尿道、阴茎

膀胱黏膜代尿道治疗复杂性尿道狭窄的临床观察；软性膀胱镜联合双极等离子电切治疗复杂性后尿道狭窄及闭锁；Snodgrass术治疗尿道下裂；成人尿道下裂的临床处理；会阴型尿道下裂的矫形和尿道重建     

结肠黏膜重建尿道治疗复杂性超长段尿道狭窄

目的:探讨结肠黏膜重建尿道治疗复杂性超长段尿道狭窄的应用价值与疗效.方法:对既往已有平均2.5次不成功的尿道修复史的35例患者,采用结肠黏膜一期尿道成形术,治疗其复杂性超长段尿道狭窄.所用结肠黏膜重建的尿道长10～20cm,平均14.6cm.术后分别行尿道造影,检测尿流率,部分患者行尿道镜检查.结果:患者术后随访3～60个月,平均28.5个月.31例术后排尿通畅,最大尿流率大于15 ml/s.1例因结肠黏膜新尿道与前列腺部尿道吻合区血供较差,术后继发尿道狭窄;1例在术后3个月并发尿道外口狭窄,经手术矫正后排尿通畅;2例分别在术后46,20个月时发生与重建尿道无关的球膜部尿道狭窄,采用口腔黏膜尿道成形术后排尿通畅.结论:利用结肠黏膜重建尿道治疗复杂性超长段尿道狭窄或闭锁,是一种可行而有效的方法,尤其是适合在较多常规方法治疗失败者.     

游离黏膜组织重建尿道治疗复杂性尿道狭窄的临床研究

目的 探讨利用游离黏膜一期尿道成形治疗复杂性尿道狭窄或闭锁的疗效。方法 2000年8月至2004年7月采用2种游离黏膜一期尿道成形术治疗73例复杂性尿道狭窄。术前42例已行耻骨上膀胱造瘘，余31例最大尿流率1．2～6．5ml／s。用游离结肠黏膜(n=22)重建尿道长10～18cm，平均13cm；用口腔黏膜(n=51)重建尿道长3～11cm，平均5cm。术后随访分别行逆行尿道造影及尿流率，部分患者行尿道镜检查。结果随访2～48个月，平均19个月。术后排尿通畅67例(91．8％)。发生再次狭窄4例，其中结肠黏膜重建者1例，口腔黏膜重建者3例；排尿欠畅2例，定期行尿道扩张；尿道皮肤瘘2例；结肠腹壁瘘1例。1例结肠黏膜重建尿道者术后47个月移植物活检示结肠黏膜的组织形态学基本无变化。结论口腔与结肠黏膜均可作为较理想的尿道替代物，口腔黏膜较适合狭窄段不长的尿道修复，结肠黏膜较适合复杂性超长段尿道狭窄或缺损的治疗。     

腔内尿道会师法治疗复杂性男性尿道狭窄

目的总结腔内尿道会师法治疗复杂性尿道狭窄的经验。方法16例男性复杂性尿道狭窄患者,术前行耻骨上膀胱造瘘术,硬膜外麻醉下经尿道外口置入尿道内切开镜,经耻骨上膀胱造瘘口置入一软性膀胱镜经膀胱颈口顺行进入尿道。经内切开镜或软性膀胱镜插入一细输尿管导管,经正道通过狭窄段尿道。沿此导管用内切开刀切开狭窄段尿道,沿正道进入膀胱,再用Otis刀彻底切开狭窄段。结果16例患者均成功地顺利完成了腔内尿道会师手术,拔除尿管后排尿通畅。平均手术时间122min。平均最大尿流率18mL/s。随访15月,F20尿道扩张器可以顺利通过。结论利用内切开镜和软性膀胱镜腔内尿道会师治疗复杂性尿道狭窄,方法简单易行,疗效确切可靠,成功率高。     

顺行导丝引导筋膜扩张器尿道扩张术治疗尿道下裂术后复杂性尿道狭窄

目的:探讨顺行置入导丝引导筋膜扩张器行尿道扩张术治疗尿道下裂术后复杂性尿道狭窄的临床疗效。方法:对其他尿道扩张方法治疗失败的尿道下裂术后复杂性尿道狭窄12例,经耻骨上膀胱造瘘孔放入输尿管镜,经输尿管镜将斑马导丝置入尿道,顺斑马导丝逐号置入筋膜扩张器进行尿道扩张。术后放置硅胶气囊尿管2周。结果:12例均获成功,拔尿管后排尿通畅,随访6~28个月,其中8例定期常规方法尿道扩张1~6次后治愈,另4例不再出现排尿困难。结论:顺行置入导丝引导筋膜扩张器行尿道扩张术是治疗尿道下裂术后复杂性尿道狭窄安全有效方法。     

镶嵌式舌黏膜尿道成形术的围手术期护理

目的介绍镶嵌式舌黏膜补片用于复发的复杂型尿道狭窄尿道成形术的围手术期配合及护理经验。方法回顾分析1例舌黏膜补片替代修补治疗复发复杂性尿道狭窄的围手术期护理配合要点并对该患者进行随访。结果该例舌黏膜补片替代尿道黏膜手术效果满意,术后随访7个月,无尿失禁及尿道狭窄复发。结论术前做好患者的心理护理和口腔护理,术中严格的无菌管理及与术者的密切配合是手术成功的关键。     

结肠黏膜尿道成形治疗复杂性超长段尿道狭窄的长期疗效

目的 观察结肠黏膜尿道成形术治疗复杂性超长段尿道狭窄的长期效果和影响因素. 方法 2000年10月至2009年9月采用结肠黏膜尿道成形治疗复杂性超长段尿道狭窄46例.年龄17 ～70岁,平均39岁.尿道狭窄段长10.0～20.0 cm,平均15.2 cm.术前有平均2.7次不成功的尿道修复史.通过定期门诊或电话随访进行术后疗效评估,包括排尿情况和尿流率检查,部分患者行尿道造影和尿道镜检查等.以不需要任何处理包括尿道扩张,能正常排尿,尿流率在正常范围内者视为手术成功. 结果 结肠黏膜重建尿道的长度为11.0～21.0 cm,平均15.4 cm.1例失访,余45例随访20～120个月,平均62个月.发生与手术相关的并发症4例(8.9％),其中3例于术后3、8和24个月发生尿道外口狭窄,1例术后29个月发生结肠黏膜新尿道与尿道近端吻合口狭窄.另2例发生与结肠黏膜尿道成形术无关的尿道狭窄. 结论 结肠黏膜尿道成形术治疗复杂性超长段尿道狭窄术后长期效果理想;影响术后效果的因素是尿道口狭窄和吻合口狭窄.     

镶嵌式唇黏膜和膀胱黏膜修复复杂性尿道皮肤瘘的临床疗效分析

目的:比较镶嵌式唇黏膜和膀胱黏膜在治疗尿道下裂手术后复杂性尿道皮肤瘘手术成功率和并发症发生率。方法:对符合手术指征的55例尿道下裂术后复杂性尿道皮肤瘘患者,随机分成唇黏膜取材组(36例)和膀胱黏膜取材组(19例),于术中分别应用自体游离唇黏膜和膀胱黏膜行尿道成形术,并评估手术并发症和术后尿道皮肤瘘的再发率。结果:镶嵌式唇黏膜和膀胱黏膜在治疗复杂性尿道皮肤瘘术后,均有2例出现尿道皮肤瘘,1例出现尿道狭窄,手术成功率分别为91.7%、84.2%,无统计学差异(P0.05);术后阴茎外形美观。两组术后并发症发生率也无统计学差异(11.1%vs 26.3%,P0.05)。结论:镶嵌式唇黏膜和膀胱黏膜修复复杂性尿道皮肤瘘均取得了理想的效果,但唇黏膜修复供材区创伤更小,手术简单快捷,值得在临床上推广应用。     

游离膀胱黏膜代尿道一期成形术治疗尿道下裂

目的:总结膀胱黏膜代尿道一期成形术治疗尿道下裂的经验,提高治疗水平。方法:对1989～2001年采用膀胱黏膜代尿道一期成形术治疗的52例尿道下裂患者临床资料进行分析。结果:52例尿道外口与正常人相同,43例一次成功,排尿通畅,尿线粗,射程远,占82.7％。并发症9例,占17.3％,经治疗后痊愈。结论:膀就黏膜代尿道一期成形术治疗尿道下裂具有可修复较长的尿道缺损;形成的尿道更趋于生理性;不易形成尿道狭窄等优点。预防并发症要做到熟练掌握尿道下裂的局部解剖,手术操作轻柔准确,从多角度、多面方预防感染。     

激光治疗尿道疾病

最近,Nd:YAG激光作为有价值的泌尿科手术方式已较广泛应用。随着技术的发展,已能用激光治疗许多尿道疾病。作者在30个月中用Na:YAG激光治疗了177例次尿道疾病患者。对于经选择的尿道狭窄患者,激光疗法是有效的治疗。在31例尿道狭窄段较短者中,30例首选激光尿道内切开术并获极好疗效(平均随访10个月)。36例继发性膀胱颈挛缩者均对激光治疗反应良好(平均随访7个月)。48例复杂性尿道狭窄中多数未被激光疗法治愈,仅11例疗效良好(平均随访14个月);但与尿道切开术或尿道扩张相比,15例激光治疗后有明显临床改善。24例尿道湿疣疗效满意,元复发(平均随访13个     

Complex urethral disruptions: In pursuit of a successful reconstruction

OBJECTIVES: We analyzed the methods and outcomes of urethroplasty in men with complex urethral disruptions. METHODS: The medical records of 40 men with complex urethral disruptions were analyzed. Surgical methods were individualized according to stricture location, severity and length of the stricture, bladder neck characteristics and presence of complicating factors. Patients were divided into four groups based on the above characteristics. RESULTS: End-to-end urethroplasty performed in six patients with short bulbar strictures (<3 cm) was successful in all. Elaborated perineal repair was performed in 10 patients with intermediate (3-6 cm) strictures with or without complicating factors. Elaborated perineal repair with urethral substitution was performed in nine patients with long segment stricture (>6 cm). Abdominal transpubic repair was successfully applied to patients with rectourethral fistula or lacerated bladder neck. Success rate of anastomotic urethroplasty was 95% while over all success rate was 85%. CONCLUSION: Guidelines for urethral reconstruction of complex urethral disruptions are predicated on stricture length, location, bladder neck characteristics and associated complicating factors. End-to-end urethroplasty with stricture excision is highly reliable for short strictures for which previous operative repair have failed. Elaborated perineal repair is extremely versatile for intermediate and longer strictures with associated complicating factors. Abdominal transpubic urethroplasty is effective for patients with rectourethral fistula or lacerated bladder neck.     

8 cm以上复杂性尿道狭窄的外科治疗

目的探讨长段尿道狭窄手术方法的选择与疗效。方法对76例尿道狭窄8cm以上的患者采用不同尿道成形术式治疗,其中不同黏膜重建尿道42例（结肠黏膜26例,膀胱黏膜6例,口腔黏膜10例）;带蒂皮瓣一期尿道成形20例;尿道狭窄段切开、二期尿道成形（Johanson术）12例;阴茎段尿道与前列腺部尿道吻合、三期尿道成形术2例。结果术后初期（6个月内）排尿通畅67例（88％）,有并发症者10例。术后1年以上70例,其中获得随访51例,排尿通畅44例,有并发症者8例,其中采用带蒂皮瓣者发生尿道狭窄2例（18％,2／11）;Johanson术者发生阴茎弯曲2例（2／5）,其中1例成形段尿道内毛发生成和结石形成;采用口腔黏膜者发生尿道狭窄1例（1／7）,膀胱黏膜者发生尿道狭窄1例（1／3）,结肠黏膜者发生后尿道狭窄2例（9％,2／23）。结论口腔与结肠黏膜尿道成形对长段尿道狭窄是较理想的术式;结肠黏膜较适合在常规手术治疗失败后或复杂性尿道狭窄10cm以上的治疗。     

小儿尿道损伤的诊断与治疗

目的：探讨小儿尿道外伤及外伤后尿道狭窄的诊治经验。方法：在8例新鲜完全性后尿道断裂患儿中,3例行经耻骨上与会阴入路的尿道修复术,2例行尿道会师术,2例行膀胱造瘘术,1例女童行经耻骨后尿道吻合术。在18例陈旧性后尿道外伤患儿中,10例行经尿道内切开（TUR）术,4例行经耻骨、会阴联合入路修复术,4例行经会阴修复术。结果：8例新鲜后尿道断裂患儿中,术后出现尿道狭窄5例,不完全尿失禁1例。18例陈旧性尿道蛱雅患儿中,行TUR的成功率为60．0％,经会阴及经耻骨、会阴联合入路行尿道修复术的成功率为91．7％,有不完全尿失禁5例,会阴尿道造瘘尚未修复1例。结论：后尿道外伤的急症处理非常重要,如患儿情况允许,应尽量行经耻骨、会阴联合入路尿道修复术。经尿道内切开适用于绝大多数单纯性后尿道狭窄,经耻骨、会阴联合入路或经会阴修复尿道适用于复杂性后尿道狭窄或TUR失败者。     

复杂性后尿道狭窄81例治疗分析

目的探讨复杂性后尿道狭窄或闭锁的手术治疗方法,提高手术治疗效果。方法1991～2008年收治的81例复杂性后尿道狭窄／闭锁患者,狭窄／闭锁段长度为3～10cm,其中〉5cm者27例;66例曾有1～4次手术史;62例行改良尿道套人术,19例尿道端端吻合术;73例经会阴或腹会阴切口,8例经耻骨或切除部分耻骨下缘切口。15例应用尿道替代物成形。结果76例（93．8％）术后排尿满意,5例失败,其中改良尿道套入术和尿道端端吻合术成功率分别为95．2％（59／62）、89．5％（17／19）（P〉0．05）。15例应用尿道替代物成形术均取得成功。结论复杂性后尿道狭窄／闭锁的治疗应根据尿道病变情况选择不同的手术径路及术式,改良尿道套入术具有创伤小、操作简便、成功率高等优点。尿道狭窄段〉5cm者应考虑应用尿道替代物成形。     

Guide wire-assisted urethral dilatation for urethral strictures in pediatric urology

Purpose: The aim of this study was to report the results of 32 cases of dilatation of urethral stricture using a guide wire and sheath dilator technique supplemented by clean intermittent catheterization if further stabilization of the urethral stricture was felt warranted.Methods: The procedure involves insertion of a straight flexi-tip lubricated guide wire through the urethral stricture under cystoscopic guidance followed by insertion of a series of sheath dilators. Dilatation was followed by insertion of a Foley catheter, which was left in situ for 1 to 3 days. Patients underwent repeat cystoscopy to evaluate the urethra for recurrent stricture and those with a recalcitrant stricture were commenced on clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) to stabilize the narrowing.Results: Thirty-two patients were included. They have been followed up for up to 2 years after their last cystoscopy (mean, 16 months). Thirteen of 32 patients had more than 4 dilatations under anesthesia. Twelve patients had undergone CIC postoperatively. Complications included a urinary tract infection in 3 boys and bladder spasms in one. No false passage or sepsis occurred with this approach.Conclusions: Guide wire-assisted urethral dilatation helps avoid risks associated with blind dilatation techniques and appears to be a safe and simple alternative for management of urethral strictures in pediatric urology.     

经腹会阴联合径路治疗复杂性后尿道狭窄

目的：探讨经腹会阴联合径路治疗复杂性后尿道狭窄的效果。方法：对48例复杂性经尿道狭窄患者行经腹会阴联合径路手术治疗，并对其临床资料进行回顾分析。结果：一次手术治愈42例，其中直针吻合20例，弯针吻合22例。失败6例，失败原因：术后会阴血肿感染1例，术前会阴瘘及耻骨炎处理不彻底1例，并发直肠瘘未先期行结肠造瘘4例。结论：对长段、高位、多次手术失败或有严重骨盆畸形的后尿道狭窄修复，以腹会阴联合径路直针吻合法是值得采用的理想术式之一。     

改良尿道套入术在后尿道狭窄/闭锁治疗的应用

目的:评估应用改良尿道套入术治疗后尿道狭窄/闭锁的可行性和安全性,提高手术治疗效果。方法:对应用改良尿道套入术治疗的212例后尿道狭窄/闭锁患者进行回顾性分析,狭窄闭锁段长度1.5～12 cm。66例曾有1～4次失败尿道手术史,208例经会阴或腹会阴切口、4例经会阴+切除部分耻骨下缘切口。15例应用游离包皮内板或/和膀胱粘膜进行尿道替代成形。结果:198例(93.4%)术后排尿满意,其中16例分别行尿道扩张3～15次后排尿正常,14例失败者,10例再次、2例3次手术成功、1例长期尿道扩张、1例长期留置膀胱造瘘管,15例应用尿道替代物成形者14例1次取得成功、1例术后19个月仍定期尿道扩张,所有患者无严重并发症。结论:改良尿道套入术治疗后尿道狭窄/闭锁是可行、安全的,具有创伤小、操作简便、成功率高等优点。尿道狭窄段>5 cm者应考虑应用尿道替代物成形。     

Pelvic fracture urethral injuries in girls

PURPOSE: Injuries to the female urethra associated with pelvic fracture are uncommon. They may vary from urethral contusion to partial or circumferential rupture. When disruption has occurred at the level of the proximal urethra, it is usually complete and often associated with vaginal laceration. We retrospectively reviewed the records of a series of girls with pelvic fracture urethral stricture and present surgical treatment to restore urethral continuity and the outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1984 and 1997, 8 girls 4 to 16 years old (median age 9.6) with urethral injuries associated with pelvic fracture were treated at our institutions. Immediate therapy involved suprapubic cystostomy in 4 cases, urethral catheter alignment and simultaneous suprapubic cystostomy in 3, and primary suturing of the urethra, bladder neck and vagina in 1. Delayed 1-stage anastomotic repair was performed in 1 patient with urethral avulsion at the level of the bladder neck and in 5 with a proximal urethral distraction defect, while a neourethra was constructed from the anterior vaginal wall in a 2-stage procedure in 1 with mid urethral avulsion. Concomitant vaginal rupture in 7 cases was treated at delayed urethral reconstruction in 5 and by primary repair in 2. The surgical approach was retropubic in 3 cases, vaginal-retropubic in 1 and vaginal-transpubic in 4. Associated injuries included rectal injury in 3 girls and bladder neck laceration in 4. Overall postoperative followup was 6 months to 6.3 years (median 3 years). RESULTS: Urethral obliteration developed in all patients treated with suprapubic cystostomy and simultaneous urethral realignment. The stricture-free rate for 1-stage anastomotic repair and substitution urethroplasty was 100%. In 1 girl complete urinary incontinence developed, while another has mild stress incontinence. Retrospectively the 2 incontinent girls had had an associated bladder neck injury at the initial trauma. Two recurrent vaginal strictures were treated successfully with additional transpositions of lateral labial flaps. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasizes that combined vaginal-partial transpubic access is a reliable approach for resolving complex obliterative urethral strictures and associated urethrovaginal fistulas or severe bladder neck damage after traumatic pelvic fracture injury in female pediatric patients. Although our experience with the initial management of these injuries is limited, we advocate early cystostomy drainage and deferred surgical reconstruction when life threatening clinical conditions are present or extensive traumatized tissue in the affected area precludes immediate ideal surgical repair.     

带蒂大网膜移位治疗复杂性后尿道狭窄(附六例报告)

目的　探讨带蒂大网膜移位治疗复杂性后尿道狭窄的临床疗效。　方法　复杂性后尿道狭窄 6例 ,均为男性 ,年龄 14～ 4 5岁 ,平均年龄 2 6岁。车祸伤 5例 ,坠落伤 1例。病程 6个月～ 5年 ,平均 2 .5年。狭窄段长 3.0～ 5 .5cm。合并尿道直肠瘘 2例 ,膀胱结石 1例 ,耻骨后死腔 3例。均采用经耻骨联合径路修补加带蒂大网膜移位术治疗。　结果　 6例患者均一次手术成功 ,4周后拔除导尿管均能自行排尿 ,无尿失禁及尿路感染。随访 6～ 38个月 ,平均 2 6个月。 4例排尿良好 ,不需尿道扩张 ;2例 3个月内再次出现不同程度的尿线变细、排尿困难 ,经 3～ 2 4个月的尿道扩张后治愈。　结论　带蒂大网膜移位治疗适用于尿道狭窄段较长或伴有尿道直肠瘘、假道等的复杂性后尿道狭窄 ,尤其是既往经会阴途径后尿道修复手术失败者 ,是修补复杂性后尿道狭窄较为理想的方法之一。