病灶切除与热灼联合术治疗顽固性癫痫

目的　观察病灶切除辅以皮质痫灶横纤维热灼术治疗顽固性癫痫的临床效果。方法　病灶切除辅以皮质痫灶热灼组的病人和单纯病灶切除组病人的疗效进行分析比较。结果　病灶切除辅以皮质痫灶热灼组效果优于单纯病灶切除组 ,两者的临床效果存在极显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1) ;同时 ,病灶切除辅以皮质痫灶热灼组无永久性的术后并发症。结论　病灶切除辅以皮质痫灶热灼术是治疗顽固性癫痫安全有效的方法 ,长期疗效有待于进一步观察     

神经导航引导海马病灶切除联合皮质热灼治疗顽固性颞叶内侧癫痫

目的探讨神经导航引导、皮质电极监测下对海马病灶进行致痫灶切除,辅助以皮质痫灶横纤维热灼术治疗顽固性颞叶内侧癫痫的临床价值。方法通过对16例海马病灶的顽固性癫痫的病人,术前进行24小时脑电图描记定位致痫灶,手术前进行磁共振扫描,数据输人神经导航系统,手术当天进行导航注册配准．术中进行颞叶皮质电极描记,并在导航棒引导下找寻海马病灶,完整切除并辅以皮质热灼治疗致痫灶。结果术后0．5～3年内随访,按Engel癫痫疗效分级：发作完全消失11例(68．8％),明显改善4例(25％),改善1例(6．2％)。结论神经导航有助于海马病灶的准确找寻与切除,在皮质电极监测下,辅助皮质热灼是治疗顽固性颞叶内侧癫痫的一种有效、安全的方法。     

病灶切除辅助周围痫灶皮质横纤维热灼治疗继发性癫痫

目的：观察病灶切除辅助周围痫灶皮质横纤维热灼治疗继发性癫痫的临床效果。方法：比较71例病灶切除加热灼的患和78例单纯病灶切除患的疗效。结果：病灶切除辅助热灼组效果优于单纯病灶切除组，两存在显差异（P＜0．05）。病灶切除加热灼治疗无术后并发症。结论：病灶切除辅助周围病灶皮质热灼是治疗继发性癫痫的安全有效的方法。     

开颅手术治疗顽固性癫(癎)138例分析

目的评价顽固性癫痫的致痫灶定位方法和皮层电极监测下致痫灶切除,加行多处软脑膜下横纤维切断术（MST）治疗癫痫的疗效。方法对138例顽固性癫痫病人的致病灶,采用CT＋MRI＋EEC＋单光子发射计算机体层摄影（SPECT）＋皮层脑电图（ECoG）联合检测定位。对检出的阳性病灶在皮层电极监测显微镜下行致痢灶切除,切除后检测仍有癫痫波者加行MST;致痫灶位于重要功能区者单行MST。结果致痫灶阳性检出率86％。皮层电极监测显微镜下致痂灶切除加MST,术后91％的病人癫痫发作停止,一年后约15％的病人复发,但症状较术前减轻,持续时间较术前短。结论CT＋MRI＋EEG＋SPECT＋ECoG联合检测,对手术定位具有较高价值。皮层电极监测下致痫灶切除术及MST创伤轻微、效果比较可靠、治愈率高、并发症少、复发率低。病灶及致痫灶的不完全切除和形成皮层软化及疤痕,可能是导致癫痫复发的重要原因。     

精确定位和外科治疗顽固性癫痫

目的：探索顽固性癫痫的致痫灶精确定位和外科治疗方法。方法：综合应用癫痫定位系统（三维痫灶精确定位诊疗计划系统）及影象学检查对74例顽固性癫痫患者进行术前、术中致痫灶三维精确定位、采用癫痫外科综合手术方案切除致痫灶、阻断致痫网。结果：术中64导皮层电极及8层深部电极检测证实癫痫定位系统定位准确可靠,随访疗效评估显效率达到86．7％,总有效率达到94．6％,术后正常神经功能保持良好,无明显后遗症。结论：综合应用癫痫定位系统和影象学定位及癫痫外科治疗方式是外科治疗顽固性癫痫的较好方法。     

癫痫患者再手术探讨

目的：探讨顽固性癫痫患者初次手术后，癫痫发作不缓解或好转一段时间后再发作的原因。总结再手术的经验。方法：27例诊断明确的顽固性癫痫病人。初次X－刀、γ－刀放射治疗的11例，立体定向下毁损的2例，开颅手术的14例。其中25例癫痫发作曾经好转；2例癫痫发作如前。经再手术前综合评价后，在皮层脑电图监测下再手术治疗。治疗的重点是彻底处理痫区。术后常规使用抗癫痫药物。结果：再手术后近期疗效较好，癫痫发作均明显减少，部分患者甚至能完全控制其癫痫发作。远期疗效有待继续观察。结论：顽固性癫痫的手术治疗在切除病灶的同时，对致痫灶要继续、彻底处理。     

癫痫手术后的用药策略

目的：探讨癫痫手术后抗癫痫药物的应用策略。方法分析1991～2005年间手术治疗的109例癫痫病人（年龄0-16岁）术后的用药情况。统计术后开始撤药时间及完成撤药时间，并分析撤药与癫痫复发的关系。结果术后癫痫完全缓解与致痫灶（包括MRI显示的病灶及皮质脑电图所示发作期及发作间期异常起源皮质）是否全切除有关（P=0．008）。手术疗效可能与致痫病因有关，但因例数较少而无法行统计学分析。     

综合应用定位技术和外科方法治疗顽固性癫痫

目的：研究顽固性癫痫的致痫灶精确定位和外科治疗方法。方法：对185例顽固性癫痫患综合应用三维痫灶精确定位诊疗计划系统及影像学检查进行术前、术中致痫灶三维精确定位，采用癫痫外科综合治疗方案（手术治疗、介入放射治疗、定向放射治疗等）毁损致痫灶、阻断致痫网，以治疗顽固性癫痫。结果：术中64导皮层电极及8导深部电极检测证实该定位系统定位准确可靠。必要的影像学检查有助于痫灶定性定位诊断及治疗方案设计。随访疗效评估显效率达到87．0％，总有效率达到94．6％，术后神经功能保持良好，无明显后遗症。结论：综合应用三维痫灶精确定位诊疗计划系统和影像学检查对痫灶进行定位以及采取癫痫外科综合治疗方式是治疗顽固性癫痫的较好方法。     

149例顽固性癫痫皮质脑电图监测下痫灶切除手术的临床分析

目的 总结皮质脑电图监测下痫灶切除手术治疗顽固性癫痫的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析149例经皮质脑电图监测下痫灶切除手术治疗的149例顽固性癫痫患的临床资料，并结合随访资料讨论痫灶定位、手术要领、适应症及疗效判定标准。结果 随访11个月～21年，按Engle标准对术后疗效进行判断，I级31．5％，Ⅱ级25．5％，Ⅲ级28．2％，Ⅳ级14．8％。手术总有效率为85．2％，无手术死亡及严重并发症发生。结论 皮质脑电图监测下痫灶切除手术安全、有效，可为治疗顽固性癫痫的首选方案。     

影响局灶性皮质发育不良所致难治性癫痫手术疗效的相关因素分析

目的分析影响局灶性皮质发育不良(FCD)所致药物难治性癫痫手术疗效的相关因素。方法收集2015年9月至2018年7月在中国科学技术大学附属第一医院神经外科接受手术治疗并经病理确诊为FCD的50例药物难治性癫痫患者的临床资料,包括病史、发作频率、病灶位置、视频脑电结果、头颅MRI表现、术前服药种类、手术切除范围、术后早期癫痫发作情况,采用Engel分级评估患者手术疗效,并将其分为预后良好组和预后不良组。运用统计学方法分析FCD所致难治性癫痫的手术疗效相关影响因素。结果共有50例患者接受手术,其中致痫灶位于颞叶31例,额叶14例,顶叶2例,枕叶2例,颞枕叶1例,手术完整切除致痫灶44例,未完整切除6例,术后病理分型为FCDⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型分别有19例、17例、14例,术后随访时间为12～46个月,平均(20.7±7.9)个月,术后EngelⅠ级34例、EngelⅡ级3例、EngelⅢ级5例、EngelⅣ级8例,预后良好组34例,预后不良组16例。单因素分析显示病程≥10年、术后出现早期癫痫发作、致痫灶未完全切除者手术疗效较差(均P0.05)。二分类Logistic回归分析结果显示,致痫灶是否完全切除和术后是否出现早期癫痫发作是FCD所致难治性癫痫手术疗效的独立影响因素(均P0.05)。结论致痫灶是否完整切除和术后是否出现早期癫痫发作与FCD致难治性癫痫的手术疗效密切相关。患者的病程也是FCD致难治性癫痫手术疗效的重要预测因素。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.