超声内镜在胰腺及壶腹周围占位术前评估中的临床作用

目的评估超声内镜(EUS)对胰腺及壶腹周围占位的诊断及术前TNM分期的作用。方法回顾性分析34例壶腹部占位患者术前EUS资料,并与术后病理结果比较,评估EUS术前诊断准确性。结果 EUS对胰腺占位病灶显示率92.31%,诊断准确率84.62%,T分期判断准确性为76.92%,N分期判断准确性为53.85%;对壶腹部占位病灶显示率为93.75%,诊断准确率93.75%,T分期判断准确性为62.50%,N分期判断准确性为68.75%。结论 EUS对胰腺及壶腹周围占位的诊断及术前TNM分期具有一定作用。     

螺旋CT、超声内镜和术中探查对胰腺和壶腹部肿瘤诊断的相关性研究

胰腺和壶腹部肿瘤的术前诊断有时很困难,作者探讨了螺旋CT和超声内镜（EUS）在临床可疑的胰腺或壶腹部肿瘤的术前诊断价值并和术中探查的结果进行了比较。病例与方法48例可疑胰腺或壶腹部肿瘤的患者均在术前进行了螺旋CT和EUS检查。螺旋CT扫描时发现大于10mm的淋巴结则认为可能发生转移,如果血管直径突然变化及血管和软组织界面消失．则判定血管血浸。EUS检查的频率为7．5MHz和12MHz。淋巴结转移的判定标准：球型、低回声结节和边界清晰。周围血管受侵的判定标准：肿瘤位于腔内、血管轮廓异常主要血管消失区可见附属血管形成。手…     

腹腔镜超声在胰腺壶腹部肿瘤分期诊断和治疗中的价值

目的 评价腹腔镜超声技术(LapUS)在胰腺和壶腹部癌肿分期诊断和治疗中的临床应用价值。方法 自1996年12月～1999年12月连续对46例怀疑胰腺和壶腹部肿瘤病人进行腹腔镜和腹腔镜超声分期诊断。并与术前影像学检查、手术中发现及术后标本病理学检查进行前瞻对比研究。着重检查肿瘤范围、周围血管侵犯、周围淋巴结转移、浆膜浸润和肝、邻近脏器转移;对可疑病变和肿大的淋巴结进行腹腔镜超声引导下穿刺活检。判断肿瘤切除性。结果 46例病人中。LapUS发现肿块性病灶44例,2例阻塞性黄疸确诊为壶腹部结石嵌顿排除肿瘤。44例肿块性病变中41例为恶性肿瘤,3例为炎性病变,肿瘤诊断正确率为93．2％。本组未发生腹腔镜和腹腔镜超声检查有关并发症。结论腹腔镜和腹腔镜超声检查应列为重要的分期诊断工具,剖腹探查前常规应用可明显提高诊断正确率、完善肿瘤分期诊断和可切除性判断。可避免不必要的剖腹探查术。在微创外科诊治中具有重要的临床应用价值。     

十二指肠壶腹部肿瘤早期诊断及其术式选择的思考

十二指肠壶腹部肿瘤，是指发生于十二指肠乳头区域(包括乳头内胆管和胰管、胆胰管壶腹及十二指肠乳头)的肿瘤，也是构成壶腹周围肿瘤的重要组成部分，约占壶腹周围肿瘤的10．2％～36．0％。其发生率较低，据尸检统计，壶腹部肿瘤发生率约0．06％～0．2l％，占胃肠道肿瘤的5％。该病的临床表现，虽与胰头癌相似，但其病程、手术切除率与预后均迥然不同，故应区别对待，不能混为一谈。     

胃癌侵犯胰腺的诊断与治疗

目的：探讨胃癌侵犯胰腺的术前诊断方法及其手术治疗价值。方法：对420例胃癌患者术前行电子胃镜和（或）内镜超声检查、上腹部B超和（或）螺旋CT扫描,术前检测血清肿瘤相关抗原CEA、CA19－9、CEA72－4水平。所有病例均接受外科手术,术中及术后病理证实胃癌侵犯胰腺者共62例,其中行联合腺切除的胃癌根治术37例,非根治术25例。结果：内镜超声、CT扫描和B超检查对胃癌侵犯胰腺的术前诊断率分别为84．2％、57．1％和25．8％。联合胰切除的根治手术组与非根治手术组比较,两组的生存期差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05）。结论：内镜超声和CT扫描对胃癌侵犯胰腺的术前诊断有较大的帮助。联合胰腺切除的胃癌根治术可延长部分病例的生存期。     

胰头癌可切除性的术前综合评估

目的探讨术前综合评估在判断胰头癌可切除性中的价值。方法收集2006年1月至2006年11月经解放军总医院手术治疗的56例胰头癌,按手术切除方式分为根治性手术组与姑息性手术组,并对两组病例的临床病理特点、实验室检查、CT影像特征进行回顾性分析。结果56例胰头癌根治性切除20例（36．7％）,姑息性切除组36例（64．3％）,姑息性切除的原因主要是血管侵犯（22例）、远处转移（8例）、侵犯周围器官或腹膜后组织并固定（6例）。两组病例中,根治性切除组的背痛及腹痛发生率较低,临床TNM分期多为I～Ⅱ（P〈0．05）;术前CT影像提示瘤体较小,血管侵犯率低（P〈0．01）。而黄疽、体重下降、肿瘤病理类型、分化程度、胆红素水平、血清肿瘤标记物、胆管及主胰管扩张的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论术前综合评估是判断胰腺癌可切除性的有效手段。     

胰管结石合并壶腹部周围病变的诊断及手术方式探讨

目的探讨胰腺结石合并壶腹部周围病变的诊断和手术方式。方法回顾性分析1994年4月-2005年10月32例胰管结石中8例合并壶腹部周围病变的临床资料。结果8例胰腺结石合并壶腹部周围病变患者中5例术前未获得明确诊断。3例胰管结石合并胰头癌患者行胰十二指肠切除、胰空肠捆绑吻合术，术后生存期分别为14个月、18个月和23个月；3例十二指肠乳头癌合并胰管结石行胰十二指肠切除、胰管切开取石、胰管端侧与空肠侧侧吻合术，分别已生存10个月、12个月和18个月；1例环状胰腺、十二指肠膜状闭锁合并胰腺结石行胰头部及环状胰腺、十二指肠球部和部分降部、胆管下端切除、十二指肠胰体尾捆绑吻合、胆肠吻合术；1例胰管结石合并胰腺钩突囊肿行囊肿切除、胰管与空肠侧侧吻合术，2例术后效果均良好。结论胰管结石患者应考虑合并壶腹部周围病变可能，合理选择手术方式不仅可以改善患者生活质量、还可以延长生存时间。     

腔内超声与螺旋CT对直肠癌术前分期的对比研究

目的比较腔内超声（EUS）和螺旋CT（SCT）对直肠癌术前分期的诊断价值。方法对68例直肠癌患者术前行EUS和SCT检查，将检查结果与手术及病理结果对比；同时比较EUS和SCT对诊断直肠肿瘤浸润深度、区域淋巴结转移的准确性。结果判断T分期，EUS准确率为86．8％（59／68），SCT准确率为70．6％（48／68），两者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。评价N分期，EUS的准确率为67．6％（46／68），SCT的准确率为63．2％（43／68），两者比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论EUS对判断直肠肿瘤浸润深度优于SCT，但两者对淋巴结转移的判断均存在一定的局限性。     

Vater壶腹部周围肿瘤54例诊断分析

目的探索有效的Vater壶腹部周围肿瘤的影响学诊断方法。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2009年12月收治的54例Vater壶腹部周围肿瘤的临床资料。结果B型超声诊断符合率为31．5％,CT为61．1％,MRI55．6％,经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）为100％,超声内镜（EUS）为95．0％,磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）为57．4％。B型超声与其他方法的诊断符合率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。EUS与ERCP之间差异无统计学意义,但与其他方法的诊断符合率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。CT、MRI、MRCP之间的诊断符合率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论正确选择合适的检查方法及顺序,节约了时间和费用,减少了并发症,提高了手术的安全性和彻底性。     

胰管空肠吻合术治疗胰管高压性腹痛

本文回顾性分析 1993年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 4月本院收治的2 3例慢性胰腺炎和晚期胰腺肿瘤同时伴有胰管扩张的病例 ,提出胰管高压的概念 ,以期在临床诊治中得到充分重视。临床资料本组 2 3例中 ,男性 14例 ,女性 9例 ;年龄 15～ 86岁 ,中位年龄 5 3岁。其中慢性胰腺炎 8例 ,晚期壶腹周围肿瘤、胰体部肿瘤共 15例。所有病例均有中等程度以上的上腹部疼痛伴腰背部放射痛 ,术前有 5例依赖镇痛药物 (2例为慢性胰腺炎 ,3例胰腺肿瘤 )。影像学检查 (包括ＭＲＣＰ、ＣＴ、Ｂ超 )均显示明显的胰管扩张 ,慢性胰腺炎中有 6例表现为胰管多发性的狭窄病变或…     

Is a preoperative multidiagnostic approach to predict surgical resectability of periampullary tumors still effective?

BACKGROUND: Multimodality staging is recommended in patients with periampullary tumors to optimize preoperative determination of resectability. We investigated the potency of currently used diagnostic procedures in order to determine resectability. METHODS: Ninety-five consecutive patients with periampullary tumors prehospitally staged resectable underwent preoperative diagnostic tests: helical-computed tomography (CT) with maximum intensity projection of arterial vessels (MIP), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography (MRCP), endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP), digital subtraction angiography (DSA), and positron emission tomography (PET). Diagnoses were verified by surgery and histopathology. RESULTS: In 45 patients with benign and 50 patients with malignant periampullary tumors sensitivity for tumor diagnosis was 89% to 96% in CT, MRI, EUS, and PET. Small tumors were best diagnosed by EUS (100%). Diagnosis of malignancy was made with 85% (EUS), 83% (CT), 82% (PET), and 72% (MRI) accuracy. Arterial vessel infiltration was best predicted by CT/MIP with an accuracy of 85%. For venous vessel infiltration MRI reached 85% accuracy. Accuracy rates for local nonresectability were 93% (EUS), 92% (MRI), and 90% (CT). Two and 4 of 8 patients with distant metastases were identified by CT and PET, respectively. The correct diagnosis of malignancy and determination of resectability was made by CT in 71% and by MRI in 70%. Biliary stenting reduced accuracy of CT diagnosis of malignancy from 88% to 73%. CONCLUSIONS: CT obtained before stenting was the single most useful test, providing correct diagnosis in 88% and resectability in 71% of patients. If no tumor is depicted in CT, EUS should be added. Uncertain venous vessel infiltration can be verified by MRI or EUS. Angiography should no longer be a routine diagnostic procedure. Equivocal tumors or possible metastasis may be further examined with PET.     

The value of endoscopic ultrasonography in predicting resectability and margins of resection for periampullary tumors

Cure of pancreatic head and other periampullary neoplasms continues to be infrequent and is unattainable unless clear surgical margins are achieved during Whipple pancreaticoduodenectomy. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is a relatively recent gastrointestinal tumor imaging modality and may be superior to other techniques used in locoregional staging. We hypothesized that EUS can accurately predict not only tumor resectability, but also negative resection margins with Whipple resection. A retrospective review was undertaken of 81 consecutive patients with periampullary tumors who underwent preoperative CT and EUS followed by surgical exploration for intended Whipple resection. Correlations among preoperative EUS results, successful resection, and surgical margins on final histopathology were investigated. Of the 81 patients, 61 (75%) underwent successful Whipple resection, and 20 (25%) were found to be unresectable at laparotomy. Resection was achieved in 57 (86%) of 66 patients predicted to be resectable by EUS. Of the 61 resected patients, 52 (85%) had negative margins and nine (15%) had positive margins on final pathology. Margins were determined to be negative in 50 (88%) of 57 resected patients predicted to have negative margins by EUS. We conclude that EUS is a powerful and desirable imaging modality in the preoperative assessment of periampullary neoplasms.     

Predicting resectability of periampullary cancer with three-dimensional computed tomography

The radiographic assessment of extent of tumor burden and local vascular invasion appears to be enhanced with three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of preoperative 3D-CT in determining the resectability of patients with periampullary tumors. Intraoperative findings from exploratory laparotomy were gathered prospectively from 140 patients who were thought to have periampullary tumors and were deemed resectable after undergoing preoperative 3D-CT imaging. CT findings were compared to intraoperative findings, and the accuracy of 3D-CT in predicting tumor resectability and, ultimately, the likelihood of obtaining a margin-negative resection were assessed. Of the 140 patients who were thought to have resectable periampullary tumors after preoperative 3D-CT, 115 (82%) were subsequently determined to have periampullary cancer. The remaining 25 patients had benign disease. Among the patients with periampullary cancer, the extent of local tumor burden involving the pancreas and peripancreatic tissues was accurately depicted by 3D-CT in 93 % of the patients. 3D-CT was 95% accurate in determining cancer invasion of the superior mesenteric vessels. Preoperative 3D-CT accurately predicted periampullary cancer resectability and a margin-negative resection in 98% and 86% of patients, respectively. For patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (n=85), preoperative 3D-CT resulted in a resectability rate and a margin-negative resection rate of 79% and 73%, respectively. The ability of 3 D-CT to predict a margin-negative resection for periampullary cancer, including pancreatic adenocarcinoma, relies on its enhanced assessment of the extent of local tumor burden and involvement of the mesenteric vascular anatomy. Presented in part at the Fourth Americas Congress of the American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, Miami, Florida, February 27-March 2, 2003. Supported in part by a grant from the Stavros S. Niarchos Foundation.     

Comparison of Linear Array Endoscopic Ultrasound and Helical Computed Tomography for the Staging of Periampullary Malignancies

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare linear array endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and helical computed tomography (CT) scan in the preoperative local staging evaluation of patients with periampullary tumors.Methods: Patients evaluated with EUS and CT for suspected periampullary malignancies from 1996 to 2000 were analyzed. Surgical/pathology staging results were the reference standard.Results: Forty-eight patients (28 men and 20 women; mean age, 62 ± 4.9 years; range, 18–90 years) were identified. Malignancy was histologically confirmed in 44 patients. Parameters evaluated included tumor size, lymph node metastases, and major vascular invasion. EUS was significantly more sensitive (100%), specific (75%), and accurate (98%) than helical CT (68%, 50%, and 67%, respectively) for evaluation of the periampullary mass (P < .05). In addition, EUS detected regional lymph node metastases in more patients than helical CT. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of EUS were 61%, 100%, and 84%, in comparison to 33%, 92%, and 68%, respectively, with CT. Major vascular involvement was noted in 9 of 44 patients. EUS correctly identified vascular involvement in 100% compared with 45% with CT (P < .05).Conclusions: Linear array EUS was consistently superior to helical CT in the preoperative local staging of periampullary malignancies.Presented in part at the Society of Surgical Oncology Parallel Session, Washington, DC, March 2001.     

Clinical usefulness of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the management of patients with nonpancreatic periampullary neoplasms

BACKGROUND: 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18-FDG PET) has been investigated for the diagnosis and staging of gastrointestinal malignancies including pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical usefulness of 18-FDG PET in the diagnosis and follow-up evaluation of patients with periampullary neoplasms. METHODS: Twenty-five patients underwent whole-body 18-FDG PET and abdominal computed tomography (CT). Pathologic confirmation was obtained in all patients by surgical resection or biopsy examination. The 18-FDG PET was analyzed visually and semiquantitatively using the standard uptake value (SUV). Positivity was assumed when a focal uptake occurred with an SUV of 2.5 or greater. RESULTS: Between January 1998 and December 2003, 14 ampullary, 7 bile duct, and 4 duodenal tumors were included in the study. PET showed increased focal uptake in 22 patients (88%): 11 of 14 (79%) ampullary tumors, and 100% of bile duct and duodenal tumors. PET showed a focal uptake in 11 of 12 patients without detectable mass at CT scan, and lymph node metastases in 6 patients. An SUV value of 2.7 discriminated adenomas or noninvasive cancers (n = 6) from invasive malignancies (n = 14). Follow-up evaluation including CT scan and PET was performed in 12 patients: PET showed recurrent disease not seen by CT in 4 patients, confirmed CT findings in 6 patients, and showed an unsuspected primary lung cancer in 1 patient and colon cancer in another patient. CONCLUSIONS: 18-FDG PET is very sensitive for detecting periampullary neoplasms. It may be useful to differentiate benign or borderline lesions from invasive tumors when no mass has been identified by traditional imaging. Finally, it is very useful in the follow-up evaluation of resected patients to identify recurrent disease or other malignancies.     

Defining a role for endoscopic ultrasound in staging periampullary tumors

BACKGROUND: The goal of the preoperative workup in patients with suspected periampullary carcinoma is to establish the diagnosis with a high degree of certainty. In this study we compared endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and computed tomography (CT) scans for the detection of tumor, lymph node metastasis, and vascular invasion in patients with suspected periampullary carcinoma in order to define a role for EUS in the preoperative staging of these patients. METHODS: Thirty-seven consecutive patients received EUS and CT scanning followed by operation for presumed periampullary carcinoma during a 30-month period. Both imaging modalities were reviewed in a blinded fashion and the results compared with pathology and operative reports on all patients. RESULTS: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for tumor detection by EUS were 97%, 33%, 94%, and 50%, respectively, compared with 82%, 66%, 97%, and 25% for CT scan. For lymph nodes the values were 21%, 80%, 57%, and 44%, respectively, for EUS compared with 42%, 73%, 67%, and 50% for CT. For vascular invasion, the values were 20%, 100%, 100%, and 89%, respectively, for EUS, compared with 80%, 87%, 44%, and 96% for CT. CONCLUSIONS: CT is the initial study of choice in patients with suspected periampullary tumors. EUS is superior for detecting tumor and for predicting vascular invasion. Therefore, EUS should be used for patients in whom CT does not detect a mass and for those with an identifiable mass on CT in whom vascular invasion cannot be ruled out.     

壶腹周围病变超声内镜诊断价值的探讨

目的 探讨超声内镜（EUS）对壶腹周围病变的诊断价值。方法 对56例壶腹周围病变患（肿瘤性病变44例，非肿瘤性病变12例）施行超声内镜检查，并与体外超声（US），CT检查比较。结果 对照手术结果，EUS对肿瘤性病变正确诊断率为88.6%(39/44)，漏诊3例，误诊2你；非肿瘤性病变正确诊断率83.4%(10/12)，误诊2例。EUS对全部病例的诊断符合率为87.5%(49/56)。US与CT分别为53.6%(30/56）与46.4%(26/56)。有显差异（P=0.011)。结论 EUS是诊断壶腹周围病变的良好手段，特别是对小病变有显的优越性。     

影像学检查技术在壶腹周围癌诊断上的合理应用

目的：探讨影像学检查技术在壶腹周围诊断上的合理应用。方法：对我院185例壶腹周围癌（包括胰头癌119例、十二指肠乳头癌41例、Vater壶腹癌13例、胆总管下段癌12例）的临床特点和各种影像学检查资料进行回顾性分析。结果：本组CT诊断胰头癌的准确率为90．9％；ERCP对十二指肠乳头癌的确诊率为100％；ERCP和MRCP对壶腹癌和胆总管下段癌的诊断价值优于其他检查。78％的病人上腹饱胀／隐痛出现时间早于黄疸1－3月。血清CA19－9值在3／4以上的胰头癌、壶腹癌和胆总管下段癌病人超过正常值。结论：凡有中上腹部饱胀、隐痛、血清CA19－9值升高、胆总管和（或）胰管扩张的病人应有步骤地进行各种影像学检查。超声检查发现胰头部有肿块，宜行CT检查。如未发现肿块，则行ERCP。凡ERCP检查时观察到有肿瘤征象的病人，不宜作胰胆管造影而仅作活检。MRCP可用于胰胆管造影失败的壶腹癌和胆总管下段癌。超声内镜对壶腹周围癌的诊断和鉴别诊断也起重要作用。     

超声双重造影在胃癌术前TN分期中的价值

目的 在胃癌术前分期中,通过与超声内镜检查(EUS)对比分析超声双重造影(DCUS)检查的价值.方法 选择162例经病理活检证实为胃癌并进行手术切除的患者,手术前5 d内进行EUS及DCUS检查,并进行TNM分期,与术后病理检查结果对照得出正确率,并进行相互比较.结果 本组162例胃癌患者中TNM分期:42例为T1期,49例为T2期,56例为T3期,15例为T4期.DCUS和EUS术前T分期总的正确率分别为77.2%、74.7%(χ2=0.273,P=0.603),而在T3分期上DCUS优于EUS(χ2=5.009,P=0.025);在N分期上两者总的正确率分别为78.4%、57.4%(χ2=16.370,P=0.001),而两者的敏感性和特异性分别为78.4%比49.5%、78.5%比69.2%.在对阳性淋巴结诊断上DCUS的正确率较高(78.4%比49.5%,χ2=17.523,P<0.01),尤其是对低分化腺癌患者阳性淋巴结的诊断正确率较高(81.5%比42.6%,χ2=17.338,P<0.01).结论 DCUS检查在胃癌术前分期中有较好的应用价值,其在预测阳性淋巴结方面,尤其是判断低分化腺癌患者有无淋巴结转移上正确率高于EUS检查.