夏季训练时汗液中16种无机元素流失的观察

２０名健康男战士，在Ｔｄ３３．６℃、ＷＢＧＴ３０．３℃热气候下行军训练９０ｍｉｎ，直肠温度和心率显著增加，出汗率８２７．５ｇ／ｈ，汗液中Ｃａ、Ｍｇ浓度分别为１．３５５和０．３５４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｆｅ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｖ、Ｓｒ、Ｂ、Ｔｉ和Ｐｂ为１３．９３、１２．３１、４３．９６、０．２２８、０．５２２、０．８８９、１２．１４、０．３５７和１．１２１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｍｎ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｏ、Ｍｏ和Ｃｄ为４６７．７、４１．２８、５３．５５、０．６６６和２２．３４ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ。这种中等强度训练日出汗量可达６Ｌ／ｄ左右，因而必需及时补充大量流失的上述物质，以保持机体水和无机元素的相对平衡。     

西北某地驻军战士非训练损伤调查

目的：调查西北某地驻军战士非训练损伤的流行特征，并提出预防措施。方法：用流行病学调查分析法，对西北某地驻军３个部队１５１９名战士１年中非训练损伤发生情况进行调查。结果：非训练损伤发生率５．９９％，例次率７．７９％。炮兵、坦克和步兵例次率分别为８．２８％、８．８１％和７．５５％，３个部队差别不大（χ＾２＝０．５５，Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论：非训练伤发生率较高，部队要重视非训练损伤的预防工作。     

浅谈运动员饮料的选择

在运动训练与比赛当中,如何正确选择运动饮料,对运动训练成绩的提高与比赛的胜负以及运动后疲劳的恢复有着重要的关系,不同的运动项目,不同的运动负荷与强度对饮料的需求与选择有所不同。运动饮料可分为主要补充能量的高能饮料与主要补充体液的补液饮料。传统的补液饮料中,碳水化合物浓度较低,是设计用来快速补水,补糖和补电解质的;而高能饮料中,碳水化合物浓度较高,一般都含有20～25%的碳水化合物,主要用于最大限度地补糖,而并不考虑快速补水的问题.补液饮料通常含有小分子的碳水化合物,例如蔗糖,葡萄糖和果糖,以提供甜度,刺激运动员饮用;…     

1996年夏秋季全国食品卫生监督抽检上报情况及结果分析

卫生部于１９９６年８月在全国范围内实施了对熟肉制品、矿泉水等七类产品的食品卫生抽检。省级卫生行政部门的抽检汇总结果为：定型包装熟肉制品、散装熟肉制品食品卫生抽检合格率为８１．０％、４５． ０％，矿泉水、冷食、果汁型饮料、含乳饮料、月饼、餐具的食品卫生抽检合格率依次为８０．０％、８９．０％、７８．０％、７６．０％、８５．０％、６１．３％；卫生部同期抽检的定型包装熟肉制品、矿泉水、果汁型饮料、含乳饮料、冷食五类产品的食品卫生抽检合格率分别为７１．４％、７３．７％、９５．０％、９４．４％、９０．０％，本文对本次抽检的结果及所反映的情况进行了分析。     

第二炮兵某部官兵吸烟情况调查

调查了第二炮兵某部男性官兵９９９名的吸烟情况。结果表明，吸烟率为６４．９％，其中干部吸烟率８６．３％，显著高于战士（６２．８％，Ｐ＜０．０１）。调查发现，吸烟率随军龄的增加而增高（均Ｐ＜０．０１）。吸烟者咳嗽、咳痰、气喘等呼吸道主诉发生率与日吸烟支数显著相关，ｒ值分别为０．９５４、０．９６２和０．９９７，均Ｐ＜０．０１。根据调查结果，提出了有关控制部队人员吸烟的建议     

1437名新兵肠道致病菌感染情况调查

１９９１年底对某部入伍的１４３７名新兵进行了肠道致病菌感染情况调查。共检出肠道致病菌带菌者１７６名，感染率为１２．２５％，以致病性大肠杆菌（ＥＰＥＣ）感染率最高（６．６８％）；其次为志贺氏菌（３．１３％），沙门氏菌（１．６％）；侵袭性大肠杆菌（ＥＩＥＣ）（０．８６％），耶氏菌未检出。从结果看，农村籍新兵感染率显著高于城镇籍新兵（ｘ￣２＝１３．３５，Ｐ＜０．０１），分析原因主要与农村籍新兵不良的个人卫生习惯有关。     

驻某城区三个高炮连队营养调查

本文报告了驻城区某高炮部队三个连队伙食单位的营养调查结果。城区部队在不允许养猪种菜，食品来源全靠标准伙食费购买的情况下，每人每日摄入热能１３．０７９ＭＪ（３１２６ｋｃａｌ），消耗热量为１４．０００ＭＪ（３３４６ｋｃａｌ），维生素Ａ、核黄素和抗坏血酸摄入偏低，致使其缺乏病发生率较高，分别为６３．３％、２６．７％和５０．０％；优质蛋白占总蛋白摄入量的３０％左右。战士体肌瘦弱者占３６．７％。现行伙食费标     

冠心病中血糖与血清微量元素间的关系分析

对７５例冠心病患者依血糖水平分两组，进行１２种血清微量元素测定，旨在探讨微量元素与冠心病及糖尿病间的相互关系。结果发现锌、铬、锰、硒、钴元素高血糖组较对照组血清水平为低，呈非常显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０ｌ）；铜、镍元素增高，差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；而锶、铁、砷、铅、铝元素两组间无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．１）。表明部分微量元素与冠心病及血糖间存在着密切联系。     

青松神饮料的致突变性研究

青松神饮料是以松针浸出液为主要原料的新开发食品饮料。为了对它的安全性作出评价，我们对其进行了ＡＭＥＳ试验、剂量为０．５～５０００μｇ／皿；小鼠微核试验，剂量为５～２０ｇ／ｋｇ；小鼠精子畸形试验，剂量为２．５～２０ｇ／ｋｇ／日。三项致突变试验结果：青松神饮料各剂量组与阴性对照组比较均无显著差异，未见到有致突变作用。     

某通信部队膳食营养调查

本文报告了对某通信部队进行膳食调查的结果。平均每人每日热能摄入１０．３ＭＪ，蛋白质７１．３ｇ，脂肪７６．０ｇ，碳水化合物３７４．４ｇ。其中热能和蛋白质均未达到陆军轻度劳动供给量标准。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.