丙氟沙星对奥曲肽治疗食管静脉曲张出血的影响

目的 :探讨丙氟沙星对奥曲肽治疗食管静脉曲张出血 (EVB)的影响及其机理 :方法 :6 0例EVB患者 ,随机分 2组 ,分别给予奥曲肽、奥曲肽联合丙氟沙星治疗。结果 :EVB患者 6、12、2 4h止血率、治疗前后血清一氧化氮 (NO)含量 ,奥曲肽组分别为 2 7%、40 %、6 3%、(6 9± 0 8)umol L、(5 6± 0 9)umol L(P <0 .0 5 ) ;奥曲肽联合丙氟沙星组分别为 5 0 %、70 % (P <0 .0 5 )、93% (P <0 .0 5 )、(7.3± 0 .6 )umol L、(4.3± 0 .7)umol L(P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :丙氟沙星明显提高奥曲肽治疗EVB的疗效 ,其机理可能与降低血清NO含量有关。     

加倍与常规剂量奥曲肽治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血

目的 :研究加倍与常规剂量奥曲肽治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效。方法 :肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血病人 4 3例次 (男性 2 8例次 ,女性 15例次 ) ,年龄 5 6a±s 14a。分常规剂量 (10 0μg ,iv ,继以 2 5 μg·h- 1静脉滴注维持 )组 33例次 ,加倍剂量 (10 0 μg ,iv ,继以 5 0 μg·h- 1静脉滴注维持 )组 10例次。结果 :加倍剂量组与常规剂量组的止血率分别为 90 % (9/ 10 ) ,76 % (2 5 / 33) ,2组之间差异无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;其中 5例次应用常规剂量无效者改用加倍剂量后出血得到控制。肝功能分级与奥曲肽的止血率之间差异无显著意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :奥曲肽是治疗肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血的有效药物。常规剂量无效者改用加倍剂量仍可获得较好的止血效果     

两种奥曲肽治疗食管 胃底 静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效比较

［摘要］目的比较国产奥曲肽和进口奥曲肽治疗食管 胃底静脉曲张破裂出血（EGVB）的疗效。方法肝硬化EGVB患者48例，随机分成治疗组和对照组各24例。治疗组给予国产奥曲肽0.1 mg 静脉注射，之后以25 μg&#8226;h-1持续静脉泵入5 d；对照组给予进口奥曲肽0.1 mg 静脉注射，之后以25 μg&#8226;h-1持续静脉泵入5 d。结果治疗组72 h止血率、平均止血时间、再出血率、病死率分别为83.33%，（12.0±2.3） h，25.00%，8.33%，对照组分别为87.5%，（12.0±7.6） h，29.17%，4.17% 。结论国产奥曲肽和进口奥曲肽治疗肝硬化EGVB患者疗效相似。     

奥曲肽与垂体后叶素治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的效果观察

目的 比较奥曲肽和垂体后叶素治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床疗效。方法 将43例食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血病人随机分为奥曲肽组(25例)和垂体后叶素组(18例),分别给予奥曲肽和垂体后叶素治疗,比较两组止血率。结果 奥曲肽组和垂体后叶素组12h内止血率(显效率)分别为64.0%、27.8%,有显著性差异(x2=4.14,P<0.05);24h内止血率(总有效率)分别为88.0%、44.4%,有极显著性差异(x2=7.40,P<0.01);停药7d内再出血率分别为8.0%,16.7%,无显著性差异(x2=0.15,P>0.05)。结论 奥曲肽治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血止血速度及效果优于垂体后叶素。     

奥曲肽治疗肝硬化并上消化道大出血的临床观察

目的:探讨奥曲肽治疗肝硬化并上消化道大出血的疗效和不良反应。方法:45例肝硬化并食管下段或胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血的住院患者随机分为奥曲肽治疗组25例及垂体后叶素对照组20例,分别比较止血起效时间、再出血率及不良反应等。结果:两组平均止血时间分别为(6.43±3.94)小时和(15.60±6.92)小时,24小时内止血有效率分别为72%和40%,再出血率分别为16%和40%,不良反应发生率分别为4%和35%,两组间比较差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:奥曲肽对肝硬化并食管下段或胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血的止血效果较垂体后叶素显著,不良反应较少,费用不算太贵,可作为内科治疗肝硬化并食管下段或胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血的首选药物。     

奥曲肽治疗肝硬化急性食管静脉曲张破裂出血的临床疗效观察

目的探讨奥曲肽治疗肝硬化急性食管静脉曲张破裂出血的临床疗效。方法将我院收治的80例肝硬化急性食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者随机分为对照组40例和观察组40例,对照组采取脑垂体后叶素治疗,观察组采取奥曲肽治疗,比较2组患者的输血量、出血停止时间、止血率。结果对照组及观察组的输血量分别为(956.32±25.16)mL、(586.64±18.82)mL;出血停止时间分别为(135.53±14.42)h、(68.82±10.03)h;止血率分别为75.00%(30/40)、90.00%(36/40);经t检验,观察组的出血量明显少于对照组,出血停止时间明显短于对照组,均有P<0.05;经χ~2检验,观察组的止血率明显高于对照组,P<0.05。结论在肝硬化急性食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者中采取奥曲肽治疗,能有效减少输血量,缩短患者的出血停止时间,提高止血率。     

奥曲肽(善宁)治疗食管、胃静脉曲张大出血32例疗效观察

目的观察奥曲肽(善宁)治疗食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效和安全性。方法采用随机对照开放试验,共入选64例患者,分为两组,均32例。奥曲肽治疗组每日给奥曲肽(善宁)25μg/h,600μg/d。对照组给血管加压素0.02～0.04μ/min。止血时间,治疗组(19.1±19.5)h,明显短于对照组(26.3±26.6)h(P=0.0014);6、12、24、48、72h止血率:治疗组分别为37.5%、46.7%、65.6%、71.9%、80.6%,明显高于对照组的18.8%、28.17%、37.5%、53.1%、59.4%(P<0.05,P<0.01),总有效率治疗组80.6%明显高于对照驵59.4%(P<0.01),两组均未发生明显不良反应。结论奥曲肽(善宁)是用于治疗食管、胃静脉曲张破裂出血的安全药物,止血时间快,止血成功率高。     

奥曲肽联合奥美拉唑治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血24例疗效观察

目的：观察奥曲肽联合奥美拉唑治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效;方法：48例食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者随机分成两组,治疗组24例予奥曲肽0．1mg缓慢静脉滴注作冲击量,然后以230～50μg／h持续静脉泵入;对照组予垂体后叶素10U静脉滴注,继之以0．2-0．4U／min静脉维持给药,两组均同时每日予奥美拉唑40mg静脉滴注,日2次,维持用药至72h。结果：治疗组止血总有效率为87．5％,止血时间（17±12）h,平均输血量600ml;对照组止血总有效率为62．5％,止血时间（34±26）h,平均输血量1400ml,两组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：奥曲肽联合奥美拉唑治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血疗效满意。     

双倍剂量奥曲肽治疗老年食管胃底静脉曲张出血疗效观察

目的观察双倍剂量奥曲肽治疗老年食管胃底静脉曲张出血的临床疗效。方法将急性食管静脉曲张出血的老年肝硬化患者随机分为两组,均先以奥曲肽100μg静脉快速推注,观察组以50μg/h微泵持续滴注,对照组以25μg/h微泵持续滴注,观察两组止血时间,输血量,再出血率及病死率。结果观察组24h止血率(55.6%)高于对照组(28.6%),1周再出血率(8.3%)低于对照组(35.0%),观察组输血量少,两组比较均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论双倍剂量奥曲肽能提高老年肝硬化患者食管胃底静脉曲张出血的止血成功率,减少再出血率。     

奥曲肽联合奥美拉唑治疗肝硬化并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效观察

目的观察奥曲肽联合奥美拉唑治疗肝硬化并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床疗效。方法 将90例确诊为肝硬化并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者随机分为治疗组45例和对照组45例,治疗组采用奥曲肽联合奥美拉唑治疗;对照组单用奥曲肽治疗。2组疗程均为72h,观察治疗有效率和平均止血时间,并详细记录病情及药物不良反应。结果 治疗组治疗后总有效率为97.8%明显优于对照组的80.0%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。治疗组治疗后平均止血时间为（25.33±14.18）h明显短于对照组的（41.20±20.49）h,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论 奥曲肽联合奥美拉唑治疗肝硬化并食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血疗效显著,且无明显不良反应。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.