应用原位PCR技术检测阴茎癌组织中人乳头瘤病 …

研究人乳头瘤病毒与阴茎癌的关系，方法：应用原位ＰＣＲ技术对４６例阴茎癌组织中的ＨＰＶ１６和ＨＰＶ１８ＤＮＡ进行检测。结果：３３例阴茎癌中检测到了ＨＰＶ ＤＮＡ，其中２９例ＨＰＶ１６ＤＮＡ阳性，６例ＨＰＶ１８ＤＮＡ阳性，２例ＨＰＶ１６和ＨＰＶ１８ＤＮＡ均阳性，４例ＨＰＶ１８ＤＮＡ阳性而ＨＰＶ１６阴性，２例淋巴结转移癌，３例癌旁不典型增生组织和１例癌旁增生组织ＨＰＶ１６ＤＮＡ阳性。     

应用原位PCR技术检测阴茎癌组织中人乳头瘤病毒DNA

目的：研究人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）与阴茎癌的关系。方法：应用原位ＰＣＲ技术对４６例阴茎癌组织中的ＨＰＶ１６和ＨＰＶ１８ＤＮＡ进行检测。结果：３３例阴茎癌中检测到了ＨＰＶＤＮＡ（７１．７％），其中２９例ＨＰＶ１６ＤＮＡ阳性（６３．０％），６例ＨＰＶ１８ＤＮＡ阳性（１３．０％），２例ＨＰＶ１６和ＨＰＶ１８ＤＮＡ均阳性，４例ＨＰＶ１８ＤＮＡ阳性而ＨＰＶ１６阴性；２例淋巴结转移癌，３例癌旁不典型增生组织和１例癌旁增生组织ＨＰＶ１６ＤＮＡ阳性。结论：阴茎癌与ＨＰＶ１６、ＨＰＶ１８感染有密切关系，原位ＰＣＲ技术是一项敏感性高、特异性强的技术。     

宫颈癌组织中人乳头状瘤病毒DNA的原位杂交研究

应用地高辛标记的ＨＰＶ６，ＨＰＶ１１，ＨＰＶ１６和ＨＰＶ１８ＤＮＡ探针分别在４８宫颈癌组织上进行原位杂交检测ＨＰＶＤＮＡ，结果ＨＰＶＤＮＡ阳性２３例，其中ＨＰＶ１６ＤＮＡ例，ＨＰＶ１８ＤＮＡ４例，未见ＨＰＶ６ＤＮＡ和ＨＰＶ１１ＤＮＡ阳性，ＨＰＶＤＮＡ主要见于凹空细胞和癌细胞的细胞核中，少部分见于癌细胞浆中，我们的结果表明原位杂交可用来研究宫颈组织中ＨＰＶ的存在及分型，同时也证实了宫颈癌的发生和某些     

斑点分子杂交检测HPV感染与宫颈癌的关系

采用ＤＮＡ－ＤＮＡ分子杂交技术，对经病理组织学确诊的慢性宫颈炎，宫颈癌和正常宫颈的宫颈活检组织中ＨＰＶ６，ＨＰＶ１１，ＨＰＶ１６，ＨＰＶ１８型ＤＮＡ进行同源序列检测，结果表明ＨＰＶ６，ＨＰＶ１１，ＨＰＶ１６，ＨＰＶ１８型ＤＮＡ的检出率在正常宫颈均为０；在慢性宫颈炎分别为１６．０９％，１２．６４％，１１．４９％，３．４５％；在宫颈癌组分别为３．９６％，１．９８％，４６．５３％，７．９２％。在宫颈癌组     

肺癌组织中人乳头瘤病毒16和18型DNA相关序列的检测

采用聚合酶链反应技术（ＰＣＲ）及用ＰＣＲ法制备生物素标记探针的斑点杂交法,检测５０例肺癌、１８例肺良性病及４例胎肺组织中高危险型人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）１６、１８型ＤＮＡ相关序列,以探讨ＨＰＶ与肺癌之间发生的关系。结果３２％的肺癌组织中检测出ＨＰＶ１６、１８ＤＮＡ,其中ＨＰＶ１６ＤＮＡ阳性１０例,ＨＰＶ１８ＤＮＡ阳性５例,１例同时含ＨＰＶ１６、１８ＤＮＡ。２７例鳞癌组织中ＨＰＶＤＮＡ阳性率为４８．２％。而肺良性病组织及胎肺组织均未发现ＨＰＶＤＮＡ。ＨＰＶＤＮＡ呈阳性的肺癌患者绝大多数为重度吸烟者。提示原发性肺癌的发生可能与ＨＰＶ感染有关。     

人乳头状瘤病毒不同型别与宫颈病变的相关性研究

目的探讨人乳头状瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）不同型别与宫颈病变性质的关系。方法应用ＰＣＲ技术和原位杂交方法对６１例宫颈上皮内瘤（ＣｅｒｖｉｃａｌｉｎｔｒａｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌＮｅｏｐｌａｓｉａＣＩＮ）和１２例宫颈鳞癌（ＳＣＣ）进行ＨＰＶ６Ｂ／１１、１６、１８ＤＮＡ检测。结果ＰＣＲ检测结果显示ＨＰＶ６、１１主要分布于低度鳞状上皮内病变（６１９％）和一部分ＣＩＮⅡ中（２０％），而在ＣＩＮⅢ和ＳＣＣ中检测不到；ＨＰＶ１６、１８的检出率随ＣＩＮ级别增高而增加，在ＳＣＣ中高达８３３％。原位杂交结果显示在低度鳞状上皮内病变中，地高辛（Ｄｉｇ）标记的ＨＰＶ６Ｂ／１１、１６、１８ＤＮＡ杂交物质在核中均呈细颗粒状，为“游离型”。上述杂交阳性信号形态亦出现于ＣＩＮⅡ的所有ＨＰＶ６Ｂ／１１及部分ＨＰＶ１６、１８型感染中，而ＣＩＮⅢ和宫颈鳞癌及部分ＣＩＮⅡ中，其杂交阳性信号均为非颗粒状的“整合型”。结论低度鳞状上皮内病变是以ＨＰＶ６、１１低危型为主的多型别病毒的繁殖性感染，ＣＩＮⅢ和宫颈鳞癌为ＨＰＶ１６、１８高危型病毒的整合型感染，而在ＣＩＮⅡ中存在着ＨＰＶ６，１１和ＨＰＶ１６，１８的繁殖性感染及ＨＰＶ１６，１８的整合型感染     

应用通用引物聚合酶链反应技术检测结肠癌组织中…

应用人乳头瘤病毒通用引物介导的聚合酶反应技术检测了１５例结肠癌石蜡包埋病理组织切片中ＨＰＶＤＮＡ，其中１０例呈阳性扩增。１２例正常结肠组织经上述ＰＣＲ检测均呈阴性反应。阳性扩增产物经核酸斑点杂交进行ＨＰＶ型别分析，ＨＰＶ１６型占４例，１８例１例，１６／１８型５例，未检出其他ＨＰＶ型别。表明ＨＰＶ可能对结肠癌的发生具有病原相关性。     

卵巢上皮性肿瘤p16抑癌基因突变与HPV感染的研究

采用聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态性分析（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ）技术，对同一卵巢上皮性肿瘤石蜡包埋组织中ｐ１６基因（第二外显子）突变及人乳头状瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）感染进行相关性研究。并与正常卵巢组织进行对照。结果，２８例卵巢上皮性肿瘤组织中ｐ１６基因突变１５例，突变率为５３．６％（１５／２８），其中７例伴有ＨＰＶ１６型或ＨＰＶ１８型感染，占突变率的４６．７％。在卵巢上皮性肿瘤组ＨＰＶ１６、１８ＤＮＡ阳性率为５３．６％（１５／２８），对照组ＨＰＶ１６、１８ＤＮＡ阳性率为５．６（１／１８），二者比较有显著性差异。提示：卵巢上皮性肿瘤中ｐ１６基因突变与ＨＰＶ１６、１８型感染有关。ＨＰＶ１６、１８型感染与卵巢上皮肿瘤密切相关     

染色体外游离态的子宫颈癌HPV16分离株E1／E2区的基因 …

目的 观察子宫颈癌组织中呈染色体外质粒状态的ＨＰＶ１６分离株Ｅ１／Ｅ２基因序列。方法 Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ转印杂交检测癌组织中ＨＰＶ１６基因组的物理状态。对８例游离状态的ＨＰＶ１６分离株Ｅ１／Ｅ２区进行ＰＣＲ扩增,克隆后酶切分析和ＤＮＡ序列分析。结果 对２８例ＨＰＶ１６阳性子宫颈癌中病毒ＤＮＡ杂效结果显示８例呈染色体外质粒方式存在。ＰＣＲ克隆鉴定发现８例分离株都具有完整的Ｅ１／Ｅ２区域。此外４例分离株     

应用通用引物聚合酶链反应技术检测结肠癌组织中人乳头瘤病毒DNA

应用人乳头瘤病毒（ＨＰＶ）通用引物介导的聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）技术检测了１５例结肠癌石蜡包埋病理组织切片中ＨＰＶＤＮＡ，其中１０例呈阳性扩增（阳性率为６６．７％）。１２例正常结肠组织经上述ＰＣＲ检测均呈阴性反应。阳性扩增产物经核酸斑点杂交进行ＨＰＶ型别分析，ＨＰＶ１６型占４例（４０．０％），１８型１例（１０．０％），１６／１８型５例（５０．０％），未检出其他ＨＰＶ型别。表明ＨＰＶ可能对结肠癌的发生具有病原相关性。     

In situ hybridization analysis of HPV 16 DNA sequences in early cervical neoplasia

The authors examined 18 cervical intraepithelial neoplasms (CIN) for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA sequences by Southern blot hybridization and DNA-DNA in situ hybridizations for HPV DNA sequences and compared the epithelial distribution of HPV 16 DNA sequences with HPV 6/11 sequences in selected condylomas. Fifteen of the 18 CIN lesions contained HPV 16 DNA as determined by Southern blot hybridization. With the use of biotinylated HPV 16 DNA probes, 10 of the 18 were positive by in situ hybridization, 9 of which were also positive by Southern blot hybridization. In situ hybridization to HPV 16 probes was found primarily in areas of CIN which contained either maturation or koilocytotic atypia, although in two cases hybridizing sequences were detected in superficial cells from epithelium with no discernible maturation. Staining in both condylomas and CIN lesions varied in distribution and intensity. However, in some CIN lesions staining from cell to cell varied considerably. This greater variability in staining appeared to correlate with greater morphologic variations which characterize CIN, and which may influence greater variation in HPV DNA replication. Thus, some differences in patterns of hybridization for HPV DNA between CIN and condylomas may be explained by morphologic differences in the two classes of lesions. Differences in viral gene expression between condylomas and CIN and their relationship to morphologic findings remain to be clarified.     

Optimization of human papillomavirus genotype detection in cervical scrapes by a modified filter in situ hybridization test.

Optimal conditions for the screening of cervical scrapes for human papillomavirus (HPV) were investigated by using filter in situ hybridization. Since integrated and episomal HPV can be found, cell lines containing viral DNA in an integrated form (HPV in CaSki) or in an episomal state (BK virus-induced hamster tumor cells) were used for optimization experiments. An increase in sensitivity was achieved by alkaline denaturation and neutralization before the specimens were spotted onto the membrane. This increase was 5-fold for the episomal virus and 16-fold for the integrated virus in the model system, as compared with other methods. To evaluate this method on clinical material, 1,963 cervical scrapes were screened for the presence of HPV 6/11 and HPV 16. Nineteen scrapes were positive for HPV 6/11 or HPV 16; and in 1,810 scrapes, no HPV 6/11 or HPV 16 could be detected by the modified filter in situ hybridization technique. Scrapes from which the interpretation of the modified filter in situ hybridization results were equivocal (n = 71, 3.6%) or in which positivity was detected for both HPV 6/11 and HPV 16 (n = 63, 3.2%) were further analyzed by the DNA dot spot technique. Eight scrapes with an equivocal result and only one scrape showing a double positivity by the modified filter in situ hybridization technique could be confirmed in the dot spot assay. In the total group 12 scrapes were positive for HPV 6/11 DNA, 15 were positive for HPV 16 DNA, and 1 was positive for both HPV 6/11 and HPV 16 DNA. Southern blot analysis on modified filter in situ hybridization-positive and -negative scrapes revealed a 100% correlation.     

Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in genital lesions by using a modified commercially available in situ hybridization assay.

A modified, commercially available DNA-DNA in situ hybridization test that uses biotinylated probes for the identification of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA types 6/11, 16/18, and 31/33/35 was evaluated. HPV DNA was detected in 314 of 787 (40%) histologically abnormal genital biopsy specimens by using the ViraType in situ assay (Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.), in which the hybridization time was increased from 2 to 16 h. Ninety percent of positive condyloma acuminata specimens contained HPV type 6/11 DNA. The prevalences of HPV DNA for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia I, II, and III lesions by this in situ hybridization test were 42, 54, and 55%, respectively. The combined prevalence of HPV type 16/18 and 31/33/35 DNAs increased with the severity of the lesion, while the prevalence of type 6/11 DNA decreased. HPV type 6/11 DNA was found only in 1 of 16 (6%) positive cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III specimens. HPV type 16/18 and 31/33/35 DNA was detected in 11 of 16 (69%) and 4 of 16 (25%) in situ hybridization-positive cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III specimens, respectively. Thus, the observation that certain "higher-risk" HPV genotypes are associated with upper-grade cervical precancer lesions was confirmed by this commercial hybridization system. In general, the assay was found to be well suited for use in the clinical laboratory. The ViraType in situ procedure modified for a longer hybridization time may be helpful in identifying lesions containing higher-risk HPV strains.     

Detection and localization of human papillomavirus in penile condylomas and squamous cell carcinomas using in situ hybridization with biotinylated DNA viral probes

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been previously demonstrated in male genital neoplasms using Southern blot hybridization (SBH) and in situ hybridization with radiolabeled probes (ISH-R). In this study we used in situ hybridization with biotinylated DNA viral probes (ISH-B), a technique that can be applied to routinely collected and processed tissue. Thirty cases of exophytic penile condyloma acuminatum and nine cases of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis were examined for the presence of HPV using ISH-B for HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, and 33. HPV DNA was found in 25 of 30 (83%) penile condylomas; HPV type 6 in 13 (43%); and HPV type 11 in 12 (40%). Slight cross-reactivity between HPV types 6 and 11 was noted. None of the condyloma cases was positive for HPV types 16, 18, 31, or 33. One of the nine patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis was positive for HPV 16. In situ hybridization with biotinylated DNA viral probes is a highly sensitive method for detecting and localizing HPV in penile condylomas. This method, however, may not be as sensitive as SBH for detecting HPV in invasive penile squamous cell carcinomas.     

A broad-based approach to differentiate CIN from its mimics: The utility of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry

The hematoxylin and eosin slides of 100 consecutive cases diagnosed as CIN 1–2 were combined with 25 CIN 1 and 25 negative for CIN as documented by in situ HPV testing. The 150 cases were then reviewed blinded and scored as “CIN” or “negative for CIN”. Each of the 50 controls was correctly scored. Of the 100 cases, 62 were diagnosed as CIN and the other 38 were scored as negative for CIN on re-review. Each of the CIN cases was positive for HPV as proven by the in situ detection of either HPV DNA or the L1 capsid protein. The 38 cases diagnosed as negative for CIN and 38 of the CIN cases were tested for HPV DNA by in situ hybridization and for a panel of biomarkers that included p16, Ki67, importin-β, exportin-5, and Mcl1 plus the L1 HPV capsid protein. Each of the 38 CIN cases was positive for HPV as well as each biomarker that localized towards the basal aspect of the lesion. Two of the 38 negative for CIN cases were positive for HPV DNA/L1 capsid protein and each of the biomarkers. The other 36 cases were negative for HPV DNA/L1 protein and each of the biomarkers showed baseline expression. Thus, 36% of the diagnoses of CIN 1–2 were incorrect and this could have been prevented with either in situ detection of the viral DNA/capsid protein or the immunohistochemistry detection of a panel of biomarkers that included p16, Ki67, importin-β, exportin-5, and Mcl1.     

Human papillomavirus type 13 and focal epithelial hyperplasia of the oral mucosa: DNA hybridization on paraffin-embedded specimens

Summary 16 cases of focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck's disease) were studied for the presence of human papillomavirus DNA by means of nucleic acid hybridization. Hybridization was carried out in situ with biotin-labelled probes of HPV 1, 6, 11, 13, 16, and 18 DNA under stringent and non-stringent conditions. Under non-stringent conditions, 6 of 16 cases (38%) hybridized to a mixture of HPV 1, 6, 11, 16, and 18 DNA. When these probes were applied under stringent conditions, only one case could be shown to be weakly positive for HPV 6/11 DNA. Further stringent hybridizations, which were conducted with a HPV 13 probe on 12 of our 16 cases, revealed a positive result in 9 of 12 cases (75%). The results of our study strongly substantiate the concept that HPV 13 or a closely related HPV type is associated with lesions morphologically presenting as focal epithelial hyperplasia.     

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: low incidence of human papillomavirus DNA detected by the polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization

Viral studies on mammalian urothelium have shown an association between the bovine papillomavirus and cancer of the bladder in cattle. However, the evidence for human papillomavirus (HPV) involvement in urinary bladder in man is less clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between HPV DNA and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, using the highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and non-isotopic DNA in situ hybridization on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 76 patients. An HPV type specific set of primers was localized on the E6-gene for HPV 16/18 DNA. The second and third set of primers were specific for HPV 6/11 DNA. A biotinylated DNA probe which recognizes HPV 6/11, 16/18, and 31/33/35 was used for in situ hybridization. Of the 76 cases investigated, PCR analysis showed positive signals in seven (9.2%) of cases–six for HPV 16 DNA, and one for HPV 16 DNA and HPV 6 DNA. Four (5.2%) were also reactive for HPV 16/18 DNA using in situ hybridization. Most transitional cell carcinomas (71.4%) associated with HPV DNA were of high pathological grade/stage. One case had koilocytosis. Our results suggest that HPV DNA in transitional cell carcinoma is probably a rare occurrence, although the finding of the high risk HPV 16 DNA may indicate a role for it in this tumour's aetiology.     

Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in squamous bronchial metaplasia and squamous cell carcinomas of the lung by in situ hybridization using biotinylated probes in paraffin-embedded specimens

We examined a series of paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from 10 cases of squamous bronchial metaplasia and 33 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung for histologic characteristics and for the presence and typing of human papillomavirus (HPV) by molecular in situ hybridization with biotinylated probes types 6, 11, 16 and 18 under stringent conditions (temperature, 19 degrees C). Fourteen of these lesions (32.5%) showed typical condylomatous histologic changes. Human papillomavirus DNA was present in seven (16%) specimens. Type 6 HPV DNA was detected in one of the squamous bronchial metaplasia cases. In six of the squamous cell carcinomas cases (18%), HPV DNA was identified (type 18, three cases; type 16, one case; type 11, one case; and type 6, one case); one of the squamous cell carcinoma specimens contained both HPV types 16 and 18. Our data confirm the presence of HPV DNA in squamous metaplastic bronchial mucosa and epidermoid lung carcinoma on paraffin-embedded tissues. This suggests that an HPV infection with benign or potentially oncogenic HPV types could be associated not only with genital tumors, but also with bronchial and lung tumors. The role of HPV DNA in the process of malignancy conversion is not yet known; HPV DNA could possibly be a cocarcinogenic factor. In situ hybridization with biotinylated probes is a useful and appropriate method of retrospective analysis of HPV DNA sequences in routinely paraffin-embedded lesions. It may be used to identify patients at risk of more serious or possibly malignant progression.     

Human papillomavirus DNA in anal carcinomas. Comparison of in situ and dot blot hybridization.

Because the sensitivities of individual hybridization techniques differ considerably, their role in accounting for the published frequencies of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in anal squamous cell carcinomas, ranging from 0 to 61%, must be investigated. With the use of biotinylated probes to HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, and 33, three hybridization techniques were performed on the same paraffin-embedded tissue blocks selected from 13 cases of anal squamous cell carcinoma. HPV DNA was detected in 0%, 62%, and 85% of cases with the use of in situ hybridization with horseradish peroxidase, in situ hybridization with alkaline phosphatase, and dot blot hybridization, respectively. By dot blot hybridization, 69% had HPV 16/6 and 15% had HPV 6/11. An HPV DNA frequency range of 0-85% in the same group of tumors with the use of three hybridization techniques indicates the influential role of the method on HPV DNA prevalences. HPV DNA was identified regardless of patient gender or type of squamous cell carcinoma. The presence of HPV 16 in 82% of the positive cases in supportive evidence of the carcinogenic role of the HPV in anal squamous cell carcinoma.