CyclinD1和p27在非小细胞肺癌组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的研究细胞周期蛋白CyclinD1和p27在非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法应用S-P免疫组化法检测63例非小细胞肺癌组织中CyclinD1和p27的表达，取20例肺部正常组织做对照，并结合临床资料进行分析。结果在非小细胞肺癌组织中CycinD1呈高表达，p27呈低表达，与对照组均有组间差异（P〈0．05）。CyclinD1和p27的表达均与肿瘤的分化程度、淋巴结转移、临床分期有关（P〈0．05），而与年龄、性别、组织学类型无关（P〉0．05）；NSCLC组织中CyclinD1与p27表达呈显著负相关（P〈0．01）。结论CyclinD1癌基因和p27抑癌基因突变协同作用使非小细胞肺癌发生与发展。二者的检测可作为肺癌的早期诊断指标、评价非小细胞肺癌恶性程度和判断预后的重要指标。     

nm23-H1、p16抑癌基因蛋白在甲状腺肿瘤中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨抑癌基因nm23－H1及p16与甲状腺癌的发病学及其生物学行为的关系.方法应用SP免疫组化方法检测了54例甲状腺癌、16例腺癌、10例甲状腺非瘤病变的nm23－H1、p16基因蛋白的表达。结果甲状腺腺瘤及分化型甲状腺癌中的nm23－H1及p16表达率及表达强度均显著增强（P＜0．05）,而甲状腺未分化癌中nm23－H1及p16表达率及表达强度则显著降低（P＜0．01）。nm23－H1及p16蛋白表达与甲状腺癌的分化程度呈正相关（P＜0．01）,与预淋巴结转移无显著相关性,但nm23－H1与包膜侵犯呈负相关（P＜0．05）。结论nm23－H1及p16基因失活与甲状腺未分化癌的发生密切相关,可为临床判断恶性程度及生物学行为提供参考。     

甲状腺癌组织端粒酶激活与p16基因失活的研究

目的：探讨甲状腺癌细胞增殖、分化与端粒酶激活及抑癌基因p16失活（缺失突变）之间可能存在的联系。方法：应用TRAP、多重PCR、免疫组化法检测42例甲状腺癌与16例癌旁组织端粒酶活性、p16基因外显子2缺失、p16蛋白表达。结果：甲状腺癌组端粒酶活性90．48％，高于癌旁组织（P（0．01）；甲状腺癌p16基因外显子2纯合缺失率28．57％。相应癌旁组未检出（P〈0．01）；甲状腺癌p16蛋白表达缺失率40．48％，高于癌旁组（P〈0．05）；甲状腺癌p16蛋白表达缺失率高于p16基因外显子2缺失率。结论：端粒酶激活与p16基因失活以及p16蛋白表达下调可能是甲状腺癌变过程中的重要分子事件．甲状腺癌中p16基因失活可能是端粒酶激活的一种途径。     

Skp2 、p27 在骨肉瘤中的表达及其临床意义

 目的 探讨骨肉瘤中Skp2和p27蛋白的表达与患者临床病理和预后的关系以及两种蛋白之间的相关性。方法 用免疫组织化学SP法检测16例骨软骨瘤和48例骨肉瘤组织中Skp2和p27蛋白的表达情况。结果 Skp2蛋白在骨软骨瘤中的表达均为阴性，而在骨肉瘤中的表达阳性率为43．75％（21／48），后者的阳性率显著高于前者（P〈0．01）。Skp2蛋白表达与临床分期、肺转移及分化程度显著正相关（P〈0．05）。p27蛋白在骨软骨瘤、骨肉瘤中阳性率分别为81．25％（13／16）、47．92％（23／48），两者比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。p27蛋白表达与临床分期、肺转移及分化程度呈负相关（P〈0．05）。Skp2蛋白在骨肉瘤中表达与p27蛋白呈负相关（P〈0．05）。结论 Skp2可能通过对细胞周期抑制因子p27蛋白的降解而参与骨肉瘤的发生、发展，联合检测Skp2及p27蛋白的表达对骨肉瘤患者的早期诊断，判定恶性程度及预后具有指导意义。     

肺癌MTS1/p16和p53表达与细胞增殖

（目的〕研究肺癌中MTS1／p16和p53基因产物的表达与细胞增殖的关系。〔方法〕应用SP免疫组织化学方法研究62例肺癌组织中p16蛋白和p53蛋白的表达情况，并进行增殖细胞核抗原检测，计算细胞增殖指数（PI）。(结果)62例肺癌组织中p16蛋白和p53蛋白阳性率分别为58．1％和59、7％。晚癌p16蛋白的阳性率明显高于小细胞癌（p＜0.05）；淋巴结转移阳性组p16蛋白的表达显著低于阴性组（P＜0．05）；PI分级为巨级的p16蛋白表达显著高于Ⅳ级（p＜0.05）。不同组织类型肺癌中p53蛋白的表达未见明显差异，淋巴结转移阳性组p53蛋白的表达高于阴性组（p＜0.01〕；不同PI分级中p53蛋白的表达，N级明显高于1级和Ⅱ级（P＜0．05），三级明显高于1级（p＜0．05）和Ⅱ级（P＜0.01）。p16蛋白低表达和p53蛋白过度表达之间未见明显相关性。（结论〕提示p16蛋白低表达和p53蛋白过度表达均有促进肺癌细胞增殖的作用，p16蛋白的表达与肺癌的细胞分化有关，p53蛋白过度表达对肺癌细胞的转移起重要作用。抑癌基因p53对MTS1／p16基因无明显调控作用。检测p53蛋白表达可作为肺癌诊断的一项新指标。     

口腔鳞状细胞癌cyclin E及p21waf1蛋白定量检测及意义

目的：探讨口腔鳞状细胞癌（oralsquamous cell cancer，OSCC）cyclinE、p21^waf1蛋白表达与抑癌基因p53突变的关系及其临床病理学意义。方法：采用流式细胞术（FCM）对8例正常口腔粘膜及30例OSCC石蜡包埋组织中cyclinE和p21^waf1蛋白表达进行定量检测，分析其与突变型p53蛋白表达及临床病理学参数间的关系。结果：OSCC组织cyclinE蛋白平均表达量高于正常口腔粘膜t=-6．582，P〈0．01），过表达率为63.33％（19／30）；而p21^waf1蛋白平均表达量低于正常口腔粘膜（t=8．126，P〈0．01），低表达率为53-33％（16／30）；OSCC组织cycllnE／p21“比值高于正常口腔粘膜（t=-9．434，P〈0．01），异常率为100％（30／30）；p53阳性组p21“表达量低于p53阴性组（t=3．905，P〈0．01），两者间呈负相关（r=-0．491，P〈0．05）。p21^waf1表达量在OSCC有淋巴结转移组低于无淋巴结转移组（t=3.391,P〈0．01），但与OSCC分化无关（P〉0．05）；而cyclinE表达量与OSCC肿瘤分化及淋巴结转移均无关（P〉0．05）。结论：eyclinE蛋白表达上调及p21^waf1蛋白表达下调是OSCC常见异常现象，p21神蛋白表达下调可能与p53突变有关，并与OSCC淋巴结转移密切相关，G1／S期正负调控因子cyclinE／p21^waf1比例失衡在OSCC发生中可能起着重要作用。     

nm230-H1、p16抑癌基因蛋白在甲状腺肿瘤中的表达及其临床意义

 目的 探讨抑癌基因nm23－H1及p16与甲状腺癌的发病学及其生物学行为的关系.方法 应用SP免疫组化方法 检测了54例甲状腺癌、16例腺癌、10例甲状腺非瘤病变的nm23－H1、p16基因蛋白的表达。结果 甲状腺腺瘤及分化型甲状腺癌中的nm23－H1及p16表达率及表达强度均显著增强（P＜0．05）,而甲状腺未分化癌中nm23－H1及p16表达率及表达强度则显著降低（P＜0．01）。nm23－H1及p16蛋白表达与甲状腺癌的分化程度呈正相关（P＜0．01）,与预淋巴结转移无显著相关性,但nm23－H1与包膜侵犯呈负相关（P＜0．05）。结论 nm23－H1及p16基因失活与甲状腺未分化癌的发生密切相关,可为临床判断恶性程度及生物学行为提供参考。     

p27kip1、CyelinD1、CyelinE在膀胱移行细胞癌中表达的意义

目的探讨p27kip1、CyclinE、CyclinD1在膀胱移行细胞癌（BTCC）中的表达与意义,为认识BTCC发生、发展机制提供线索。方法应用免疫组织化学SP法检测41例BTCC和12例膀胱炎中p27kip1、CyclinE、CyclinD1的表达。结果p27kip1在BTCC中阳性表达随临床分期和病理分级的增高而降低（P〈0．05）,有淋巴转移组与无淋巴转移组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。CyclinD1在不同BTCC临床分期和病理分级中的阳性表达差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。CyclinE在BTCC中阳性表达随临床分期和病理分级的增高而增高（P〈0．05）,有淋巴转移组明显高于无淋巴转移组（P〈0．05）。结论p27kip1对BTCC的发生、发展可能起抑制作用,CyclinD1过表达可能在膀胱移行细胞癌发生的早期起作用,不参与膀胱移行细胞癌的浸润转移过程。CyclinE可能参与BTCC的发生、发展过程。     

凋亡抑制蛋白Survivin在胃癌中的表达及其与bcl-2、p53蛋白相关性研究

目的：研究凋亡抑制蛋白Survivin、bcl-2、p53在胃癌组织中的表达及其与临床病理特征之间的关系，并探讨Survivin与bcl-2、p53蛋白表达的相关性。方法：采用链霉菌抗生物素蛋白-过氧化酶连接（S-P）免疫组化方法，检测Survivin、bcl-2、p53蛋白在正常胃粘膜组织及胃癌组织中的表达。结果：Survivin蛋白在正常胃粘膜组织中无表达，而在58例胃癌中41例（70．7％）表达阳性，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；Survivin蛋白表达与胃癌组织病理分化程度、淋巴结转移、TNM分期相关，而与浸润程度不相关；胃癌bcl-2蛋白表达的阳性与阴性中，Survivin蛋白表达阳性率分别为81．0％（34／42）和43．8％（7／16），两者比较差异显著（P〈0．01）；p53蛋白表达的阳性和阴性中，Survivin蛋白表达阳性率分别为58．1％（18／31）和22．2％（6／27），两者比较亦有显著性差异（P〈0．05），Survivin蛋白的表达与胃癌组织中的bcl-2蛋白及p53蛋白表达密切相关。结论：Survivin蛋白异常表达可引起细胞凋亡抑制，在胃癌的发生中起一定作用，其过度表达提示胃粘膜细胞增生极度活跃；Sur-vivin蛋白表达与胃癌中bcl-2蛋白及p53蛋白的异常表达密切相关。     

胃癌中p16,p27kip1和CDK4表达的比较及其意义

目的 研究胃癌组织中p16、p27^kip1蛋白和细胞周期依赖性激酶4（cyclin—dependent kinase4，CDK4）的表达，探讨它们与胃癌临床病理特征的关系及其对预后的影响。方法 应用免疫组化S-P法，检测120例胃癌，20例胃粘膜非典型增生和30例正常胃粘膜组织切片中p16和p27^kip1和CDK4、PCNA的表达，分析它们与临床病理参数的关系。结果 120例胃癌中p16，p27^kip1和CDK4，PCNA蛋白的表达率分别为43．3％，52．5％和46．7％，70．0％，与正常胃粘膜和非典型增生相比有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。p16和p27^kip1的表达缺失与胃癌的分化程度、局部淋巴结转移和临床TNM分期有密切关系（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。CDK4、PCNA的高表达和胃癌的淋巴结转移和临床TNM分期有密切关系（P〈0．01）。胃癌中p16、p27^kip1的表达和CDK4、PCNA的表达呈负相关（P〈0．01），而p16和p27^kip1的表达、CDK4和PCNA的表达呈正相关（P〈0．01）。结论 CDK4、PCNA的高表达和p16、p27^kip1的表达缺失与胃癌的发生以及侵袭和转移有关，可作为判断胃癌病情和预后的重要指标。     

INK4系列抑癌基因在白血病中纯合子缺失的实验研究

目的：探讨p16基因家族失活与白血病发生、发展及预后的关系。方法：PCR检测p16、p15、p18、p19基因在白血病中纯合子缺失。结果：p16、p15基因外显子1在AL组纯合子缺失率分别为22．37％、17．05％,在ALL组为45．95％、32．43％,在ANLL组均为5．88％;在CML的慢性期均为0。p16、p15基因外显子2在AL组纯合子缺失率分别为12．5％、5．68％;在ALL组为24．32％、10．81％;在ANLL组为3．92％、1．96％;在CML和对照组二者均无缺失。p18、p19基因外显子1在AL组纯合子缺失率分别为1．14％、0;在ALL组分别为2．70％、0;在ANLL和对照组均无缺失。结论：p16、p15基因纯合子缺失在AL的发生频率较高,ALL缺失率明显高于ANLL,复发一LLL组基因失活率最高。p16、p15基因纯合子缺失是AL,尤其是ALL的发病重要因素之一。p18、p19基因在AL组中几乎未见纯合子缺失。在ALL中,p16纯合子缺失率高于p15纯合子缺失率。两个基因的纯合子缺失常伴随存在。在ANLL中,p16、p15基因的纯合子缺失均少见。     

p29ING4 and p28ING5 bind to p53 and p300, and enhance p53 activity

We identified and characterized two new ING family genes, p29ING4 and p28ING5,coding for two proteins of 249 and 240 amino acids, respectively. Both p29ING4 and p28ING5 proteins have a plant homeodomain finger motif also found in other ING proteins, and which is common in proteins involved in chromatin remodeling. p29ING4 or p28ING5 overexpression resulted in a diminished colony-forming efficiency, a decreased cell population in S phase, and the induction of apoptosis in a p53-dependent manner. Both p29ING4 and p28ING5 activate the p21/waf1 promoter, and induce p21/WAF1 expression. p29ING4 and p28ING5 enhance p53 acetylation at Lys-382 residues, and physically interact with p300, a member of histone acetyl transferase complexes, and p53 in vivo. These results indicate that p29ING4 and p28ING5 may be significant modulators of p53 function.     

p53基因家族的新成员 p73和 p63

p53作为广泛存在的肿瘤抑制基因,最近发现了其家族成员：p73和p63。它们在结构和功能上具有相似性,均能触发细胞周期停滞,诱导凋亡,但它们在肿瘤抑制和组织发育中起着截然不同的作用,深入了解它们彼此之间的相似性和差异将对理解肿瘤发生的机制产生重要的影响。本文总结了最近几年来此领域内的最新进展。另外,p73和p63在C端的SAM结构说明它们可能参与组织的发育过程。     

INK4系列抑癌基因纯合子缺失、甲基化与白血病预后的实验研究

 目的　研究INK4系列抑癌基因纯合子缺失、甲基化与白血病预后的关系。方法　采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）研究p16基因家族在白血病中纯合子缺失,应用甲基化敏感限制内切酶HpaⅡ结合PCR技术研究白血病患者p16、p15、p18、p19 基因甲基化状况,用单因素、多因素Logistic回归分析其基因失活与急性白血病（AL）预后的关系。结果　基因表达组治疗有效27例（84.38 %）,基因失活组治疗有效11例（28.95 %）,基因表达组治疗有效率明显高于基因失活组（P＜0.001）。单因素、多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示p16、p15 基因失活化疗有效率明显低于基因表达组。结论　p16、p15基因失活可作为AL病程进展、复发、预后的指标之一。     

NBP is the p53 homolog p63

We previously identified a non-p53, p53-responsive DNA element (p53RE)-binding protein named NBP, functionally analogous to p53, from human cervical carcinoma Hela cells. Here we report a biochemical study demonstrating that this activity is the recently cloned p53 analog p63. NBP was purified through conventional and DNA affinity chromatography to apparent homogeneity with a prominent polypeptide migrating in between the 43 and 68 kDa positions on a SDS gel. This polypeptide immunoreacted with monoclonal anti-p63 but not anti-p53 or anti-p73 antibodies. Also, NBP co-purified with p63 through each step of fractionation, as detected with anti-p63 antibodies. DNA-protein complexes formed with purified NBP and p53RE-containing oligomers derived from the p21(waf1) promoter were supershifted by anti-p63 but not anti-p53 antibodies. Thus, these results demonstrate that NBP is encoded by the p53 homolog p63 gene.     

Tumorigenesis in p27/p53- and p18/p53-double null mice: functional collaboration between the pRb and p53 pathways

Mice lacking both p18(Ink4c) and p27(Kip1) develop a tumor spectrum similar to pRb(+/-) mice, and loss of p53 function accelerates tumorigenesis in pRb(+/-) mice. We hypothesized that codeletion of either p18 or p27 in conjunction with p53 deletion will also accelerate tumorigenesis. Mice lacking both p18 and p53 develop several tumors not reported in either single null genotype, including hepatocellular carcinoma, testicular choriocarcinoma, hemangiosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and osteosarcoma. Mice lacking both p27 and p53 exhibit a decreased lifespan and develop unique tumors, including papillary carcinoma of the colon, hemangiosarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma. In both p18/p53 and p27/p53 double null genotypes, the incidence and spectra of tissues that develop lymphoma are also increased, as compared to the single null genotypes. The development of p27/p53 double null colon tumors correlates with secondary changes in cell-cycle protein expression and CDK (cyclin-dependent kinase) activity, perhaps contributing to the progression of colorectal cancer. We concluded that p18 and p27 can, not only functionally collaborate with one another, but also can independently collaborate with p53 to modulate the cell cycle and suppress tumorigenesis in a tissue-specific manner.     

原发性肝细胞癌中p21WAF1及p16INK4a 的表达与HBV的关系

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A Comparative Study of Glioma Cell Lines for p16, p15, p53 and p21 Gene Alterations

A total of 10 glioma cell lines were examined for alterations of the p16, p15, p53 and p21 genes, which are tumor suppressor genes or candidates with direct or indirect CDK-inhibitory functions. Genetic alterations (deletions or mutations) were frequently seen in the p16, p15 and p53 genes in these cell lines, but not in the p21 gene. When the states of the p16, p15 and p53 genes were compared among cell lines, all the cell lines showed abnormalities in at least 1 gene, often in 2 or 3 genes coincidentally, suggesting that dysfunction of these genes is closely related to glioma cell growth. Although alteration of all 3 genes was most frequent, there were cell lines having either p16/p15 or p53 or p16 and p53 gene alterations, suggesting that the time order of these genetic alterations was variable depending on the cell line. Among cell lines examined, one with homozygous p53 gene deletion seemed of particular practical value, since such a cell line might be useful in various studies, including investigation of the functions of various mutant p53 genes in the absence of heteromeric protein formation. On examination of the primary tumor tissues, the same alterations of the p16/p15 and p53 genes as detected in the cell lines were demonstrated in all 6 cases examined: p16/p15 gene deletion in 1, p16 gene mutation in 1 and p53 gene mutations in 5 cases. This suggested that the p16/p15 and the p53 gene alterations and their combinations in at least some glioma cell lines reflected those in the primary glioma tissues.     

Role of p53 family members p73 and p63 in human hematological malignancies

Abstract p53, mutated in over half of human cancers and about 13% of all hematological malignancies, maintains genomic integrity and triggers cellular senescence and apoptosis of damaged cells. In contrast to p53, the homologs p73 and p63 play critical roles in development of the central nervous system and skin/limbs, respectively. Moreover, dependent on the context they can exert tumor suppressor activities that cooperate with p53. Unlike p53, p73 and p63 are rarely mutated in cancers. Instead, up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic dominant-negative ΔNp73 and ΔNp63 isoforms is the most frequent abnormality in solid cancers. In hematological malignancies the most frequent p73 defect is promoter methylation and loss of expression, associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes. This suggests an essential tumor suppressor role of p73 in blood cells, also supported by genetic mouse models. Many therapeutic approaches aiming to restore p73 activity are currently being investigated. In contrast, the most frequent p63 abnormality is protein overexpression, associated with higher disease grade and poorer prognosis. Surprisingly, although available data are still scarce, the emerging picture is up-regulation of transactivation-competent TAp63 isoforms, suggesting a tumor-promoting role in this context.