腹腔镜胆囊切除术后并发症的防治体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)后并发症的预防和处理。方法:对778例LC进行回顾分析,总结并发症的种类、处理方法和预防措施。结果:发生胆总管残留结石1例,胆漏1例,胆囊床周围较多积液5例、积脓3例,操作孔感染2例。胆漏及胆囊床积液、积脓病例经超声引导下穿刺抽液治疗,胆总管残留结石经EST治疗,操作孔感染对症处理,中转开腹11例,以上病例经治疗后均痊愈出院。结论:掌握手术适应证,完善术前准备及术中检查,规范操作步骤和适时中转开腹是减少并发症的关键。     

急性结石性胆囊炎腹腔镜保胆取石术的临床探讨

目的:探讨腹腔镜微创保胆取石术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎的安全性、手术时机的选择及手术操作的注意事项。方法:回顾分析我院为52例急性结石性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜微创保胆取石术的临床资料。结果:49例成功施行保胆取石术,术后无胆囊炎、胆漏等并发症发生,3例因胆囊壁坏疽中转腹腔镜胆囊切除术。结论:正确评估胆囊病变、手术操作难度,熟练掌握内镜操作技术,腹腔镜保胆取石术对于急性胆囊炎患者是一项可行且疗效满意的治疗措施。     

微创内镜保胆取息肉术与腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊息肉的对比研究

目的：比较内镜微创保胆取息肉术与腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊息肉的临床疗效。 方法：将2009年2月—2012年4月收治的196例符合条件的胆囊息肉患者,根据患者意愿分为内镜微创保胆取息肉术组（保胆组,103例）和腹腔镜胆囊切除术组（胆囊切除组,93例）,比较两组术中及术后的情况。 结果：两组在年龄、性别、合并症上差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）,具有可比性。保胆组 2例因术中取息肉后胆囊壁出血明显,改行胆囊切除术。与胆囊切除组比较,保胆组平均手术时间、术中出血量减少[（50.3±12.9）min vs.（61.2±16.7）min;（10.2±2.7）mL vs.（15.1±3.9）mL];术后疼痛、消化道不良反应发生率减少、首次排气时间缩短[16.83% vs. 32.26%;18.81% vs. 3.33%;（18.5±4.1）h vs.（26.2±5.3）h];远期并发症发生率减少（10.89% vs. 22.58%）（均P<0.05）。 结论：内镜微创保胆取息肉术较腹腔镜胆囊切除术痛苦轻、康复快、手术并发症少,对符合适应症的患者是一种安全、有效的术式。     

内镜与腹腔镜联合一期与二期治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石疗效的前瞻性研究

【摘要】 目的 探讨一期与二期腹腔镜联合内镜的不同治疗方法对胆囊结石同时合并胆总管结石患者的治疗疗效及安全性。 方法〓104例符合标准的患者分为2组:一期腹腔镜胆总管探查联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LCBDE+LC组,n=55)和二期内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术联合Oddi括约肌切开序贯腹腔镜胆囊切除术(ERCP/S+LC组,n=49)。分析探讨两组患者手术成功率、术后并发症和术后住院时间的差异。 结果〓两组患者在流行病学和临床病例特点方面无明显差异,提示两组患者具有可比性。LCBDE+LC组和ERCP/S+LC组的患者手术成功率相近(分别为90.0%和95.9%, P=0.309),但ERCP/S+LC组的患者结石清除率更高(分别为93.6%和80.0%, P=0.046),两组患者术后并发症发生率无明显差异。此外,两组患者在术后住院时间和总体住院费用方面亦相近。在术后随访期间,LCBDE+LC组和ERCP/S+LC组分别有5.9%(3/51)和6.3%(3/48)的患者发现胆总管结石残留,差异无显著的统计学意义。结论〓胆囊结石同时合并胆总管结石的一期和二期双镜联合治疗方法具有相近的成功率,术后并发症发生率相若,远期复发无明显差异,但二期双镜联合治疗的手术结石清除率更高。     

肝内胆管结石的完全腹腔镜下肝切除术

目的 总结肝内胆管结石完全腹腔镜下肝切除术的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析2005年7月至2009年4月间华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院腹腔镜外科中心因肝内胆管结石而施行了完全腹腔镜下肝切除术的72例病人临床资料.结果 病人年龄16～65岁,平均(43.8±21.7)岁.72例腹腔镜下肝叶或肝段切除术主要包括左半肝切除术34例,左外叶切除术19例,肝Ⅵ段切除术16例.手术时间125～320 min,平均(262.5±115.5)min.出血量50～400 ml,中位数150 ml.术后并发症发生率12.50%,包括胆漏6例,胃轻瘫1例,术后早期炎性肠梗阻1例,肝包膜下积液1例,均保守治疗成功.结论 微创时代治疗肝内胆管结石应以腹腔镜下肝段或肝叶切除术作为主要方式.     

胆囊并胆总管结石两种术式的临床疗效分析

目的研究两种不同外科手术方法治疗胆囊合并胆总管结石的临床疗效与安全性。方法选取2015年1月至2016年2月收治的胆囊并胆总管结石的患者156例,随机分为内镜组(78例)和开腹组(78例),内镜组行微创内镜手术治疗,开腹组行传统开腹手术治疗,应用SPSS 20.0统计学软件进行统计学处理,术中、术后计量资料用均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立t检验;并发症发生率采用卡方检验。P0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。结果内镜组与开腹组相比:术中出血量、手术时间、腹腔引流时间、胃肠道功能恢复时间、住院时间等均显著低于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);腔镜组手术并发症的发生率为6.4%,开腹组手术并发症的发生率为16.7%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.019,P=0.045)。结论微创腔镜手术治疗胆囊并胆总管结石的临床疗效较好,具有手术时间短、术中出血少、住院时间短、病情恢复快,并发症低等特点,充分体现出了微创腔镜手术的优势。     

腹腔镜术中联合胰胆镜治疗胆石症疗效评价

目的　评价腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (laparoscopiccholecystectomy,LC)术中联合应用内镜括约肌切开术 (intraoperativeendoscopicsphincterotomy,IOEST)治疗胆石症的疗效。　方法　回顾性分析LC联合IOEST治疗LC术前诊断和术中常规胆道造影确诊的 6 8例胆囊合并胆总管结石患者的临床效果。　结果　联合手术成功率为 97.1% (6 6 6 8) ;IOEST成功率 98.5 % (6 7 6 8) ,取净结石率 10 0 % (6 7 6 7)。IOEST后并发轻度急性胰腺腺炎 3例 ,并发胃潴留 2例。术后平均住院时间 2 .8天。　结论　LC联合IOEST能一次性有效治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石 ,优于术前或术后联合EST。     

定时脱落的J形导管在腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合术中的临床应用(附45例报告)

目的：总结腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合术中放置定时脱落的J形导管行胆道内引流的治疗经验。方法：2005年5月至2007年12月,我们为45例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除、胆总管探查术,胆道镜取石后,将8FJ形导管置入胆总管及十二指肠,并将导管近端用快速吸收薇乔线固定于胆管壁,胆总管切口原位缝合关闭。结果：45例手术均获成功,平均手术时间125min,术后住院4～9d,平均6.5d,术后平均14dJ形导管随粪便排出。2例术后血清淀粉酶短暂升高。无胆漏、胆道狭窄、残余结石、堵管、提前脱管、导管滞留、导管退入胆道等并发症发生。结论：腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术后,胆总管内放置定时脱落的J形导管,引流一期缝合胆管壁是一种安全可靠的方法,具有患者创伤小、痛苦轻、康复快、并发症少等优点,在胆总管结石手术中具有较大优势,值得推广。     

三孔法腹腔镜联合胆道镜保胆取石术的临床应用

目的:探讨三孔法腹腔镜联合胆道镜保胆取石术的应用价值、适应证、手术技巧及临床疗效。方法:回顾分析2010年10月至2013年6月96例胆囊结石患者的临床资料,均行三孔法腹腔镜联合胆道镜完全腹腔内微创保胆取石术。结果:96例手术均获成功,无一例中转腹腔镜胆囊切除术或腹腔外微创保胆取石术。术中出血量5~10 ml,平均(6.0±1.1)ml;手术时间98~225 min,平均(121.8±13.2)min。术后无残留结石、出血、胆漏、腹腔感染、胆总管继发结石等并发症发生。术后住院4~7d,平均(4.5±0.6)d,术后1周复查B超,无结石残留。出院后口服熊去氧胆酸、消炎利胆片3~6个月。95例患者随访4~24个月,未见结石复发,无明显消化道症状,术后3个月复查B超提示胆囊收缩功能良好。结论:三孔法腹腔镜联合胆道镜保胆取石术安全、有效,具有患者创伤小、康复快、并发症少、手术成功率高等优点,是微创保胆取石术的理想手术方法,值得推广应用。其关键是把握适应证,术后预防性用药,同时术者需熟练掌握胆道镜技术及腹腔镜下切开、缝合、打结技术。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的临床分析

目的　探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)中主动中转开腹对减少并发症 ,提高手术质量的重要性。方法　对比分析我院 94例LC主动与被动中转开腹的原因及手术效果。结果　主动中转开腹 79例 ,主要原因为Calot三角严重粘连、胆囊管结石嵌顿、胆囊萎缩及解剖变异。平均手术时间为5 0min ,术后平均住院时间为 8.5d ,无并发症发生。被动中转开腹 1 5例 ,主要原因为术中胆管损伤、大出血及胃肠损伤。平均手术时间为 91min ,术后平均住院时间为 1 4 .4d ,有 6例并发症发生。两者之间有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1 )。结论　当LC术中遇到Calot三角严重粘连、胆囊管结石嵌顿、胆囊萎缩及解剖变异等手术难度超出术者处理能力时应适时主动中转开腹以避免或减少并发症的发生。     

Sequential endo-laparoscopic treatment in patients with common bile calculi

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic treatment of common bile duct (CBD) stones is gaining great acceptance worldwide, but actually it requires skills and technologies too expensive for a great part of general surgeons. So endoscopic removal of CBD stones before cholecystectomy is usually performed. Since 1991 in our department we started a policy of selective preoperative cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in patients suspected for choledocholithiasis and waiting for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: A retrospective study has been made on a population of 1100 patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the period between January 1991 and December 1997. They were 391 male and 719 female with a mean age of 52 years, 126 of whom (11.5%) were selected to have ERCP preoperatively because they had clinical, biochemical and ultrasound signs of the presence of common bile duct stones (CBDS). RESULTS: Successful cannulation of the CBD was achieved in 124 cases (98.4%), with failures due to ampullary diverticula. In 7 cases (5.5%) a precut was necessary to obtain cannulation. Sphincterotomy was performed in 113 patients (89.7%). In 93 patients (73.8%) stones were found (87 macrolithiasis and 6 microlithiasis); in 91 (97.8%) stones were removed in one (87) or two (4) endoscopic session. There were 2 major complications (one bleeding and one severe pancreatitis) due to ERCP or a sphincterotomy. Two patients developed symptoms from unsuspected common bile duct stones after LC and were removed endoscopically. No complications during LC were due to ERCP or ES. CONCLUSIONS: Selective preoperative ERCP is an effective way of clearing the CBD stones before laparoscopic cholecystectomy, with low rate of complications related to endoscopic and laparoscopic procedures, and short mean hospital stay (5.5 days), according to the concept of minimally invasive treatment.     

腹腔镜手术治疗胆道结石57例临床分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)治疗胆道结石的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析我们自2003年1月～2006年1月行腹腔镜胆总管探查术治疗胆道结石57例的临床资料.结果 行腹腔镜下胆道镜经胆囊管、胆总管探查术21例,顺利完成15例,转为腹腔镜胆总管切开探查术6例.行腹腔镜胆总管切开探查术42例,中转开腹2例;发生胆漏3例,经腹腔引流后自愈;术后残余结石4例,经窦道取石后取尽.术后随访43例,随访时间3～12个月,未发现残余结石及胆管狭窄.结论 LCBDE是一种治疗胆道结石安全、有效、微创和可行的方法.     

经内镜乳头气囊扩张术治疗胆总管结石102例分析

目的分析经内镜气囊扩张治疗胆总管结石的疗效和近期并发症。方法回顾性分析2003年3月至2009年5月经内镜气囊扩张治疗胆总管结石102例的疗效及并发症的防治。结果本组取石成功率为98.0%。术后出现一过性高淀粉酶血症11例,其中急性胰腺炎5例(4.9%),经药物治疗后痊愈。无一例发生胆道感染、出血、穿孔等严重并发症。结论经内镜气囊扩张治疗胆总管结石疗效好,并发症发生率低,是安全、有效的微创治疗措施。     

Dormia basket impacted during ERCP,resolved by laparoscopic bile duct approach: Case report

IntroductionEndoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the method of choice for treating and removing common bile duct (CBD) stones with high success rates. Among the adverse effects, impaction of the Dormia basket when removing the stones is an unusual complication.Case presentationTwo cases of choledocholithiasis with endoscopic treatment by ERCP and Dormia basket impaction, resolved by a laparoscopic approach to the bile duct.DiscussionLaparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) has been developed as a technique to treat choledocholithiasis and simultaneously vesicular lithiasis by laparoscopy. LCBDE can be by means of a transcystic approach or by choledochotomy. The success of the treatment depends on surgical experience and the availability of adequate equipment, with high effectiveness to eliminate CBD stones and a success rate greater than 95%, it is equally effective for the resolution of adverse events during ERCP.ConclusionLCBDE provides an alternative therapy where there is no other type of treatment for the resolution of complications of ERCP. It is a safe, effective and reliable technique with high success rates, which offers the benefits of a minimally invasive approach.     

腹腔镜超声技术在胆囊切除胆道探查术中的应用

本文旨在探讨腹腔镜超声技术在LC中的临床应用价值和开创腔镜诊治胆石症的新途径。320例LC病有常规行腹腔镜超声检查(LUS);50例行腹腔镜超声和术中胆管造影(LOC)对比研究。胆管结石采用ERCP/EST和腹腔镜胆囊切除胆总管切开探查取石T管引流或一期缝合术治疗。结果显示LUS平均检查时间15min,对胆道系统和血管系统扫描结果显示:胆囊和门静脉100％显像,肝胆管胆总管98％显像,胆总管未端86％显像,3％发现未预期胆管结石,发现10％胆囊管解剖变异;LUS和IOC对比结果显示LUS胆总管结石敏感性、特异性和总诊断正确率均优于IOC(分别为83％、98％、98％和76％、95％、95％),两者结合则高达100％。ERCP/EST成功率达90％,30例腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术平均手术时间3.5小时,25例置T管引流、5例一期胆管缝合,均获成功,未发生胆漏胆管损伤等并发症,术后残石者经T管胆道镜取石治愈。因此,LC中常规使用腹腔镜超声技术有助于判断胆道生理和病理解剖结构、防止发生胆管损伤;有助于发现或排除肝内外胆管结石、为胆管造影和胆道探查术提供重要指征,降低胆道残石和阴性胆道探查术。腹腔镜超声指导下的腹腔镜胆囊切除胆道探查取石T管引流或一期胆管缝合术安全可靠、为胆石症微创外科诊断和治疗开辟了一条新途径。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术2 800例术中胆囊床的处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）中胆囊床的处理方法。方法回顾分析我院1997年9月一2005年8月2800例LC的临床资料。结果在胆囊床的处理过程中，有2570例采用常规方法处理，46例采用非常规方法，余184例采用常规与非常规相结合的方法处理。12例胆漏，经充分引流治愈。26例胆囊床出血，1例术后2h行剖腹探查，余25例为术中出血。结论LC术中胆囊床的处理应根据术中所见胆囊床的具体类型来决定，一旦发生胆漏或出血等并发症，不应盲目处理，需视具体情况采取相应措施。     

Laparoscopic partial cholecystectomy for the difficult gallbladder: a systematic review

Background

In the setting of difficult dissection of Calot’s triangle during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, conversion is commonly advocated. An alternative approach aimed at preventing bile duct injury is laparoscopic partial cholecystectomy (LPC). The safety and efficacy of this procedure are unclear.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was performed independently by three researchers. The outcomes were conversion rate, hospital length of stay (LOS), bile duct injury, bile leak, symptomatic gallstones in the remnant gallbladder, need for reoperation, postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP), percutaneous intervention, and mortality.

Results

The review included 15 publications, which reported on 625 patients. Four different operative techniques could be distinguished. Conversion to open (partial) cholecystectomy was performed in 10.4 % of the cases. The median LOS was 4.5 days (range, 0–48 days). The most common complication was postoperative bile leak, which occurred in 66 patients (10.6 %). One case of bile duct injury occurred. During the follow-up period, 2.2 % of the patients experienced recurrent symptoms of gallstones. Eight patients (2.7 %) underwent reoperation. Postoperative ERCP was performed for 26 (7.5 %) of 349 patients. A percutaneous intervention was performed for 5 (1.4 %) of 353 patients. Three deaths were described in the reviewed series (1 of pulmonary sepsis and 2 of myocardial infarctions). A rough comparison showed that fewer bile leaks, less need for ERCP, and less recurrent symptoms of gallstones seemed to occur when the cystic duct and gallbladder remnant were closed.

Conclusions

Literature concerning LPC is scarce. Four different LPC techniques can be distinguished. When a difficult gallbladder is encountered during LC, LPC seems to be a safe and feasible alternative to conversion. Closing of the cystic duct, gallbladder remnant, or both seems to be preferable.     

腹腔镜、胆道镜引导下钬激光碎石术治疗肝内外胆管结石的临床体会

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆道镜引导下钬激光碎石治疗肝内外胆管结石的可行性。方法：回顾分析2008～2012年为45例肝内外胆管结石患者行腹腔镜胆道镜引导下钬激光碎石治疗的临床资料。结果：45例患者中3例中转开腹;42例成功完成手术,手术时间90～150 min,平均（110±16）min。术后残留结石7例,6例一次取石成功,1例两次取石成功;术后均有轻至中度肝功损害,对症治疗后痊愈;1例少量胆漏,经引流治愈,无切口感染、血栓等其他并发症发生。结论：腹腔镜、胆道镜引导下钬激光碎石术治疗肝内外胆管结石具有患者创伤小、术后康复快等优点,安全、实用。     

Acute cholecystitis associated with calculosis of the biliary tract in a high-risk patient. Combined emergency surgical and peroperative endoscopic treatment]

Patient age (over 65), and lithiasis of the common bile duct are two factors which increase the morbidity and mortality rate in emergency surgery for biliary lithiasis. Normally, calculi in the CBD can be cleared by means of supraduodenal or transduodenal access. In both cases, however, complications are frequent in high risk patients. Treatment of gallstones can be modified to achieve a reduction in the morbidity and mortality rate. This study presents an initial survey of 4 elderly patients, presenting with acute gallbladder disease and CBD stones, treated with surgical cholecystectomy and contemporary perioperative endoscopic papillotomy and CBD clearance. The underlying rationale and the good initial results support this combined surgical and endoscopic approach.     

Hepatic vein injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: The unappreciated proximity of the middle hepatic vein to the gallbladder bed

Uncontrollable hemorrhage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy occurs in 0.1% to 1.9% of all cases, with 88% originating from the gallbladder bed. The anatomical proximity between major branches of the middle hepatic vein and the gallbladder bed, and hence the risk of intraoperative bleeding, is unclear. CT scans of 20 random patients were retrospectively reviewed to identify the closest distance between branches of the middle hepatic vein and the gallbladder bed. The vein diameter was also recorded. Risk factors for intraoperative bleeding during laparoscopic cholecystectomy were also retrospectively reviewed. Large branches (mean diameter=2.1 mm) of the middle hepatic vein are directly adjacent to the gallbladder bed in 10% of patients. An additional 10% of cases also possess branches within 1 mm of the gallbladder bed. Chronically scarred and contracted gallbladder disease may increase the risk of significant bleeding, requiring conversion. Twenty percent of all cases will display a large branch of the middle hepatic vein adherent or immediately adjacent to the gallbladder fossa. These patients are at increased risk for intraoperative bleeding. Furthermore, contracted gallbladders with evidence of chronic disease may be at increased risk for significant hemorrhage.