凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检测在慢性前列腺炎中的意义

目的　研究慢性前列腺炎与凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌 (CNS)的关系 ,探讨前列腺液中CNS检测的临床意义。　方法　对 4 2 8例慢性前列腺炎患者采用Meares Stamey四段取样法作前列腺液细菌培养和药敏试验。患者年龄 18～ 4 6岁 ,平均 31岁。病程 3～ 32个月 ,平均 6个月。慢性前列腺炎症状指数 (NIH CPSI)平均 2 3.2分。　结果　 4 2 8例均行细菌培养 ,其中 2 4 8例 (5 7.94 % )分离出细菌。革兰阳性菌 195例 (78.6 3% ) ,其中葡萄球菌 16 0例 (6 4 .5 2 % ,16 0 / 2 4 8) ,CNS 89例 (35 .89% ,89/ 2 4 8) ;CNS中以表皮葡萄球菌为主者 81例 (32 .6 6 % ) ,其次为腐生葡萄球菌 3例和溶血性葡萄球菌 2例 ;NIH CPSI积分与细菌培养结果无明显相关。CNS对常用抗菌药物 (β 内酰胺类、喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类 )耐药率较高 (5 1.9%～ 10 0 % )。　结论　CNS为慢性前列腺炎的主要致病菌 ,应引起高度重视 ;适时监测前列腺液病原菌及药敏试验对临床诊断和治疗慢性前列腺炎具有重要意义。     

前列腺液免疫球蛋白测定对慢性前列腺炎的诊断价值

目的探讨前列腺按摩液中免疫球蛋白测定对于慢性前列腺炎的诊断价值。方法应用免疫透射终点测定法测定103例慢性前列腺炎患者的前列腺液中IgG、IgA含量以及IgA／IgG比值。并对白细胞水平与免疫球蛋白相关性分析。结果研究发现,IgG、IgA、IgA／IgG比值与白细胞的升高具有相关性,主要表现为IgG、IgA、IgA／IgG比值均有明显高于正常人。结论由此可判定前列腺液中免疫球蛋白测定可以作为慢性前列腺炎的诊断依据之一,可作为传统的前列腺液白细胞计数和微生物分析的重要补充。     

慢性前列腺炎患者前列腺液IL-6和IL-8表达变化及意义

目的　探讨慢性前列腺炎患者前列腺液中IL 6和IL 8的变化与慢性前列腺炎类型、症状和前列腺液白细胞计数的相关关系。　方法　以两杯法尿液细菌培养、前列腺液常规检查和NIH CPSI评分 ,将 10 2例前列腺炎患者分型。放免分析法测定患者和 2 8例正常对照者前列腺液中IL 6和IL 8含量 ,比较结果并进行相关分析。　结果　 90例前列腺炎患者 (Ⅱ、ⅢA、Ⅳ型 )前列腺液IL 6和IL 8水平分别为 ( 0 .5 1± 0 .5 7)ng ml和 ( 10 .75± 7.96 )ng ml,高于正常对照组的 ( 0 .32± 0 .5 1)ng ml和( 4.5 6± 5 .6 8)ng ml(P <0 .0 5和P <0 .0 1)。Ⅱ型前列腺炎患者前列腺液IL 6和IL 8水平与ⅢA型和Ⅳ型者比较差别无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。前列腺炎患者前列腺液白细胞计数与IL 8水平呈正相关(r=0 .5 2 9,P <0 .0 1)。前列腺液IL 6和IL 8水平与NIH CPSI评分无相关性 (P >0 .0 5 )。　结论　慢性前列腺炎患者前列腺液IL 6和IL 8表达增高 ,并参与前列腺的炎症反应。前列腺液IL 6和IL 8水平可作为慢性前列腺炎的诊断依据之一。     

慢性前列腺炎患者前列腺液、尿液电解质测定及其相关性研究

目的　检测慢性前列腺炎患者及正常对照组前列腺液、尿液中K 、Na 、Cl-、Ca2 等电解质浓度 ,探讨各组间几种电解质的相关性。　方法　对 79例前列腺炎患者、31例正常对照组的前列腺液、尿液的K 、Na 、Cl-、Ca2 等浓度进行测定并分组分析。　结果　前列腺炎患者组与正常对照组前列腺液中K 、Na 、Ca2 浓度差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,Cl-浓度差异有显著性意义 (P =0 .0 0 1) ,患者组Cl-(6 8.6 3± 37.71)mmol/L浓度显著高于对照组 (4 5 .17± 19.79)mmol/L。治疗有效组中前列腺液K 浓度治疗前后分别为 (4 0 .6 6± 17.10 )mmol/L、(33.4 2± 17.2 7)mmol/L ;治疗无效组中前列腺液K 浓度治疗前后分别为 (37.5 7± 16 .93)mmol/L、(5 0 .6 6± 18.77)mmol/L。疼痛组与非疼痛组前列腺液K 浓度分别为 (36 .0 2± 12 .36 )mmol/L、(4 8.90± 16 .93)mmol/L。每组前列腺液K 浓度与前列腺液Ca2 浓度呈正相关以及尿液Na 浓度与尿液Cl-浓度呈正相关 (P均 <0 .0 5 )。　结论　前列腺炎患者治疗前后以及疼痛组与非疼痛组间 ,前列腺液K 浓度变化明显 ;前列腺液K 、Ca2 浓度之间和尿液Na 、Cl-浓度之间关系密切 ,均呈正相关。     

慢性前列腺炎病原菌及药敏分析

目的了解慢性前列腺炎(CP)与病原菌的关系以及病原菌的耐药状况。方法对门诊274例CP患者进行前列腺液(EPS)细菌培养并进行菌种鉴定和耐药性测试,结果根据NCCLS规定进行判断。结果在274份标本中,107例(39．1%)培养呈阳性,G~ 菌占92．5%(99/107),G~-菌占7．5%(8/107)。其中金黄色葡萄球菌88株,占82．24%(88/107),远远高于其它菌种,检出耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)30株,占金黄色葡萄球菌的34．1%。MRSA对青霉素、苯唑西林、克林霉素、阿奇霉素、环丙沙星、庆大霉素,四环素的耐药率显著高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)。没有发现耐万古霉素菌株。结论CP患者前列腺液中分离出的细菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,MRSA占相当高比例,呈多重耐药。在CP的治疗过程中要严格掌握抗生素使用指征,避免滥用抗生素。     

实时PCR法在慢性前列腺炎病原学诊断中的应用研究

目的为研究前列腺细菌感染和慢性前列腺炎之间潜在的关联,本文报告了应用实时PCR方法检测前列腺液(EPS)或按摩前列腺后的尿液(VB3)中的细菌。方法细菌模板DNA取自慢性前列腺炎患者的EPS或VB_3标本。1对通用引物:用于扩增所有已知细菌的核糖体DNA(16SrDNA)。3个荧光探针:一个为检测所有细菌的通用探针(Uniprobe);1个为检测大肠杆菌的特异性探针(Ecprobe);1个为检测金黄色葡萄球菌的特异性探针(SAprobe)。结果应用实时PCR方法检测慢性前列腺炎患者,80个标本中有28个检测到细菌,包括14个为大肠杆菌阳性,6个为金黄色葡萄球菌阳性。结论实时PCR具有能定量、快速、特异等优点,有望成为能对慢性前列腺炎患者EPS或VB_3中的细菌进行定性、定量检测的一种很有前途的方法。     

前列腺液内毒素测定在慢性前列腺炎诊治中的意义

测定47例慢性前列腺炎、15例前列腺痛病人和11例对照者中段尿(VB_2,称标本1)、前列腺按摩后前列腺液(EPS)和尿液(VB_3,与EPS合称标本2)内毒素浓度,同时作细菌培养。结果表明,革兰阴性(G~-)菌或G~-菌合并革兰阳性(G~ )菌性前列腺炎患者标本2的内毒素浓度较标本1升高非常显著高于对照组和前列腺痛组(P<0.001),显著高于G~ 菌性慢性前列腺炎或细菌数低于诊断标准的慢性前列腺炎患者(P<0.05);G~ 菌性慢性前列腺炎患者或细菌数低于诊断标准的慢性前列腺炎患者的标本2与标本1内毒素之差也显著高于对照组和前列腺痛组(P<0.05),说明EPS的内毒素测定对慢性前列腺炎的诊断和治疗意义较大。     

前列腺炎患者前列腺按摩液320例病原体分析及其与血清PSA的关系

目的:分析前列腺按摩液病原体感染及药敏情况,并探讨其与血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)的相关性,为系统、规范地诊断和治疗前列腺炎提供依据。方法:320例前列腺炎患者,每例采集前列腺按摩液并一式3份:其中1份做细菌培养及鉴定,另1份做支原体培养及药敏,第3份用胶体金法测衣原体。在采集前列腺按摩液前抽取静脉血供PSA检测。结果:320例前列腺按摩液标本,分离出病原菌244株,其中细菌188株,以葡萄球菌为主;支原体和衣原体44株,以解脲脲原体(UU)为主。革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑烷较敏感;UU主要对交沙霉素和强力霉素敏感;病原菌培养阳性组的血清PSA水平[(6.98±0.56)μg/L]较阴性组[(2.32±0.12)μg/L]明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:前列腺炎可引起血清PSA水平升高,其感染的病原体对不同的抗菌谱耐药性差异很大,应在正确的病原学诊断和药敏试验指导下,选择合适以及个性化的抗生素治疗方案。     

慢性前列腺炎对血清PSA水平的影响

目的 :研究慢性前列腺炎 (chronicprostatitis ,CP)中前列腺特异性抗原 (PSA)水平。　方法 :选择诊断为ⅢA型前列腺炎患者 4 5例 ,30例健康男性为正常对照 ,分别检测血清PSA水平 ,并进行分析。　结果 :在 4 5例ⅢA型前列腺炎患者中 ,血清PSA水平为 2 .4 1± 0 .6 4 μg/L ,而正常对照组为0 .93± 0 .5 2 μg/L ,2组PSA水平差异具有显著性(P <0 .0 5 )。其中 ,ⅢA型前列腺炎患者中血清PSA超过 4 .0 μg/L的共有 6例 (1 3.3%) ,而正常对照组中仅有 1例(3.3%)。ⅢA型前列腺炎患者中 ,随着前列腺按摩液内白细胞数增加 ,PSA水平有一定程度的增高 ,但没有显著性差异。　结论 :ⅢA型前列腺炎可以使血清PSA水平有一定程度的增高 ,在诊断过程中应予以考虑。     

Correlation between levels of serum immunoglobulin、complement and immunopathology in glomerular disease

目的 探讨肾小球疾病免疫球蛋白、补体水平与免疫病理的相关性.方法 112 例肾小球疾病患者,14 例健康人测定血清免疫球蛋白及补体,112 例肾小球疾病患者,112 例患者行肾活组织病理检查.结果 112 例肾小球疾病患者 IgG 升高 11 例(9.82%),降低 29 例(25.89%),IgA 升高 33 例(29.46%),降低 2 例(1.79%).IgM 升高 7 例(6.25%),降低 3 例(2.68%),三种免疫球蛋白的变化有显著差异(x2=70.587,P=O.000);C3 减低 29 例(25.89%),C4减低 32 例(28.57%),两者比较无显著差异(X2=0.203,P=0.653).免疫荧光阳性率依次为C3(50%)>lgA(49.11%)>IgG(40.18%)>lgM(21.43%)>C4(14.29%)(x2=49.303,P=0.000);免疫荧光 IgA 阳性者血清 lgA 水平较阴性者高(P=0.042),C3、CA阳性者血清 C3、c4 水平较阴性者低(P=0,P=0.007),IgG、IgM 阳性者血清 IgG、lgM 水平与阴性者比较无差异(P=0.136,P=0.383).结论 肾小球疾病存在体液免疫紊乱,测定血清免疫球蛋白、补体及行肾组织免疫病检有助于了解体液免疫状况,估计疾病活动度,判断疗效,但两种检查之间无明显的相关性,可相互补充,不能相互替代.     

Measurement of urinary antibodies to crude bacterial antigen in patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis

Measurements of IgG and IgA antibodies against common gram negative organisms in pre and post prostatic massage urines were investigated. Lower tract urinary localization specimens were obtained in men with chronic bacterial prostatitis, nonbacterial prostatitis, and without evidence of infection. Quantitative cultures were performed on all specimens. A rapid and simple enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was developed to measure urinary total immunoglobulins and antibodies to common gram negative organisms (mixed antigen-specific antibodies, MASA). Comparison with a previously developed radioimmunoassay yielded a correlation determinant of 0.89 per cent. Almost all patients had post prostatic massage urinary IgA and IgG levels that were higher than the premassage levels, reflecting the presence of prostatic fluid in the postmassage specimens. In only the patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis, however, were levels of IgA or IgG MASA in the postmassage urines higher than those measured in the premassage urines. This same elevation was found in the urinary specimens from men who could not be diagnosed to have bacterial prostatitis by traditional means on a specific occasion because of antibiotic treatment, inadequate specimens, or bacteriuria, but had chronic bacterial prostatitis confirmed traditionally on another occasion. No detectable MASA were measured in either the pre or postmassage urines of men without a history of previous urinary infections. From these data it appears that urinary MASA may be used to diagnose bacterial prostatitis in situations in which quantitative bacteriologic cultures cannot be performed. These measurements may, furthermore, be used to diagnose chronic bacterial prostatic infection in men who cannot be diagnosed to have bacterial prostatitis when prostatic fluid is unobtainable or culture results are uninterpretable.     

The possible role of anaerobic bacteria in chronic prostatitis

Prostatitis, the most common urological disease in men, afflicts between 25 and 50% of all adult men. Four clinical categories are recognized: acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis, non-bacterial prostatitis and prostatodynia. The role of Gram-positive aerobic bacteria and the different anaerobes in chronic bacterial prostatitis is still a matter of debate. During this study, the urethral discharge and the prostatic fluid obtained after prostatic massage of 50 patients with chronic prostatitis, confirmed by clinical examination and resistant to empirical quinolone therapy, were cultured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The parallel specimens from 24 patients exhibited high colony counts of Gram-positive and Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, either alone (18 cases) or in combination with aerobic bacteria (6 cases). The specimens obtained after prostatic massage of the remaining 26 patients were completely negative for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. No Chlamydia trachomatis , Mycoplasma hominis , Ureaplasma urealyticum or Trichomonas vaginalis were isolated from these patients. Patients with chronic prostatitis who gave positive culture results for anaerobes were treated with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or clindamycin for 3–6 weeks. After treatment, samples were again taken and cultured for all pathogens known to cause prostatitis. These post-therapeutic samples revealed a decrease or total elimination of the symptoms, and no anaerobic bacteria could be detected.     

Longitudinal studies of prostatic fluid immunoglobulin in men with bacterial prostatitis

To better characterize the apparent secretory immune response of the prostate to bacterial infection of the genitourinary tract, we assayed serial expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) specimens for total and antibacterial immunoglobulin. Three men with bacterial prostatitis, including 2 otherwise healthy men with chronic infections and 1 man with IgG multiple myeloma and an acute infection, were studied. In the former 2 cases the infections were associated with greater increases in total EPS IgA than total EPS IgG or IgM. The patient with multiple myeloma had markedly elevated serum IgG levels and subnormal serum IgA and IgM levels and the acute infection was accompanied by increases in total EPS IgG and IgM but consistently low total EPS IgA. Antibacterial EPS IgA, which was measurable in each case, was always quantitatively greater than antibacterial EPS IgG. Antibacterial IgM was never detectable. Alterations in the concentrations of antibacterial EPS IgG and IgA were generally not associated with comparable alterations of total EPS IgG and IgA, respectively, and the concentrations of antibacterial EPS IgG and IgA did not correlate well with the clinical or bacteriologic response to antimicrobial therapy. The concentration of antibacterial IgA expressed as a function of total IgA was as much as 1550 times greater in the EPS than in the serum. However, the relative concentrations of antibacterial IgG and IgM were similar in the EPS and serum. These data suggest local synthesis of antibacterial IgA in the prostate that persists following eradication of the infection and that is regulated independent of both the systemic immune response and the concentration of total prostatic fluid immunoglobulin.     

前列腺液B因子、C反应蛋白、转铁蛋白和免疫球蛋白与慢性非细菌性前列腺炎的关系

为探讨前列腺液（EPS）中B因子、转铁蛋白（Tf)、C反应蛋白（CRP）和免疫球蛋白G、M、A与慢性非细菌性前列腺炎的关系。采用免疫比浊法检测25例慢性非细菌性前列腺炎患者和8例正常人的EPS标本。结果,各指标在二组中无显著差异（P＞0．05）,前列腺炎患者EPS白细胞水平同Tf、CRP和IgA水平均呈负相关（r值分别为-0.3372、-0.3677、-0.3383,P均＜0．05）,而与B因子、IgG、IgM含量无相关性（P＞0．05）。作者认为Tf、CRP和IgA在前列腺慢性炎症病理反应过程中起重要作用,其与EPS中白细胞水平的关系值得进一步探讨。     

Use of prostatic massage in combination with antibiotics in the treatment of chronic prostatitis

Chronic prostatitis is often refractory to antibiotics, however biopsy and molecular data indicate persistent symptoms may be due to occult infection. Combining antibiotic therapy with regular prostatic massage has been suggested as an effective therapy for some of these men. From November 1996 to December 1998, 73 men with chronic pelvic pain syndromes were treated with antibiotics and prostatic massage. Antibiotic selection was based on culture and sensitivity of prostatic fluid or empirically if cultures were negative. Prostatic massage was done 1 to 3 times per week and fluid examined for WBCs and cultured for bacteria. The average age of the group was 43.5 y (range 23-72) and average duration of symptoms 6.7 y (median 3 y, range 3 months-30 y). Prostatic cultures were negative in 19, grew uropathogens in 2, and Gram positive bacteria in 52 patients. Overall 29 patients (40%) had complete resolution of symptoms, 14 (19%) had complete resolution followed by a recurrence, 15 (21%) had some improvement and 15 (21%) had no improvement. All positive cultures were sterilized during treatment. Combination prostatic massage and culture specific antibiotics can be an effective treatment in a proportion of men with long standing refractory chronic prostatitis.     

The efficacy of norfloxacin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis refractory to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and/or carbenicillin

We treated 15 men who had chronic bacterial prostatitis refractory to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and/or carbenicillin with 400 mg. norfloxacin twice daily for 28 days. All pathogens were susceptible to norfloxacin and absent in prostatic fluid cultures obtained during therapy. One patient had negative post-therapy prostatic fluid cultures but was lost to followup at 1 month. Of the 14 patients followed for at least 6 months 9 (64%) were cured of the original infection, including 6 who have remained uninfected and have had negative prostatic secretion and urine cultures for at least 2 years (1), 1 year (2) or 6 months (3). In 3 patients urinary tract infections recurred with new pathogens at 6, 560 and 820 days after post-therapy negative prostatic fluid cultures. Bacterial prostatitis with the original pathogen recurred in 5 patients within 2 months of completing therapy. The bacteria remained susceptible to norfloxacin but could not be eradicated with 30 to 90 days of additional norfloxacin therapy. Cures were achieved in 9 of 12 patients with Escherichia coli, none of 2 with Pseudomonas prostatitis and 3 of 5 with prostatic calculi. No patient experienced significant adverse effects. The data suggest that norfloxacin is effective and safe for the treatment of refractory chronic bacterial prostatitis.     

Measurement of immunoglobulins in seminal fluid with modified nephelometry--an alternative diagnostic tool for chronic prostatitis

The objectives of the study were to investigate the feasibility of the modified nephelometry technique to measure immunoglobulin G and A in seminal fluid and to evaluate their use in diagnosis and follow-up of chronic prostatitis.IgG and A in seminal fluid of healthy individuals (HI) and chronic prostatitis patients (CP) were measured with modified nephelometry. The literature values were confirmed. IgG reflects the long-term healing process of chronic prostatitis. IgA was significantly increased in patients with exacerbation of the disease. Nephelometry proves to be a reliable and inexpensive test to obtain IgG and IgA in seminal fluid. IgG and IgA are useful as objective parameters to confirm subjective symptom scores in a chronic prostatitis research setting.     

慢性前列腺炎患者前列腺液中前列腺特异性抗原的变化

目的测定慢性前列腺炎患者前列腺特异性抗原（ＰＳＡ）在前列腺液中的变化,以探讨其对此类疾病诊断的意义。方法对５５例慢性前列腺炎及１１例泌尿外科非前列腺炎疾病患者的前列腺液进行常规检查、细菌培养和ＰＳＡ光密度值（ＯＤ值）检测。结果实验组的ＰＳＡ水平较对照组明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而在细菌性及非细菌性前列腺炎时ＰＳＡ水平无明显变化,实验组与对照组卵磷脂小体差异有极显著性（Ｐ＜０．０００５）,实验组前列腺液中的白细胞计数与ＰＳＡ相关系数ｒ＝０．２,Ｐ＜０．０４。结论慢性前列腺炎时前列腺液中的ＰＳＡ可增高,ＰＳＡ可作为诊断慢性前列腺炎的一个辅助指标。     

Seminal plasma zinc analysis and bacteriological cultures in chronic Staphylococcal prostatitis

Seminal plasma zinc (SP Zn) determinations were undertaken in 22 patients suspected of having chronic bacterial prostatitis and in 12 normal subjects free from prostatic infection. Of the 20 patients with positive Staphylococcus culture 17 (85%) showed the same bacterial growth in urethral urine with no significant difference in colony counts (P>0.005). Mean SP Zn concentrations in seminal plasma of 20 patients (164.69±122.25 mg/ml) was not significantly different in comparison with the control group (168.47±123.01 mg/ml) (P=0.755). Mean SP Zn concentration of 3 (15%) patients (156.95±98.44 mg/ml), with staphy lococcal infection bacteriologically localized to the prostate was not significantly different from those of the control group (P=0.77). We believe that assays of SP Zn content might aid in the confirmation of the role of Staphylococcus in the aetiology of chronic prostatitis in larger patient groups.     

Immunoglobulin a in split ejaculates of patients with prostatitis

7S and 11S IgA (immunoglobulin A) levels in split ejaculates of 17 patients with chronic prostatitis and 16 normal subjects were studied by the Hanson radial immunogel filtration method. The results suggest at least in certain cases of prostatitis increase of IgA level involves elevation of both types of IgA, and they are mainly of prostatic origin.