产AmpC酶的阴沟肠杆菌检测及其基因分析研究（摘要）

目的了解昆明地区阴沟肠杆菌的耐药现状及高产AmpC酶的表达对阴沟肠杆菌耐药性的影响．探讨昆明地区阴沟肠杆菌的耐药性与AmpC酶基因的关系．方法运用K—B法（纸片扩散）分析临床分离阴沟肠杆菌的耐药情况；采用头孢西丁三维试验、五种纸片表型筛选试验、氟氯西林双抑制剂扩散协同试验检测高产AmpC酶的表型表达；并通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）法检测结构基因ampC和调节基因ampD，对部分耐药菌株行DNA测序检测基因突变．[第一段]     

大肠埃希菌中共存两种携带ampC和/或超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因的质粒

目的：探讨从临床分离的大肠埃希菌（E．coli）中，由质粒编码的ampC和／或超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的基因质粒携带方式。方法：三维实验证实产AmpC酶的42株E．coli，用E．coliC600作为接合受体菌，采用头孢曲松和头孢他啶／头孢噻肟／棒酸两步淘筛法，进行对第三代头孢菌素耐药性的传递实验：用PCR法扩增质粒编码的ampC和ESBLs基因、三维酶实验和抗生素敏感实验对供体菌和接合子进行对比。结果：接合实验显示，有37侏供体菌对第三代头孢菌素的耐药性可传递，传递频率为10^-7～10^-5。其中23株菌仅传递了ESBLs耐药性，3株菌仅传递AmpC耐药性，11株菌传递了AmpC／ESBLs两种耐药性11株菌中，7株菌的AmpC／ESBLs耐药性携带在同一质粒上；另有4株菌各得到两种接合子，其中2株均得到携带ESBL耐药性和AmpC／ESBLs耐药性的2类接合子，2株均得到携带AmpC耐药性和ESBL耐药性的2类接合子结论：在同时表达AmpC和ESBLs两种酶的E．coli中，有些菌不能通过接合传递实验将两种耐药性分开传递，有些可分开传递。当AmpC和／或ESBLs耐药性基因在同一细菌中南2个质粒携带时，可在接合实验中得到两种不同的接合子。     

一株耐碳青霉烯类的阴沟肠杆菌的KPC酶检测

目的研究阴沟肠杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药机制。方法临床分离到1株碳青霉烯耐药的阴沟肠杆菌ZY1465。对该菌株进行药物最低抑菌浓度（MIC）测定、接合试验、质粒图谱分析、等电聚焦电泳、特异性PCR扩增和DNA序列分析以及外膜蛋白分析等。结果阴沟肠杆菌ZY1465对亚胺培南和美罗培南的MIC均为32μg／ml,对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、头孢西丁、氨曲南、喹诺酮类和氨基糖苷类等多种抗生素呈高水平耐药。接合试验使受体菌大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的敏感性明显降低（MIC由接合前的≤0．125μg／ml变为接合后的2μg／ml）。质粒酶切图谱分析表明转移接合子的质粒与编码blaKPC-2基因的质粒完全相同。等电聚焦显示阴沟肠杆菌ZY1465产等电点（pI）分别为5．4、6．7、7．3、7．8、7．9和8．6共6种β-内酰胺酶,转移接合子只产等电点6．7的1种β-内酰胺酶。特异性PCR扩增和测序证实该菌中存在TEM-1、肺炎克雷伯菌碳青霉烯酶2（KPC-2）、DHA-1、CTX—M-14、CTX—M-3和染色体AmpC（等电聚焦电泳中未检测到）等耐药基因。外膜蛋白的尿素-十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析显示阴沟肠杆菌ZY1465有38000蛋白条带的缺失。结论首次在国内分离到产KPC-2型碳青霉烯酶的阴沟肠杆菌,多种β-内酰胺酶尤其是KPC-2的产生合并外膜蛋白缺失引起阴沟肠杆菌ZY1465对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药。     

血流感染病原菌AmpC酶及相关耐药机制的初步研究

目的 了解血流感染病原菌中产AmpC β-内酰胺酶(简称AmpC酶)菌株的分布情况和临床病例特点,并对相关基因ampC和ampD进行初步研究.方法 收集2006年1月-2008年9月血流感染革兰阴性菌181株,分别采用头孢西丁初筛试验和三维试验筛选产AmpC酶菌株和高产AmpC酶菌株;对初筛试验阳性相关临床病例进行回顾性分析.同时对初筛试验阳性菌株ampC,ampD基因PCR扩增、测序和比对,Rep-PCR分析ampC阳性菌株基因型.结果 181株病原菌中头孢西丁初筛试验法检出产AmpC酶39株,概率为21.5%(39/181);三维试验法检出高产AmpC酶菌株的概率为43.6%(17/39).PCR结果显示ampC和ampD基因阳性率分别为41%(16/39)和56.4%(22/39).对16株ampC阳性菌进行基因测序,与GenBank相应ampC核酸序列比对发现同源性达98%-100%;2株阴沟肠杆菌ampD基因的测序发现在ampD基因羧基端存在可疑的突变位点.结论 本研究相关败血症患者血流耐药病原菌感染主要源自院内感染.在产AmpC酶的血流病原菌中,ampC基因突变比较少见,而阴沟肠杆菌ampD基因突变发生率比较高,且ampD蛋白羧基末端氨基酸的缺失或替代可能与AmpC酶去阻遏表达高度相关.     

铜绿假单胞菌DHA-1型AmpC酶检测

目的:调查淮北矿工总医院临床分离铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Pa)DHA群质粒头孢菌素β-内酰胺酶(AmpC酶)的产生情况。方法:收集2007~2008年36株临床多重耐药Pa,用K-B法检测其对12种临床常用抗生素的耐药性;用改良三维试验法检测耐药表型;用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增DHA结构基因。采用肠杆菌科基因间重复一致序列PCR(ERIC-PCR)方法对产DHA群Pa进行同源性分析。结果:36株临床多重耐药Pa中有25株扩增出DHA-1型酶基因,检出率为69.4%。25株Pa对10种抗生素的耐药率>50%,ERIC-PCR分析结果显示在同一科室或不同科室间存在DHA-1流行。结论:淮北矿工总医院DHA-1型质粒AmpC酶检出率远高于国内其他地区;产DHA-1型质粒AmpC酶菌株对头孢菌素及单环酰胺类抗生素耐药严重,在同一科室或不同科室间的传播应引起高度重视。     

血流感染病原菌AmpC酶及相关耐药机制的初步研究

目的了解血流感染病原菌中产AmpCβ-内酰胺酶（简称AmpC酶）菌株的分布情况和临床病例特点,并对相关基因ampC和ampD进行初步研究。方法收集2006年1月-2008年9月血流感染革兰阴性菌181株,分别采用头孢西丁初筛试验和三维试验筛选产AmpC酶菌株和高产AmpC酶菌株;对初筛试验阳性相关临床病例进行回顾性分析。同时对初筛试验阳性菌株ampC、ampD基因PCR扩增、测序和比对,Rep—PCR分析ampC阳性菌株基因型。结果181株病原菌中头孢西丁初筛试验法检出产AmpC酶39株,概率为21．5％（39／181）;三维试验法检出高产AmpC酶菌株的概率为43．6％（17／39）。PCR结果显示ampC和ampD基因阳性率分别为41％（16／39）和56．4％（22／39）。对16株ampC阳性菌进行基因测序,与GenBaak相应ampC核酸序列比对发现同源性达98％～100％;2株阴沟肠杆菌ampD基因的测序发现在ampD基因羧基端存在可疑的突变位点。结论本研究相关败血症患者血流耐药病原菌感染主要源自院内感染。在产AmpC酶的血流病原菌中,ampC基因突变比较少见,而阴沟肠杆菌ampD基因突变发生率比较高,且ampD蛋白羧基末端氨基酸的缺失或替代可能与AmpC酶去阻遏表达高度相关。     

ampD-ampR调节基因与阴沟肠杆菌AmpC酶表达关系的研究

为了解ampD ampR调节基因与阴沟肠杆菌AmpC酶表达的关系 ,对 58株阴沟肠杆菌采用表型筛选法初筛 ,PCR法扩增AmpC酶的调节基因ampD和ampR ,并对部分PCR产物进行克隆测序。表型筛选结果显示 :去阻遏高产突变株为 50株 ,高度诱导产酶株为 3株。PCR法扩增目的基因片段显示 ,4 9株携带ampD基因 ,51株携带ampR基因。对其中 15株细菌的ampD基因和ampR基因进行克隆测序 ,发现 3株高度诱导型中 2株ampD基因存在 95位氨基酸的突变位点 ,而ampR基因未发现突变位点 ;12株去阻遏高产型中 ,8株ampD基因存在羧基端可疑的突变位点 ,5株ampR基因存在可疑的突变位点。结果提示 :ampD蛋白羧基端的氨基酸缺失或替代可能与AmpC酶的去阻遏表达有关 ,ampR基因的突变位点可能影响AmpC酶的去阻遏表达     

临床分离弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌耐药性分析及质粒介导的AmpC酶基因检测

目的了解安徽地区临床分离弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌临床分布、耐药性及质粒介导Amp C酶(p Amp Cs)基因的流行情况。方法收集2012～2017年安徽省细菌耐药监控中心监测网内的34所医院报送的临床分离的104株弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌,采用琼脂稀释法进行抗生素敏感性实验。提取细菌质粒,聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测质粒介导Amp C酶基因,对阳性扩增产物进行测序分析; Amp C酶阳性菌株做转移接合试验,PCR扩增并测序确定接合子的基因型;测定供体菌、受体菌和接合子对多种抗生素的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果 104株弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌临床分布广泛,最多见于呼吸内科(30. 77%)及重症监护病房(24. 04%),标本来源以痰液、尿液最多。4株Amp C酶基因阳性的菌株中,有3株DHA-1基因阳性,1株ACT-1基因阳性。4株Amp C酶基因阳性的菌株有3株转移接合成功。这3株接合子与受体菌相比,对多种常用抗生素尤其是β-内酰胺类抗生素的MIC值提高了8～128倍。结论弗劳地枸橼酸杆菌临床分布广泛,耐药严重,携带有质粒介导的Amp C酶基因的菌株对多种β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药,并且可通过接合性质粒在不同菌属间播散。     

海南地区产质粒介导AmpC酶大肠埃希菌基因型研究

目的 了解海南地区产质粒介导AmpC酶大肠埃希菌基因型特点.方法 收集来自海南地区8所医院2009年度不重复临床分离的大肠埃希菌540株,分别采用纸片扩散法和三维试验进行表型筛选和AmpC酶检测,用接合试验证实酶基因型的转移性,通过PCR检测及序列分析进行质粒AmpC酶基因型确定,用E-Test法对产质粒AmpC酶株进行MIC测定.结果 540株大肠埃希菌中,头孢西丁抑菌环直径≤17mm的占22.8%(123/540),除五指山市菌株全部对头孢西丁敏感外,其他医院均有对头孢西丁的耐药株.酶提取物三维试验检测阳性的占1.90%(10/540),以PCR方法 对10株三维试验阳性大肠埃希菌进行基因检测,结果 6株在约462 bp处扩增出条带,经测序和比对结果 证实为CMY-2型质粒AmpC酶.10株产AmpC酶大肠埃希菌接合试验有2株接合阳性,接合子均扩增出CMY-2型条带.药敏结果 显示6株产质粒AmpC酶大肠埃希菌对3代头孢菌素、氨曲南和含酶抑制剂的敏感性极低,对亚胺培南和美罗培南均敏感.结论 海南地区存在产质粒介导的CMY-2型AmpC酶大肠埃希菌,药敏结果 显示对3代头孢菌素耐药率极高,但对亚胺培南和美罗培南均敏感.     

肺炎克雷伯菌中DHA-1型质粒AmpC酶的流行分布

目的了解我院肺炎克雷伯菌中质粒AmPC酶的流行分布及其基因型和耐药特征。方法用纸片扩散法对2003至2005年连续不重复的487株肺炎雷伯菌进行AmpC酶的筛选，对筛选阳性的细菌，分别进行三维试验、多重PCR、特异引物PCR及测序，以确定质粒AmpC酶的基因型；并对测产质粒AmpC酶细菌进行药物敏感性实验和NCCLS推荐的ESBL确认检测。结果487株肺炎克雷伯菌中，70株（14．4％）Ampc酶纸片筛选实验阳性（FOX≤18mm）；22株（4．5％）三维试验阳性；21株（4．3％）细菌多重PCR阳性，经测序均为DHA-1型质粒AmpC酶，其中12株确认产ESBL。2003年的质粒AmpC酶阳性率仅为1．3％，而2005年为6．7％，两者具有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论我院肺炎克雷伯菌中质粒AmpC酶为DHA-1型，发生率为4．3％且有逐年上升趋势。质粒AmpC酶合并ESBL的阳性率较高。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.