早期乳酸清除率对呼吸衰竭患者预后评估的作用

目的探讨早期乳酸清除率对呼吸衰竭患者预后评估的作用。方法收集呼厥内科重症监护室（RICU）内入院时血乳酸升高的呼吸衰竭患者117例,检测治疗前、治疗后12h、24h、48h及72h动脉血乳酸值及动脉血气,计算12h乳酸清除率,并作入院时及入院后12h急性生理学及慢性健康状况评价II（APACHEII）评分。比较血乳酸恢复正常时间与患者预后的关系;比较不同预后患者的临床特征;以血乳酸清除率10％为界分为高乳酸清除率组（〉10％）和低乳酸清除率组（〈10％）,比较两组患者的预后及相关指标的差异。结果血乳酸值24h内恢复正常组与血乳酸值72h内未恢复正常组比较,预后有明显差异（P〈0．001）;存活组12h乳酸清除率（43．6％±26．8％）明显高于死亡组（12．3％±39．1％,P〈0．01）;高乳酸清除率组病死率（25．8％）明显低于低乳酸清除率组（71．4％,P〈0．01）。结论早期乳酸清除率可作为判断呼吸衰竭患者预后的一个指标。     

艾滋病合并肺孢子菌肺炎所致呼吸衰竭应用无创正压通气疗效观察

目的 探讨双水平无创正压通气（BiPAP）对艾滋病肺孢子菌肺炎（PCP）所致呼吸衰竭的临床疗效.方法 2012年1月～2013年5月期间,在我院诊治的48例HIV感染者中,对因肺孢子菌肺炎所致的呼吸衰竭的患者按照是否接受BiPAP治疗分为常规治疗组（药物＋鼻/面罩吸氧治疗）和BIPAP治疗组（药物＋BiPAP治疗）,对治疗48h后两组PaO2,呼吸频率（P）,以及住院时间、血清白蛋白变化、病死率进行比较.结果 与常规治疗组相比,治疗48h后BiPAP治疗组PaO2明显升高,P明显降低,P＜0.05;并且2~4周后BIPAP治疗组血清清蛋白明显改善,住院时间明显缩短,病死率显著降低,P＜0.05.结论 对于HIV感染者发生合并PCP及呼吸衰竭,BiPAP治疗能够显著改善患者的低氧血症、呼吸功能和降低身体能量消耗,从而改善患者的预后.     

Tetanus in adults--a continuing problem: an analysis of 217 patients over 3 years from Delhi, India, with special emphasis on predictors of mortality

Tetanus is still widely prevalent in many parts of the world especially in the developing countries. This study was conducted to assess the demographic and clinical features, treatment and outcome of tetanus in adults with a special emphasis on identification of predictors of mortality. This was a retrospective study of all adult patients admitted with tetanus over a three-year period from 1998 to 2000 at Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India. The demography, clinical features, treatment and complications of the patients were assessed and were evaluated against two possible outcomes- survival or death, to identify the predictors of mortality. There were 217 adults (148 males, 69 females) admitted with generalized tetanus during the study period. The mean age of the patients was 36.08 +/- 18.84 years. In most instances (63.5%), wounds / injuries served as the source of infection. Overall 31.8% had mild, 21.7% had moderate and 46.5% had severe disease at presentation. Respiratory failure and dysautonomia were the frequently observed complications. Of the 217 patients, 82 died - a mortality rate of 37.78%. Parameters that were significantly associated with increased mortality were: age (especially > 60 years); shorter duration of symptoms - trismus, rigidity and dysphagia; severe disease at presentation and shorter period of onset. Tetanus is a preventable disease associated with a high fatality rate. Universal coverage of immunization programme and appropriate wound prophylaxis is the corner stone of tetanus eradication. The treatment of tetanus is difficult and requires specialized and intensive care. The presence of parameters indicating an adverse outcome at the beginning in the patients will help identify the subset of patients that need more intensive management especially in resource poor nations.     

Medical admission into the intensive care unit (ICU) of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital

The paper presents patterns of medical admissions into the intensive care unit of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) over an eight-year period from September 1990 to August 1998. Medical admission constituted 15% out of which 1% received surgery for medical complications. Patients with neurological diseases recorded the highest number of admission most of them being for tetanus. The commonest indication for admission was for respiratory insufficiency (33%). All the patients admitted for sub arachnoid haemorrhage, fulminant hepatitis, meningitis and motor neurone disease died. The least mortality was found amongst patients admitted for tetanus who constituted about 44% of the total number of medical admissions. The overall mortality rate was 69% and it was observed that the ages of the patients did not appear to affect the outcome except in patients who were admitted for myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. This study emphasizes the need to evolve a system of health evaluation of predicting the survival index of individual patients. There is an urgent need for proper training, motivation of staff and maintenance of equipment used in the ICU.     

新生儿破伤风并发症对预后影响的危险因素分析

目的探讨各种危险因素对新生儿破伤风预后的影响。方法对1998年6月至2006年3月收治的新生儿破伤风104例进行回顾性分析。结果治愈68例（65.4%）,死亡36例（34.6%）。单因素分析结果显示,死亡组发病时间〈7d、窒息、吸入性肺炎、呼吸衰竭、心力衰竭、败血症、脑水肿、硬肿症、酸碱失衡、低体重儿和弥散性血管内凝血的比例明显增多,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析表明,发病时间〈7d、窒息、吸入性肺炎、呼吸衰竭、败血症和低体重儿是影响新生儿破伤风预后的危险因素。结论发病时间〈7d、窒息、吸入性肺炎、呼吸衰竭、败血症和低体重儿是影响新生儿破伤风预后的危险因素,积极防治新生儿破伤风并发症各种危险因素可改善新生儿破伤风的预后,提高抢救治疗成功率。     

早期无创双水平正压通气治疗AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效分析

目的：评价早期无创双水平呼吸道正压通气治疗AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的疗效。方法：90例AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,分为治疗组（46例）和对照组（44例）,对照组采用常规药物联合鼻导管吸氧治疗,治疗组采用常规药物联合应用无创BIPAP呼吸机治疗,对两组患者的呼吸频率、心率、血气分析进行比较。结果：治疗组治疗后3、24h患者的呼吸频率、心率、PaCO2下降,PaO2、pH较治疗前上升,同时期与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,有创机械通气治疗率、病死率、平均住院日均显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：早期应用无创BiPAP治疗AECOPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者,治疗效果肯定,且是一种并发症、不良反应少的机械通气技术。     

胸中下段食管癌术后肺部并发症的临床研究

目的探讨胸中下段食管癌术后肺部并发症发生的主要原因及防治措施。方法回顾性分析412例胸中下段食管癌的患者资料,对患者的手术方式、术前伴发疾病、围术期用血、抗生素使用等与术后肺部并发症关系进行分析。结果 412例患者术后肺部并发症68例(16.5%),同时出现两种或两种以上并发症者24例(5.8%),围术期手术死亡2例,病死率0.4%,长期大量吸烟、肺部基础病变、围术期用血、三切口术式、手术时间≥5h、机械通气时间延长者术后肺部并发症发生率增加(P<0.05),而FEV1%、术中失血、抗生素使用时间、围术期放、化疗和TNM分期、病理类型对其肺部并发症的发生无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论注重治疗肺部基础疾病,加强患者围手术期的处理,充分的术前准备,合理选择手术方式,提高手术技巧,减少围术期用血将有利于减少肺部并发症的发生和控制其发展。     

Surgical Timing in Biliary Tract Disease

Based on 991 cases of biliary tract disease managed in a recent four-year period, the authors contrast an elective operative mortality rate of 0.6% against 4.4% for acute cholecystitis. Because in 21 of 28 patients with acute cholecystitis symptoms and signs subsided within 48 hours of conservative management in hospital, they recommend a two-day trial of conservative management for patients with acute cholecystitis and operation only for those who are not definitely improving under optimal conditions. The incidence and expected mortality from acute cholecystitis increased with age. Where possible, elective operation should be done when stones are first diagnosed because in patients over 65 years of age the rate of complications was four times and the mortality rate three times that in patients under 65. The incidence of cancer in cholelithiasis was sufficiently high that it is a significant factor in the consideration of prophylactic cholecystectomy. Patients with ruptured gall-bladders can present a trap for the unwary diagnostician; they should have minimal emergency surgery.     

CPAP呼吸机联合氨溴索治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合症68例临床分析

目的：分析并探讨CPAP呼吸机、氨溴索治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征临床疗效。方法：将我院2009年lO月至2012年6月收治的68例新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征患儿随机均分为观察组与对照组,每组各34例,分别给予CPAP呼吸机联合氨溴索治疗和常规机械通气治疗。观察并比较两组患儿临床症状与体征、氧疗时间、血气分析以及并发症情况。结果：观察组与对照组患儿治疗后24h、48hPaO：明显升高,PaCO2显著降低,FiO：下降,0I降低,与治疗前相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;而两组患儿治疗后24h、48h相比以及两组患儿间各项指标相比,无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。观察组患儿氧疗时间、住院时间显著短于对照组,临床治愈率高于对照组,而并发症发生率低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：CPAP呼吸机联合氨溴索治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合症具有良好的临床治疗效果,患儿临床并发症发生率明显降低,治愈率显著提高,而患儿住院时间明显缩短,有效促进了患儿的康复进程。     

68例高龄肠梗阻诊治分析

目的探讨高龄肠梗阻患者临床特点及有效的治疗方法。方法选取2012年8月—2014年2月急诊外科收治68例高龄肠梗阻患者,手术治疗组56例,保守治疗组12例,观察2组临床症状和发生并发症、病死、治愈的情况。结果68例患者总并发症发生率41．18％,总病死率20．59％,总治愈率79．41％。手术治疗组并发症23例,保守治疗组并发症5例;手术治疗组病死10例,有合并症死亡9例,保守治疗组病死4例,有合并症死亡3例,有60例患者合并1种或1种以上其他疾病,有合并症与无合并症治疗结果相比差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。其中7例死于多器官功能障碍,4例死于心肌梗死,2例死于呼吸功能衰竭,1例术后死于肺栓塞。5例出现急性呼吸窘迫综合征、多器官功能障碍综合征,其中22例出现2个或2个以上器官功能障碍。3例切口感染,1例切口部分裂开,6例肺部感染,均经过积极对症治疗治愈出院。结论掌握高龄肠梗阻患者临床特点,全面采集病史,严密观察病情,恰当辅助检查,综合认真分析,是早期诊断和成功治疗高龄肠梗阻的关键,采取积极主动的综合治疗,加强围手术期处理。年龄不是决定是否手术治疗的主要因素,选择恰当的手术时机及手术治疗方式是主要因素之一,加强术后并发症的预防与治疗,提高治愈率、降低并发症发生率及病死率。     

Neuroparalysis and ventilatory support in severe tetanus

In severe form of tetanus, even with maximum dose of muscle relaxants, spasms and apnoeic spells may persist and that may be life-threatening. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of neuroparalysing the patients and then providing ventilatory support in bringing about their recovery. Forty-nine adult patients of severe tetanus (Ablett's grade IIIA--6 patients and Ablett's grade IIIB--43 patients) were studied during the period from April, 1993 to February, 1996. Mean period of onset ie, period from trismus to first spasm, in these patients was 24 hours. Patients were neuroparalysed with a bolus dose of 2-4 mg of pancuronium followed by a continuous infusion of 1-2 mg/hour and simultaneously supported with mechanical ventilation until spasms subsided. Fourteen patients (28.6%) survived and rest died. Mean duration of ventilatory support on survived patients was 14.4 days. The commonest complication encountered during ventilatory support was respiratory tract infection observed in 36 patients (73.5%). Commonest cause of death was autonomic imbalance encountered in 15 patients (30.6%). Treatment of choice in severe tetanus should be neuroparalytic ventilatory support. With use of new generation ventilators and better intensive care facility, death in severe tetanus is likely to be very less.     

非手术危重患者气管插管拔管后不同氧疗方式的短期疗效比较分析

背景　经鼻高流量氧气湿化治疗（HFNC）是一种安全、高效、舒适的新型氧疗方式,在呼吸治疗领域已得到越来越多的应用。但关于HFNC氧疗的最佳适宜人群仍不明确。目的　探讨重症医学科（ICU）非手术危重患者气管插管拔管后接受HFNC与常规氧疗（COT）的短期疗效。方法　前瞻性分析2016年9月—2018年2月温州医科大学附属慈溪医院ICU收治的患者87例,在符合常规脱机拔管程序基础上,采用随机数字法将患者分为HFNC组和COT组,分别予拔管后序贯HFNC和COT。比较两组患者拔管后24 h氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、呼吸频率及心率,主要观察结果为拔管后48 h再插管率,次要观察结果包括ICU住院时间、总住院时间及住院病死率。结果　87例患者中2例患者在拔管后因急诊手术需要行再次插管,3例患者拔管后需紧急气管插管,故予剔除。最终纳入82例,其中HFNC组42例,COT组40例。HFNC组拔管后24 h PaO2/FiO2高于COT组,呼吸频率、心率低于COT组（P<0.05）;两组PaCO2比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。HFNC组拔管后48 h再插管率低于COT组,ICU住院时间和总住院时间短于COT组（P<0.05）;两组住院病死率比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论　相比于COT,拔管后序贯HFNC更能改善ICU非手术危重患者的PaO2/FiO2,且可以降低拔管后48 h再插管率、ICU住院时间及总住院时间,故HFNC可作为ICU非手术危重患者气管插管拔管后的首选氧疗方案。     

Tetanus in Ethiopia: analysis of 55 cases from Addis Ababa

Fifty five cases of tetanus in patients over age 11 years from 6 Addis Ababa hospitals over several years are analyzed. No patient had been immunized. Mean age was 30, male:female 39:16, 34 patients were admitted from April through August (P less than .05). Most common causes of wounds were metal objects, thorns, and nails. There was no history of trauma in 8 patients. Mean incubation period was 11.9 days (range 1-90 days), mean invasion period was 38 hours (range less than 1 day-9 days). All cases were generalized tetanus, clinically diagnosed. Laboratory data was not helpful in management. Patients were treated with tetanus antitoxin, antibiotics, and sedatives. 15 patients (27%) died, there was no correlation between treatment and outcome. Deaths correlated with short incubation and invasion periods, and presence of abdominal rigidity, tachycardia, sweating, and fluctuating blood pressure. Only 3 patients received tetanus toxoid prior to discharge. Comparison is made with African and western studies. Tetanus remains a significant problem in Ethiopia, and vaccination is highly recommended.     

急性胆源性胰腺炎外科手术时机的探讨

目的探讨急性胆源性胰腺炎（acute biliary pancreatitis,ABP）的手术时机,降低术后病死率。方法对116例ABP患者的手术时机、治愈率、并发症的发生率及病死率等进行分析。结果发病72h内手术治疗11例,治愈2例,并发症5例,死亡4例;发病后72h至2周手术27例,治愈21例,并发症4例,死亡2例;发病2周至2月手术35例,治愈32例,并发症3例,无死亡。发病2月后手术43例,无并发症和死亡。经统计学分析,不同手术时间治愈率、并发症的发生率、病死率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论ABP的手术时机是影响手术后病死率的重要因素,应采用个体化治疗原则。     

Morbidity and mortality of acute myocardial infarction in and around Aligarh

A 6-year retrospective study of 341 cases of acute myocardial infarction admitted to JN Medical College Hospital, Aligarh in respect of the incidence, complications and mortality in relation to age, sex, religion, smoking habit occupation and risk factors was made. The incidence was found to be 9 per 1000 hospital admissions. Maximum number of cases was in the age group of 51-60 years and male to female ratio was 7:1. There was no significant difference in incidence and mortality between Hindus and Muslims of both sexes. Highest incidence was noted among sedentary workers and smokers. Hypercholesterolaemia was found in only 17.01% cases, the rest having normal serum cholesterol levels. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were associated in 24.05% and 12.32% cases respectively. Cardiac complications were noted in 43.4% of patients, the commonest being cardiac failure. Overall in-hospital mortality was observed to be 11.41% of which 79.49% had cardiac complications. Diabetics had significantly (p less than 0.05) higher mortality rate (21.43%) as compared to non-diabetics. Smokers had higher mortality rate compared to non-smokers (p less than 0.01). Although those with hypertension and with hypercholesterolaemia had higher mortality, the results were not statistically significant. The average day of expiry after acute myocardial infarction was 3.82 days during hospital stay.     

重症急性胰腺炎64例治疗体会

目的:探讨重症急性胰腺炎的治疗方法。方法:对比分析64例重症急性胰腺炎手术治疗组(n=31)与非手术治疗组(n=33)的并发症发生率、病死率,以及对手术治疗重症急性胰腺炎的手术时机、手术方式等作回顾性分析。结果:非手术治疗组的主要并发症(ARDS、肾功能不全)的发生率和病死率均明显低于手术治疗组(P<0.05);48 h内的早期手术病死率(9.5%)亦明显低于48 h后手术的病死率(50.0%)(P<0.05)。术式以坏死组织清除术疗效较好。结论:重症急性胰腺炎早期应采用非手术治疗为主。手术治疗并不能降低重症急性胰腺炎的并发症和病死率。必需手术者在病后48 h内手术效果好,术式以坏死组织清除术,术后加用腹腔灌洗、引流较合适。     

自主呼吸试验在急慢性呼吸衰竭患者机械通气撤机过程中的应用

目的评价30min和120min自主呼吸试验(SBT)对急、慢性呼吸衰竭(呼衰)机械通气患者的撤机效果。方法86例急性呼衰患者和53例慢性呼衰患者随机各分为两组,分别以30min SBT和120min SBT完成撤机试验,并对比各组脱机成功率和48h内再插管率。结果慢性呼衰组总脱机成功率75.5%明显低于急性呼衰组的91.9%(P<0.05);总48h内再插管率15.1%则明显高于急性呼衰组的3.5%(P<0.05)。对急性呼衰患者来说,30minSBT组和120minSBT组脱机成功率和48h内再插管率分别为90.7%、93.0%和4.6%、2.3%,两组间差异均无统计学意义(分别P>0.05)。对慢性呼衰患者来说,120minSBT组脱机成功率88.9%明显高于30minSBT组的61.5%(P<0.05);但在48h内再插管率方面,两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论急性呼衰患者选择30minSBT或120minSBT对撤机效果并无影响;而慢性呼衰患者宜选择120minSBT,有利于提高脱机成功率。     

体外循环心脏手术后呼吸系统的护理

目的:探讨体外循环心脏手术后呼吸系统的护理方法,积累相关工作经验。方法:2010年9月～2011年8月期间,我科对53例心脏疾病患者实施了体外循环心脏手术,现回顾分析上述患者呼吸系统的护理方法及其效果。结果:①53例心脏疾病患者,其中50例治愈出院,治愈率为94.3%;3例死亡,病死率为5.7%,死亡原因包括急性呼吸衰竭、重度低心排出量综合征、重度心律失常各1例。②53例心脏疾病患者,其中6例出现了术后并发症,并发症发生率为11.3%,包括低心排出量综合征、心律失常各2例,急性呼吸衰竭、轻度肺水肿各1例,但是上述4种类型并发症的构成比之间差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.8889,P=0.8265)。结论:我科采取的护理措施可以较好地预防体外循环心脏手术后呼吸系统发生并发症。     

主动脉内球囊反搏在急性冠脉综合征患者中的临床应用

目的:分析和评价主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)在急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者辅助治疗中的临床疗效。方法:60例ACS患者在不同的病情及治疗状况下,给予IABP治疗,观察使用IABP前后患者心率、血压及NT-proBNP的变化,注意IABP相关并发症,住院期间死亡情况。结果:60例患者接受IABP治疗后,血流动力学改善,其中合并心源性休克的患者在使用IABP后2 h后血压即达到稳定状态,72 h后NT-proBNP值明显下降。IABP相关并发症5例,严重并发症0例,住院期间死亡12例,其中合并心源性休克死亡9例。结论:对于ACS尤其是合并血流动力学不稳定或心源性休克的患者,IABP可以安全的使用,并有效地稳定血流动力学状态,为患者争取进行血运重建的时间,减少患者急性期的死亡率,改善预后。     

Serial evaluation of the SOFA score to predict outcome in critically ill patients

CONTEXT: Evaluation of trends in organ dysfunction in critically ill patients may help predict outcome. OBJECTIVE: To determine the usefulness of repeated measurement the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score for prediction of mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. DESIGN: Prospective, observational cohort study conducted from April 1 to July 31, 1999. SETTING: A 31-bed medicosurgical ICU at a university hospital in Belgium. PATIENTS: Three hundred fifty-two consecutive patients (mean age, 59 years) admitted to the ICU for more than 24 hours for whom the SOFA score was calculated on admission and every 48 hours until discharge. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Initial SOFA score (0-24), Delta-SOFA scores (differences between subsequent scores), and the highest and mean SOFA scores obtained during the ICU stay and their correlations with mortality. RESULTS: The initial, highest, and mean SOFA scores correlated well with mortality. Initial and highest scores of more than 11 or mean scores of more than 5 corresponded to mortality of more than 80%. The predictive value of the mean score was independent of the length of ICU stay. In univariate analysis, mean and highest SOFA scores had the strongest correlation with mortality, followed by Delta-SOFA and initial SOFA scores. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was largest for highest scores (0.90; SE, 0.02; P<.001 vs initial score). When analyzing trends in the SOFA score during the first 96 hours, regardless of the initial score, the mortality rate was at least 50% when the score increased, 27% to 35% when it remained unchanged, and less than 27% when it decreased. Differences in mortality were better predicted in the first 48 hours than in the subsequent 48 hours. There was no significant difference in the length of stay among these groups. Except for initial scores of more than 11 (mortality rate >90%), a decreasing score during the first 48 hours was associated with a mortality rate of less than 6%, while an unchanged or increasing score was associated with a mortality rate of 37% when the initial score was 2 to 7 and 60% when the initial score was 8 to 11. CONCLUSIONS: Sequential assessment of organ dysfunction during the first few days of ICU admission is a good indicator of prognosis. Both the mean and highest SOFA scores are particularly useful predictors of outcome. Independent of the initial score, an increase in SOFA score during the first 48 hours in the ICU predicts a mortality rate of at least 50%.