CA－125免疫放射分析的稳定性研究

本文报导了以抗卵巢癌肿瘤抗原的单克隆抗体ＯＶ１９７作为捕捉抗体，以ＯＶ１８５为标记抗体的碘标固相双位点夹心式ＣＡ－１２５免疫放射分析（ＩＲＭＡ）的稳定性研究。实验结果表明，固相抗体珠、标记抗体、标准及保温液在４℃存放４周仍可获得理想的实验结果。３７℃存放固相珠时，各标准点结合率降低，并且非特异性吸附升高。     

CA—125免疫放射分析的稳定性研究

本文报导了以抗巢癌肿瘤抗原的单克隆抗体ＯＶ１９７作为捕捉抗体，以ＯＶ１８５为标记本的碘标固相双位点夹心式ＣＡ－１２５免疫放射分析（ＩＲＭＡ）的稳定性研究。实验结果表明，固相抗体珠、标记抗体、标准及保温液在４℃存放４周仍可获得理想的实验结果。３７℃存放固相珠时，各标准点结合率降低，并且非特异性吸附升高。     

糖类抗原CA_(242)的免疫放射分析

CA_(242)免疫放射分析(IRMA,Immunoradiometric assay)是应用~(125)I标记CA_(242)的单克隆抗体制成标记抗体,用另一种单抗包被聚苯乙烯塑料小珠制成固相抗体,在标准抗原或被测物存在时形成“三明治”夹心模式的固相抗原抗体复合物。本试验采取二步反应法进行,固相抗体先与标准抗原或被     

血管紧张素Ⅰ化学发光免疫分析方法的建立

目的:建立人血管紧张素Ⅰ(AngⅠ)化学发光免疫分析方法,通过测定血浆中血管紧张素Ⅰ的含量计算肾素活性。方法:用生物素标记AngⅠ抗原,荧光素标记AngⅠ抗体,将抗荧光素抗体包被于化学发光板,以链亲和素酶为催化剂,采用竞争法建立AngⅠ化学发光免疫分析方法。结果:本方法的测量范围为100~7 800 pg/ml,灵敏度为24.3 mU/ml,批内变异为5.6%~8.7%,批间变异为6.8%~10.4%,回收率为95.4%~105.3%,稀释实验测定值与理论值呈线性相关,相关系数为r=0.999。与放射免疫分析试剂盒的相关性方程分别为y=0.95x+235.70,相关系数r=0.973。包被板、生物素标记AngⅠ抗原以及荧光素标记AngⅠ抗体在37℃存放一周稳定性良好。结论:方法学鉴定结果符合免疫分析的基本要求。     

血管紧张素玉化学发光免疫分析方法的建立

目的：建立人血管紧张素Ⅰ（Ang Ⅰ）化学发光免疫分析方法,通过测定血浆中血管紧张素Ⅰ的含量计算肾素活性。方法：用生物素标记Ang Ⅰ抗原,荧光素标记AngⅠ抗体,将抗荧光素抗体包被于化学发光板,以链亲和素酶为催化剂,采用竞争法建立Ang Ⅰ化学发光免疫分析方法。结果：本方法的测量范围为100～7 800 pg/ml,灵敏度为24.3 mU/ml,批内变异为5.6%～8.7%,批间变异为6.8%～10.4%,回收率为95.4%～105.3%,稀释实验测定值与理论值呈线性相关,相关系数为r=0.999。与放射免疫分析试剂盒的相关性方程分别为y=0.95x+235.70,相关系数r=0.973。包被板、生物素标记AngⅠ抗原以及荧光素标记AngⅠ抗体在37℃存放一周稳定性良好。结论：方法学鉴定结果符合免疫分析的基本要求。     

放射免疫分析用的一种固相表面活化,包被技术

建立了一种用低浓度丙烯醛活化标记分析用固相材料表面的方法，工艺简单，危险性小，在本低廉，利用此法可活化聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯、聚乙烯等多种固相材料。这种活化剂对固相表面没有溶解作用，可以活化球、珠、片、环等形体表面。文中对聚苯乙烯和的活化条件、包被条件及抗体表面处理条件作了阐明，通过往活化剂中加入稳定剂ＷＤ，解决了包被抗体的失活问题。对包被管的结合容量、变异系数及长期稳定性作了测试。为了验证这个固相材料     

免疫-PCR检测丙肝抗体新方法

免疫 ＰＣＲ不是用酶标记抗体 ,而是用ＤＮＡ标记抗体 ,利用电泳区带反映试验结果 ,从理论上可检测到数个抗原分子。应用免疫 ＰＣＲ检测丙肝抗体 ,同时与常规ＥＬＩＳＡ方法进行比较。结果发现此方法比常规ＥＬＩＳＡ法高 3个数量级 ,增加了丙肝抗体的检出率。因此具有广阔的应用前景。本院门诊及住院肝炎患者血清 15 1份进行了试验 ,丙肝抗原片段ＮＳ3、ＮＳ4、ｃｏｒｅ以包被液 5 0 0 μｌ 0 .4μｇ包被Ｅｐｐｅｎｄｏｆ管 ,4℃过液 ,用ＴＢＳ洗涤 3次 ,然后每孔加ＥＴＢＳ 37℃ 90ｍｉｎ封板 ,洗涤 5次 ,洗涤液为ＴＥＴＢＳ 4℃保存备…     

CA242荧光免疫层析定量检测试剂的建立

目的为临床研制一种操作简易,灵敏度高的荧光免疫层析试纸条,用于定量检测CA242。方法采用双抗体夹心法和荧光免疫层析技术,将标记抗体L1与荧光微球结合于聚酯膜结合垫上,检测抗体C包被在硝酸纤维素膜上作为检测线(T),另将质控抗体Q1(羊抗鼠IgG)包被在相互平行的硝酸纤维素膜上作为质控线(C),过量的鼠源标记的荧光微球在质控线处聚集产生质控荧光信号,待测样中的CA242在T处形成荧光微球抗体-抗原-抗体的夹心复合物M2并产生荧光信号,通过荧光检测仪计算出定量结果。结果试纸条检测CA242灵敏度最低可达0.52kU/L,与CEA、CA125无交叉反应,批内CV为3.74%,批间CV为6.34%。与TrFIA方法比较相关性较好,R^2=0.9694;同一批试剂4℃放置6个月后,用100kU/L浓度的标准品进行测试,结果显示荧光计数CV为2.43%。结论该荧光免疫层析试纸条,可以提供较高的灵敏度和特异性,操作简单,能适合临床工作的需要。     

肿瘤标志物CA—242IRMA的临床应用

CA-242是继CA-50之后出现的较新的肿瘤标志物之一。近年来,我们将这一新项目运用于临床,获得了一些收获,本文将结果加以总结,并对其在肿瘤诊断中的应用价值作一初步评价。 材料和方法 一、材料和试剂:CA-242IRMA试剂盒由中国科学院肿瘤研究所提供。正常人血清均为本院体检合格者,各类良恶性肿瘤患者血清取自本院就诊者,静脉取血,分离血清后-20℃保存待用,诊断皆经病理证实。 二、CA-242测试:采用一步法进行,于标准管和样品管中分别加入50μl标准CA-242抗原和待测血清,加入100μl保温液及100μl~(125)I-CA-242,再加入单抗包被珠一粒,置4℃过夜。吸去上清,用蒸馏水洗珠三次,吸干后测珠上的放射性活度,从标准曲线中读取CA-242的含量。 结果和讨论 68例正常人血清CA-242的水平为2.3±7.2u/ml,范围0～9u/ml,如以(?)±2SD计算,阳性界值为17u/ml,此时正常人的假阳性率3.4％。103例良性疾病血清CA-242值为3.0±6.8u/ml,与正常人之间无显著差别。108例恶性肿瘤患者血清CA-242值为49.6±89.1u/ml,与正常组以及良性病组相比较有显著差别。恶性肿瘤CA-242总的阳性率为67.4％,其中胰腺、胆囊恶性肿瘤的阳性率达92.2％,而假阳性率较低为13.2％(表1)。     

一种应用单克隆抗体进行免疫检测的新方法

由于大多数抗原呈可溶状态,根据抗原抗体复合物原理,可将单克隆抗体应用于免疫检测。多数情况下必须在实验系统中提供固相,一般是采用抗原或抗体包被在玻璃珠、试管壁等因相上,或加入PEG将抗原抗体复合物沉淀等方法,操作较繁琐。根据分泌抗体的细胞膜上嵌有大量具免疫活性的抗体,本文提出一种将抗体直接固于分泌抗体的杂交瘤细胞上的新方法。具体作法是将活跃分泌单抗的杂交瘤细胞悬浮于磷酸缓冲液中,加入戊二醛,终浓度为2.5%(V/V)。置4℃固定30分钟,然后加入甘氨酸,     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.