CD4^＋CD45^＋T细胞对SLE病人B细胞产生自身抗体的调节作用

选择体外抗ＤＮＡ，抗ＣＤＬ抗体双阳性的ＳＬＥ病人Ｂ细胞做为靶细胞，分别与不同的ＳＬＥ病人或正常人ＣＤ４＾＋ＣＤ４５＾＋Ｔ细胞亚群共同培养，结果显示，ＳＬＥ病人ＣＤ４＾＋ＣＤ４５ＲＯ＾＋Ｔ细胞对自身抗体的产生有明显的辅助作用，而ＣＤ４＾＋ＣＤ４５ＲＡ＾＋Ｔ细胞的作用不明显。     

T—AK细胞的形态学和免疫表型研究

Ｔ－ＡＫ（Ｔ－ａｃｔｉｖａｔｅｄ ｋｉｌｌｅｒ，Ｔ－ＡＫ）细胞是由抗ＣＤ３单克隆抗体和ｒＩＬ－２共同激活诱生的具有高度溶细胞活性的肿瘤杀伤效应细胞。为探讨Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞的免疫生物学特征，研究了Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞的形态学和细胞表型。结果表明，Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞体积较大，核／浆比例小，胞浆内含有大量颗粒，具有活化淋巴母细胞的形态学特征；９０％以上的Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞表达Ｔ淋巴细胞表型（ＣＤ３＾＋，ＣＤ８＾＋），２０％￣５     

慢性乙肝患者杀伤性免疫细胞功能的研究

通过对４４例病毒性肝炎患者Ｔ细胞亚群，ＮＫ细胞活性与ＬＡＫ细胞活性的观察，探讨了在慢性乙型肝炎病毒复制与非复制状态下的杀伤性细胞活性。结果表明：在乙肝病毒的高复制状态下，ＣＤ８＾＋细胞数增加，ＣＤ４＾＋／ＣＤ８＾＋比例显著下降；ＮＫ细胞活性与ＬＡＫ细胞活性也明显低下，且在ＨＢｅＡｇ与ＨＢＶＤＮＡ阳性组中，ＮＫ活性与ＬＡＫ活性的改变与ＨＢｅＡｇ的Ｐ／Ｎ值变化呈显著负相关，而ＮＫ活性与ＬＡＫ活性变化则     

人外周血树突状细胞在LAK抗HPBALL细胞中作用的研究

为探讨树突状细胞（ＤＣ）在ＬＡＫ抗ＨＰＢＡＬＬ细胞中的作用，采用多因素、多水平的杀伤试验，同时以光镜、电镜观察ＤＣ、ＬＡＫ、ＨＰＢＡＬＬ相互作用的形态特征及ＤＮＡ断端标记法检测瘤细胞是否凋亡。结果表明：（１）ＤＣ无直接杀伤ＨＰＢＡＬＬ作用。（２）５×１０５～１×１０７／ＬＤＣ有增强不同Ｅ／ＴＬＡＫ杀伤活性的趋势，而１×１０７～５×１０７／ＬＤＣ对ＬＡＫ活性有抑制趋势。（３）ＤＣ、ＬＡＫ杀伤ＨＰＢＡＬＬ的最佳组合条件为：ＤＣ培养４ｄ、浓度５×１０６／Ｌ，ＬＡＫＥ／Ｔ＝１０／１，ｒＩＬ－２＝０。（４）光镜、电镜下均可见ＤＣ的突起与ＬＡＫ、ＨＰＢＡＬＬ细胞紧密接触形成细胞簇。（５）ＤＮＡ断端标记法显示瘤细胞呈末端脱氧核糖核酸转移酶阳性反应。结论：ＤＣ对ＬＡＫ杀伤ＨＰＢＡＬＬ活性具有双向调节作用     

mIL—2分泌型小鼠黑色素瘤细胞诱导的细胞免疫应答

用ｍＩＬ－２分泌型小鼠黑色素瘤细胞（ｍＩＬ－２＾＋Ｂ１６）植入同种小鼠（Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６）腹腔内诱导腹腔淋巴细胞（ＰＥＬ）。对ｍＩＬ－２＾＋Ｂ１６及其亲代Ｂ１６细胞在不同天数内诱导的ＰＥＬ的数量、ＰＥＬ组成成分、对靶细胞的杀伤百分率等几个方面的特点进行了动态分析和比较，结果显示：不同诱导天数的ＰＥＬ之间，以上三个特点存在明显的动态变化规律，而ｍＩＬ－２＾＋Ｂ１６了Ｂ１６的ＰＥＬ之间的这种动态变化又存     

淋巴因子激活的LAK／TIL细胞的表型

为研究肿瘤生物疗法中淋巴因子激活的杀伤细胞及其功能和特征与表型之间的关系，用流式细胞术（ＦＣＭ）结合抗体双荧光标记法对培养的淋巴因子激活杀伤细胞作连续的多项表型监测，发现存在着ＣＤ３－ＣＤ１６＋ＣＤ５６＋型，ＣＤ４＋型，ＣＤ８＋ＣＤ２８＋型，ＣＤ８＋ＣＤ２８－型的淋巴因子激活杀伤细胞的亚型。研究了ＣＤ３－ＣＤ１６＋ＣＤ５６＋亚型、ＣＤ８＋ＣＤ２８＋亚型的杀伤活性，显示了对不同的肿瘤靶细胞有不同的敏感性。     

抗MHC I类单抗对NK细胞杀伤能力的影响

探讨ＮＫ细胞杀务与靶细胞表面ＭＨＣＩ类分子的关系。方法用ＨＬＡ－ＡＢＣ单抗培养上清或腹水封闭靶细胞Ｋ５６２表面的ＨＬＡ－ＡＢＣ分子后,分别观察了外周血新鲜ＮＫ细胞、纯化ＮＫ细胞、ＬＡＫ细胞和ＣＤ３ＡＫ细胞对Ｋ５６２细胞杀伤能力的变化。     

γ－干扰素在淋巴细胞介导的子宫颈角化上皮细胞毒作用中的意义

本研究以子宫颈角化上皮为靶细胞，用试管培养技术及非同位素细胞毒性试验，探讨了干扰素（ＩＦＮ－γ）对淋巴细胞介导的对宫颈角化上皮细胞毒作用的影响及细胞间吸附分子１（ＩＣＡＭ－１）与白细胞功能相关抗原１（ＬＦＡ－１）在细胞毒作用中的意义。结果显示ＣａＳｋｉ、ＳｉＨａ、ＨｅＬａ、Ｗ１２及ＮＣｘ均为ＮＫ抵抗、ＬＡＫ敏感细胞。ＩＦＮ－γ预处理靶细胞明显增加ＬＡＫ细胞的杀伤活性，但对ＮＫ活性影响不大；ＩＦＮ－γ预处理效应细胞可增强ＬＡＫ细胞对上述靶细胞的溶解作用，但并不改变ＮＫ对靶细胞的选择性；抗ＩＣＡＭ－１与ＬＦＡ－１单克隆抗体能有效地降低ＬＡＫ细胞对靶细胞的杀伤作用，而抗ＨＬＡＡＢＣ及ＨＬＡＤＲ则无此作用。提示ＩＦＮ－γ仅对ＬＡＫ细胞介导的对宫颈角化上皮的细胞毒作用有明显增强作用，而对ＮＫ细胞无明显影响；ＩＣＡＭ－１－ＬＦＡ－１通路为ＬＡＫ细胞结合并溶解靶细胞的主要通路，且这种细胞毒作用是非ＭＨＣ限制的。     

可溶性肿瘤抗原和CD3单克隆抗体共同诱导的杀瘤细…

用可溶性肿瘤抗原和ＣＤ３单克隆抗体共同刺激外周血单个核细胞产生ＣＤ８＾＋细胞为主的杀瘤细胞，称其为Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞。与ＬＡＫ细胞和ＣＤ３－ＡＫ细胞比较，Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞扩增快、低依赖ＩＬ－２，培养１４天细胞数扩增２４倍，比ＣＤ３－ＡＫ细胞高８倍，比ＬＡＫ细胞高１５倍，并能持续生长２１天。     

CD3AK细胞的研究进展

ＣＤ３ＡＫ细胞是ＣＤ３单抗起始激活的杀伤细胞，不同的诱导方法可导致两种不同的细胞亚类，即ＣＤ３ＡＫ＾＋和ＣＤ３ＡＫ＾－，前者介导ＰＫＣ非依赖性快溶解细胞毒作用；后者介导ＰＫＣ依赖性慢溶解胞毒作用，本文归纳了在两种ＣＤ３ＡＫ细胞的诱导过程中，单核巨噬细胞，各种细胞因子以及谷胱苷肽等因素对其活化增殖，细胞毒活性的免疫调节作用。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.