部双套管技术经脐入路腹腔镜胆囊切除术26例

目的探讨脐部双套管技术经脐入路内镜手术（transumbilical endoscopic surgery，TUES）胆囊切除术的可行性。方法26例胆囊疾病（胆囊息肉样病变5例，结石21例）行TUES胆囊切除术。沿脐下缘做横行切口，建立气腹后于切口两侧置入2只5mm操作套管。分别置入5mm腹腔镜和操作器械。于右肋下置入直径2mm抓钳用于协助牵引胆囊。用普通腹腔镜器械和超声刀完成胆囊切除。结果除1例因术中出血中转常规腹腔镜手术外，余25例手术成功。25例成功者手术时间25—50min，平均35min。均未放置引流。无出血、胆漏等并发症发生。除脐部皱褶部位外，基本无可见的腹壁瘢痕。结论双套管技术经脐入路胆囊切除术操作简单、安全，技术上是可行的。同常规腹腔镜手术相比，TUES胆囊切除难度仍较大，在开展TUES手术初期应慎重选择病例。     

腹壁无瘢痕手术:从NOTES到TUES

随着微创外科技术的发展，腹壁无瘢痕手术（scarless surgery）成为人们追求的新的目标。其基本人路是经自然腔道手术（natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery，NOTES），即经自然腔道（胃。直肠或阴道）置入软性内镜，通过自然腔道的切口进入腹腔进行手术，从而达到腹壁无瘢痕、术后疼痛更轻、更加微创、更加美观的效果。但由于NOTES技术难度较高，存在腹腔感染和脏器穿刺孔瘘的风险，我们近期尝试开展了经脐入路手术（transumbilical endoscopic surgery，TUES），在达到腹壁无瘢痕的同时，技术难度和手术风险均大为降低，可望成为有前途的腹壁无瘢痕化手术入路。[第一段]     

经阴道混合自然腔道内镜肾切除术(附光盘)

经自然腔道内镜手术(NOTES)以其创伤更小、恢复更快、美容效果更佳的优势,正成为外科手术发展的新方向、新选择。自2010年5月以来,我中心对经阴道NOTES技术进行了一系列探索,逐步完成了从混合NOTES向纯NOTES的过渡。现阶段因受到器械和操作技术等因素的限制,泌尿外科NOTES临床应用多集中在混合NOTES方面,此技术安全、可行,且对女性性功能和生育功能无影响,是已发展成熟的技术,值得临床选用。本文将详细介绍经阴道混合NOTES肾切除术。     

普通腹腔镜器械经脐单一部位与三孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术的对比研究

目的探讨普通腹腔镜器械经脐单一部位腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的安全性、可行性及临床价值。方法随意抽取我院2009年8月～2011年8月胆囊良性疾病行经脐单一部位LC及三孔LC各180例。经脐内镜手术(transumbilical erdoscopic surgery,TUES)经脐部单一切口置入3个trocar,采用普通腹腔镜器械;三孔法取剑突下、脐部及右肋缘下切口行LC。比较2组手术时间、术后并发症、手术方式更改率、镇痛药应用、肠功能恢复时间、住院时间及住院费用。结果 2组在手术时间、手术方式更改率、镇痛药应用率、并发症发生率、肠功能恢复时间、住院费用及术后住院时间等方面差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。TUES组1例胆管损伤二次开腹手术。随访1～3个月,无腹痛等不适症状,TUES组腹壁无可见手术瘢痕。结论 TUES与三孔LC相比,具有微创及美容等优势,普通腹腔镜器械下开展经脐单一部位LC手术是安全、有效及可行的,值得临床推广。     

Minimally invasive surgical wound infections: laparoscopic surgery decreases morbidity of surgical site infections and decreases the cost of wound care

Aim The morbidity of surgical site infections (SSIs) were compared in patients who underwent open (OS) vs laparoscopic (LS) colorectal surgery. Method Data from 603 consecutive LS patients and 2246 consecutive OS patients were prospectively recorded. Morbidity of SSIs was assessed by the need for emergency department (ED) evaluation, subsequent hospital re‐admission and re‐operation. The cost of wound care was measured by the need for home healthcare, wound vacuum assisted closure (VAC) or independent patient wound care. Results SSIs were identified in 5.8% (n = 25) of LS patients and 4.8% (n = 65) of OS patients. ED evaluation for the infection was needed in 24% of the LS group and 42% of the OS group. Hospital re‐admission was needed in one LS patient and in 52% OS patients. No LS patient needed re‐operation compared with 12% of OS patients. HHC ($162/dressing change) was required in 63% of the OS group compared with 8% of LS group. A home wound VAC system ($107/day) was utilized in 12% of the OS patients but in none of the LS patients. Dressing changes were managed independently by the patient in 92% of the LS compared with 37% of the OS patients. Conclusion Laparoscopic colorectal surgery patients experience less morbidity when they develop SSIs incurring less cost compared with open colorectal surgery patients.     

Patient attitudes and expectations regarding natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery

Background  Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) has theoretical patient advantages. Because public attitude toward NOTES will influence its adoption, this study aimed to assess patients’ opinions regarding the NOTES procedure. Methods  For this study, 192 patients were surveyed. Both NOTES and laparoscopic surgery (LS) are described together with an example case. Presurgical patients rated the importance of various aspects of surgical procedures and their preference for cholecystectomy via NOTES or LS. Results  Complication risks, recovery time, and postoperative pain were considered more important than cosmesis, cost, length of hospital stay, or anesthesia type (p < 0.001). In the self-reports, 56% of the respondents preferred NOTES for their cholecystectomy and 44% chose LS. The patients perceived NOTES as having less pain, cost, risk of complications, and recovery time but requiring more surgical skill than open surgery or LS (p < 0.04). College-educated patients were more likely to choose NOTES, whereas patients 70 years of age or older and those who had undergone previous flexible endoscopy were less likely to select NOTES (p < 0.04). Although 80% of the patients choosing NOTES still preferred it even if it carried a slightly greater risk than LS, their willingness to choose NOTES decreased as complications, cost, and hospital distance increased and as surgeon experience decreased (p < 0.001). This study had a limitation in that the survey population was from surgery clinics. Conclusion  A majority of the patients surveyed (56%) would choose NOTES for their cholecystectomy. The deciding characteristics of the patients were more education, youth, and no previous flexible endoscopy. Procedure-related risks, pain, and recovery time were more important than cosmesis, cost, length of hospital stay, and anesthesia type in the choice of a surgical approach. Patients were less willing to accept NOTES as risks and costs increased and as surgeon experience and availability decreased.     

NOTES-Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: Why not?

Since natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) was first described by Anthony Kalloo, it has attracted tremendous interest from surgeons and gastroenterologist all around the world. This special issue of the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery explores the current possibilities and future potential of the most disruptive revolution in the field of surgery represented by the NOTES approach. In the future, new technologies developed for this approach and deeper insight into several gastrointestinal diseases will lead to the design of completely new interventional procedures and change the way we will operate, bringing us to the previously unimaginable goal of "no scar surgery".     

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目的评价腹腔镜及开腹手术治疗浆膜浸润结直肠癌病人的预后。方法回顾性分析2003年6月至2007年6月南方医科大学附属南方医院收治的浆膜浸润结直肠癌病人的临床、病理资料及随访数据。对两组病人生存及复发情况进行比较。结果腹腔镜组和开腹组病人的基线数据及随访时间差异无统计学意义。腹腔镜组总死亡率为20.7%,开腹组为28.9%,两组之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.234);腹腔镜组肿瘤相关死亡率为17.2%,开腹组为26.8%,两组之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.105);腹腔镜组复发率为12.1%,开腹组为26.8%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.024)。生存分析显示腹腔镜组病人累积无复发率高于开腹组(P=0.035),两组病人累积总存活率(P=0.159)及肿瘤相关存活率(P=0.083)差异无统计学意义。结论对于浆膜侵润的结直肠癌,腹腔镜组病人复发率明显低于开腹组,因此可以获得部分优于开腹手术的结果。     

经脐入路内镜外科手术的技术难点及对策

目的:探讨经脐入路内镜手术(transumbilical endoscopic surgery,TUES)的技术难点及对策。方法:回顾分析150例TUES手术的临床资料。结果:本组经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)129例,经脐单孔腹腔镜阑尾切除术21例,除1例胆结石因胆囊周围严重粘连改三孔法LC外,余均经脐单孔完成,术后3~5d出院,无并发症发生。结论:开展TUES手术必须有熟练的三孔法腹腔镜手术基础,尽管有一定的难度,只要选择好手术适应证,掌握好手术技巧,可取得更加微创和美容的效果。     

经阴道腹腔镜在泌尿外科手术的适应症和临床应用

经自然腔道内镜手术（nature orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES）由于其微创、美容效果好等优势在泌尿外科应用越来越广泛。目前认为经阴道途径是NOTES中最好的一种手术入路。近几年经阴道NOTES在泌尿外科领域进行了大量的临床方面的研究,技术逐渐成熟和完善。随着磁性锚定导航系统（MAGS）和机器人辅助腹腔镜技术在泌尿外科手术中的应用,经阴道NOTES应用前景广阔。本文就近几年经阴道NOTES在泌尿外科临床上的应用做一个综述。     

Transumbilical endoscopic surgery: a preliminary clinical report

Objective  There has been great interest in natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) in recent years. We report another new approach—transumbilical endoscopic surgery (TUES)—which we have performed in 40 cases for liver cysts (3), bleeding ascites (1), chronic appendicitis (10), and gallbladder diseases (26). Methods  Transumbilical endoscopic liver cyst fenestration, abdominal cavity exploration, appendectomy, and cholecystectomy were performed in a total of 40 patients. Results  All the operations were completed successfully except one case of intraoperative bleeding in TUES cholecystectomy which was converted to routine laparoscopic surgery. The operating times for TUES cholecystectomy, appendectomy, and liver cyst fenestration were 30–150 min,15–40 min, and 30–90 min, respectively. No postoperative bleeding or bile leakage occurred in this group of patients. Conclusions  Transumbilical endoscopic surgery is feasible, and would be another option for scarless abdominal surgery. TUES cholecystectomy is technically challenging. Careful selection of patients is important in the initial period of this technique.