原位肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成的诊断和治疗

目的探讨原位肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成的诊断与治疗。方法回顾性分析我科1996年10月至2004年3月施行的98例次原位肝移植术．其中8例原发性肝癌患者术前有多次TACE史。结果本组病例仅术前有多次TACE史的患者发生肝动脉血栓5例,均经选择性血管造影证实。3例、1例和1例受者分别接受介入溶栓、再血管化手术和再次肝移植。与肝动脉栓塞有关的死亡率为60％(3／5)。结论术前多次TAcE史是移植术后发生肝动脉血栓的高危因素。彩色多普勒超声是监测血管并发症的首选方法。再血管化手术或再次肝移植是治疗肝动脉血栓的有效方案。     

Clinical utility of microbubble contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of hepatic artery occlusion after liver transplantation

To evaluate the frequency of use and the diagnostic accuracy of real-time contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the diagnosis of hepatic artery occlusion after liver transplantation. One hundred and fifty-two liver transplantations in 142 adult subjects, comprising 80 male patients and 62 female patients, were studied. After surgery, liver circulation was routinely assessed by conventional Doppler ultrasound (US). Wherever the examiners were not confident about the state of the circulation, CEUS was performed with one or more doses of a sulfur hexafluoride (SF-6)-containing second-generation contrast agent intravenously. Clinical follow up including repeat Doppler US, computed tomographic angiography (CTA) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the liver vasculature were used as reference standards. During the first month after transplantation, Doppler US was inconclusive with regard to patency of the hepatic artery (HA) circulation in 20 (13 %) of 152 transplantations. CEUS was performed in these patients, and detected six cases of HA thrombosis (HAT) in five transplants. CEUS correctly ruled out HA occlusion in 15 transplants. All HA occlusions occurred during the first 14 days after transplantation. In the subset of transplantations examined with CEUS, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of CEUS were 100%. In approximately 13% of cases, conventional Doppler US did not provide sufficient visualization of the HA after liver transplantation. In these cases, correct diagnosis was achieved by supplementary CEUS.     

活体肝移植术后早期肝动脉血栓形成的诊断与治疗

目的探讨活体肝移植术后早期肝动脉血栓形成的诊断与治疗。方法2006年9月至2009年8月天津市第一中心医院单一外科组共实施110例活体肝移植,移植术后7d内每日用彩色多普勒超声(彩超)监测肝动脉血流,怀疑肝动脉血栓形成行肝动脉造影或腹部CT检查,确诊者予介入治疗或手术治疗。结果该组3例术后5～6d发生肝动脉血栓,肝动脉血栓发生率2.7%(3/110)。其中1例再次手术行肝动脉取栓,术后血流正常;2例行介入治疗,放置支架,术后1例再次血栓形成,1例血流流速偏低,2例均发生胆道并发症,但肝功能正常。3例均存活。结论术后早期用彩超监测对肝动脉血栓的诊断至关重要,及时手术取栓或介入放置支架效果良好。     

Hepatic artery thrombosis and intraoperative hepatic artery flow rates in adult orthotopic liver transplantation

Introduction: Thrombosis of the hepatic artery following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) can be a devastating com­plication impacting on recipient outcome. The utility of routine intraoperative flow measurements of the hepatic artery in predicting subsequent hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) is presented in this study. Methods: Data on all adult OLT recipients between July 1995 and May 2000 were analysed. This included the routine intra­operative flow measurements of both the hepatic artery and portal vein using a Doppler flow meter. Results: Thirteen out of 198 (6.6%) instances of OLT were complicated by HAT. The mean and median flow rates of the hepatic artery in the OLT with HAT were 262 mL/min and 220 mL/min, respectively. These were significantly lower than the respective values of 436 mL/min and 400 mL/min in the OLT without HAT (P = 0.0036). This was independent of recipient age, sex, weight and intraoperative portal flow rates. However there was extensive overlap for the intraoperative hepatic artery flow rates obtained between the HAT and non‐HAT groups. The risk of HAT was increased by a factor of 6 if the intraoperative hepatic artery flow rate was less than 200 mL/min. The average allograft survival was significantly lower in the HAT group at 373 days vs the non‐HAT group at 763 days (P = 0.026). Conclusion: The routine use of intraoperative flow measurements of the hepatic artery may be a useful adjunct in identifying the hepatic artery reconstruction, which is at risk of subsequent HAT.     

Multicentric outcome analysis of sirolimus‐based immunosuppression in 252 liver transplant recipients

The use of sirolimus (SRL) in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has been controversial after experimental data suggested an increased risk of hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT). To assess the safety and efficacy of SRL as de novo immunosuppression in OLT recipients. Outcomes of 252 OLT patients who received SRL were compared with outcomes of 291 OLT recipients who received calcineurin inhibitor in a retrospective study. Primary outcomes of this study were: patient‐ and graft survivals, vascular, biliary, wound complications and rejection rates. Secondary outcomes were: postoperative infection rate, bone marrow and renal function and changes of lipid levels. Patient‐ and graft survivals, rejection and infection rates were similar. In the SRL group, HAT occurred in 1.2%, biliary complications in 19.4%, and incisional hernias in 9.1%. In the control group the incidence of HAT was 5.8% (P = 0.004), biliary complications 18.5% (P = NS) and incisional hernias 7.2% (P = NS). Patients on SRL experienced significantly higher levels of serum triglycerides but fewer acute cellular rejections. Bone marrow and renal functions were similar in both the groups. Our findings would suggest that SRL is safe and effective for very selected OLT recipients. Randomized controlled trials are necessary to confirm our results.     

原位肝移植肝动脉并发症的预防和治疗

目的 总结分析原位肝移植肝动脉重建及其并发症的防治经验,提高肝移植疗效和受体存活率。方法 总结1995年5月至2005年4月实施的122例肝移植临床资料,肝动脉重建采用供者腹腔动脉干Carrell’s袖片或肝总动脉-脾动脉汇合部与受者肝左-右动脉汇合部袖片吻合21（16．76％）,与受者胃十二指肠-肝固有动脉汇合部吻合87例（71．76％）,采用髂动脉-腹主动脉搭桥14例（11．48％）。术后根据凝血酶原时间（PT）,应用普通肝素或低分子肝素预防性抗凝。术中、术后应用多普勒超声监测肝动脉血供。结果 术后肝动脉血栓形成（HAT）3例,肝动脉狭窄（HAS）2例。1例HAT于术后19d死于多器官功能衰竭,另4例通过放射介入治疗治愈。其余病例随访2～62个月,未见肝动脉血栓形成（HAT）和肝动脉狭窄（HAS）。本组肝动脉并发症发生率为4．10％。结论 正确地选择肝动脉重建吻合的部位和术后有效的抗凝治疗可减少HAT和HAS的发生,多普勒超声监测能早期发现HAT和HAS,挽救移植物,避免再移植。     

原位肝移植肝动脉重建临床分析

目的 总结分析原位肝移植肝动脉重建经验,提高肝移植疗效和受体存活率.方法 总结1995年5月至2006年12月实施的183例肝移植临床资料,常规动脉重建163例,供者腹腔动脉干Carrell's袖片或肝总动脉-脾动脉汇合部与受者肝左-右动脉汇合部吻合25例,胃十二指肠-肝固有动脉汇合部吻合134例,腹腔动脉干吻合4例.采用髂动脉.腹主动脉搭桥20例.术后根据凝血酶原时间(PT),应用普通肝素或低分子肝素抗凝.术中、术后应用多普勒超声监测肝动脉血供.结果 183例肝移植患者中有6例发生肝动脉并发症,发生率为3.28%(6/183),其中肝动脉血栓形成(hepatic artery thrombosis,HAT)5例,肝动脉狭窄(hepatic artery stenosis,HAS)1例.常规通路动脉重建组动脉并发症发生率1.84%(3/163),髂动脉-腹主动脉搭桥组为15.0%(3/20),两者比较差异有统计学意义(X2=9.73,P＜0.01).6例并发症患者中有1例HAT于术后19 d死于多器官功能衰竭,另5例通过介入治疗治愈,死亡率16.7%.结论 正确地选择肝动脉重建吻合的部位和术后有效的抗凝治疗减少HAT和HAS的发生,多普勒超声的早期发现和放射介入的及时治疗可以挽救移植物,避免再移植.     

肝移植术肝动脉栓塞的原因及血管重建的方式

目的　分析肝移植术中和术后肝动脉栓塞(hepaticarterythrombosis,HAT)的原因,并探讨不同血管重建方式的效果。　方法　回顾性总结Pittssburgh大学器官移植中心和南京大学附属鼓楼医院共21例肝移植术中、术后HAT,其中12例(57. 1% )施行了肝动脉重建术(hepaticarteryreconstruction,HAR)。HAR方法有直接吻合(4例)、供体肝动脉-受体腹主动脉架桥术(aortohepaticinterpositiongraft,AHIG) (6例)、髂动脉架桥术(interpositiongraft,IG) (2例)。　结果　肝动脉血流重建成功率为58. 3% (7 /12);其余5例平均3. 8(3~6)d内再次发生HAT。成人HAR成功率为62. 5% (5 /8),儿童为50. 0% (2 /4)。HAR结果与HAT发生时间、HAT原因和HAR方式无明显相关性(P>0. 05)。　结论　肝移植术HAT可能原因有机械因素、受体肝动脉细小、供体肝动脉感染、供体DIC等,尽量减少或避免上述危险因素是最好的预防方法。肝移植术HAT时HAR方式包括直接吻合、AHIG、IG等,成功取决于能否及时获得诊断。有趋势表明机械因素所致HAT,HAR方式采用直接吻合和AHIG有较好的临床结果。     

原位肝移植术后血管并发症的早期诊断八例报告

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后血管并发症的监测和早期诊断,方法 回顾分析了本院53例原位肝移植术后血管并发症的监测和诊断方法,包括术后连续动态彩色多普勒超声检查、选择性血管造影及相关的临床特征观察,结果 本组15%（8/53）的患者出现了血管并发症;肝动脉血栓形成3例,肝动脉狭窄2例,腹腔动脉狭窄1例,下腔静脉狭窄2例（其中1例经尸体检查证实）,其余7例经选择性血管造影证实,彩色多普勒超声诊断血管并发症的灵敏度和特异度分别为100%（8/8）和98%（45/46）。结论 肝移植术后血管并发症的临床表现缺乏特异性,连续动态的彩色多普勒超声检查是监测和诊断血管并发症敏感且特异的方法,术后监测时间不应少于2个月,在临床表现与彩色多普勒超声出现血管并发症的可疑征象时,应及时行血管造影检查进一步明确诊断。     

Non‐invasive ICG‐clearance: a useful tool for the management of hepatic artery thrombosis following liver transplantation

Levesque E, Hoti E, Azoulay D, Adam R, Samuel D, Castaing D, Saliba F. Non‐invasive ICG‐clearance: a useful tool for the management of hepatic artery thrombosis following liver transplantation.
Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 297–301. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Background: The clinical presentation of hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) post‐liver transplantation (LT) varies considerably. Doppler ultrasonography (Doppler US) is the first line investigation, with a diagnostic sensitivity for HAT as high as 92%. Because indocyanine green (ICG) elimination from the blood depends among other factors on the hepatic blood flow, we hypothesized that plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green (PDR‐ICG) can be influenced by the flow in the hepatic artery. Thus, we evaluated the role of PDR‐ICG measurement in HAT diagnosis in post‐LT patients. Patients and methods: Fourteen liver transplant patients with no visible flow in the hepatic artery (Doppler US) were identified. Of the 14, seven patients had HAT confirmed by CT‐angiography. The PDR‐ICG measurement, an investigation routinely used in our center, was performed in all 14 patients. Results: The PDR‐ICG in patients with HAT was significantly lower than in patients without HAT (5.8 ± 4.3 vs. 23.8 ± 7.4%/min, p = 0.0009). In patients with HAT, after the revascularization, the PDR‐ICG value increased (5.8 ± 4.3 vs. 15.6 ± 3.5%/min, p = 0.006). Conclusion: The ICG elimination may be an adjunct diagnostic tool in the management of patients with suspected HAT following LT.     

彩色多普勒超声对肝移植术后11例血管并发症的诊断

目的评价彩色多普勒超声对肝移植术后血管并发症的诊断意义。方法回顾性分析和总结11例肝移植术后血管并发症的彩色多普勒超声检查资料,检测指标包括肝动脉及左右分支的峰值速度、阻力指数、加速度及加速时间,门静脉平均流速。结果5例经手术或造影证实为动脉并发症(血栓形成2例,肝动脉狭窄2例,肝动脉痉挛1例),彩色多普勒超声表现有肝动脉狭窄处的高速高阻血流并伴有湍流,而狭窄远端肝内动脉峰值速度<40cm/s,阻力指数<0.5,加速时间>0.08s,加速度<300cm/s2,2例肝动脉血栓形成肝门部无动脉血流信号;6例为门静脉并发症(3例门静脉狭窄,3例门静脉血栓形成)。结论彩色多普勒超声对肝移植术后血管并发症的诊断具有重要的指导意义。     

成人肝移植术后早期肝动脉血栓形成的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨成人肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成(hepatic artery thrombosis,HAT)的诊断与治疗,及其对患者预后的影响.方法 2007年6月至2010年10月我中心共实施成人尸体肝脏移植387例.术后采用床边彩色多普勒超声监测移植肝血流.疑有肝动脉血栓形成时,采用超声造影或肝动脉造影明确诊断,根据病情采用介入溶栓治疗、手术再血管化治疗及再次肝移植等治疗.结果 387例中术后共有10例患者发生HAT,发生率2.6％.发生HAT的中位时间为肝移植术后7(范围2～18)d.2例采用介入溶栓治疗,其中1例伴肝动脉狭窄放置支架,均痊愈;3例再次手术行肝动脉重建联合肝动脉局部溶栓治疗,其中1例术后再次出现HAT,死亡;2例行再次肝移植,痊愈;3例出现肝内脓肿,严重感染,肝功能恶化死亡.死亡率为40％(4/10).结论 肝移植术后常规彩色多普勒超声监测肝动脉血流是早期发现HAT的关键,超声造影及肝动脉造影可明确诊断;及时采用介入溶栓、手术再血管化及再次肝移植等治疗虽然可减少患者死亡,但预防HAT发生更为重要.     

同种原位肝移植肝脉重建技巧

目的：探讨和总结同种原位肝移植术中肝动脉重建技术。方法：回顾性分析我院近一年来所施行18例原位肝移植术中肝动脉重建方式和技巧。结果15例行供受体肝固有动脉端端吻合,2例供体肝总动脉与受体肝固有动脉吻合,1例供体总动脉与受体脾动脉吻合。术后彩色色普勒超声监测显示肝动脉血流通畅,均未发现有血栓菜成或肝动脉狭窄,全部病例未发生胆道并发症。结论：成功的肝动脉重建技术防止肝移植术后肝动脉血栓形成或肝动脉狭窄的关键。     

High resolution ultrasound characterization of early allograft hemodynamics in pediatric living related renal transplantation

PURPOSE: Allograft vascular thrombosis occurs in 5% to 10% of pediatric renal transplants. The hemodynamics of renal allograft immediately after implantation is unclear. High resolution Doppler ultrasound of the renal allograft performed in the operating room after incision closure is an effective and objective method to advance our understanding of baseline renal allograft hemodynamics, and identify unsuspected vascular complications early enough to ensure prompt surgical repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between September 1998 and July 2000 high resolution, color power Doppler ultrasound was prospectively performed on 21 living related renal transplants in the operating room immediately after incision closure. Each ultrasound described allograft anastomotic blood flow, direction of diastolic flow, parenchymal perfusion and resistive indexes. RESULTS: There were 20 (95%) allografts with good power Doppler perfusion that had satisfactory immediate function with no vascular complications at 9 to 26-month followup. Initially, anastomotic turbulence was described in 15 (71%) allografts, and resistive indexes were abnormal in 8 (38%). Turbulence and abnormal resistive index normalized in all allografts by 1-month followup. Ultrasound of 1 allograft identified unsuspected poor perfusion and reversal of diastolic flow in the operating room after incision closure. In another allograft in which a 4-hour post-transplant ultrasound was compared with the baseline study in the operating room an unsuspected thrombosis of the right common iliac vein was confirmed. CONCLUSIONS: Good parenchymal perfusion and forward diastolic flow after renal reperfusion correlated well with immediate graft function. Initial turbulence and abnormal resistive index in the presence of favorable perfusion are misleading and not independent predictors of graft function. Ultrasound performed in the operating room identified 2 unsuspected major vascular complications facilitating prompt surgical correction.     

The impact of meticulous management for hepatic artery thrombosis on long‐term outcome after pediatric living donor liver transplantation*

Abstract: To analyze the risk factors in the development of hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) and assess the impact of our perioperative management for HAT on the long‐term outcome after pediatric living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), we reviewed 382 patients under 12 yr of age who underwent 403 LDLT from January 1996 to December 2005. One‐ and 10‐yr patient survival rates were 78% and 78% in the patients with HAT (27 patients; 6.7%), and 84% and 76% in the patients without HAT, respectively (p = n.s.). Univariate analysis showed gender (female), body weight (lower), and graft‐to‐recipient weight ratio (higher) were significant risk factors in the patients with HAT (p < 0.05). Patients with Doppler ultrasound signal loss of the hepatic artery (HA) accompanied by an increase of liver enzymes underwent thrombectomy and reanastomosis (S‐group, n = 13), and patients with a weak HA signal underwent anticoagulant therapy (M‐group, n = 13). One patient underwent re‐LDLT. One‐ and five‐yr patient survival rates were 83% and 83% in the S‐group, and 77% and 77% in the M‐group (p = n.s.). The incidence of biliary complications in the S‐group (58%) was significantly higher than that of the M‐group (15%). For a successful long‐term outcome, the early detection of HAT and prompt medical and surgical intervention are crucial to minimize the insult of HAT.     

Endovascular management of early hepatic artery thrombosis after living donor liver transplantation

To study the feasibility of endovascular management of early hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) after living‐donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and to clarify its role as a less invasive alternative to open surgery. A retrospective review of 360 recipients who underwent LDLT. Early HAT developed in 13 cases (3.6%). Diagnosis was performed using Doppler, CT angiography, and digital subtraction angiography. Intra‐arterial thrombolysis (IAT) was performed using streptokinase or tPA. In case of underlying stricture, PTA was attempted. If the artery did not recanalize, continuous infusion was performed and monitored using Doppler US. Initial surgical revascularization was successful in 2/13 cases. IAT was performed in 11/13 cases. The initial success rate was 81.8% (9/11), the failure rate was 18.2% (2/11). Rebound thrombosis developed in 33.3% (3/9). Hemorrhage developed after IAT in 2/11 cases (18.2%). Definite endovascular treatment of HAT was achieved in 6/11 cases (54.5%) and definite treatment (surgical, endovascular or combined) in 9/13 cases (69%). (Follow‐up 4 months–4 years). Endovascular management of early HAT after LDLT is a feasible and reliable alternative to open surgery. It plays a role as a less invasive approach with definite endovascular treatment rate of 54.5%.     

The Long‐Term Outcome of Hepatic Artery Thrombosis After Liver Transplantation in Children: Role of Urgent Revascularization

Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT), one of the most severe complications of pediatric orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), often compromises graft and/or child survival. Of 590 OLT performed in 516 children over a 20‐year period, 45 were complicated by early HAT, during the first 2 weeks after transplantation. Systematic Doppler ultrasonographic detection of HAT allowed successful surgical revascularization in 19 instances, resulting in a 20‐year graft survival rate of 77% versus 24% of cases when revascularization was not attempted or failed. A combination of surgical emergency revascularization, biliary interventional radiology, biliary surgery and/or retransplantation resulted in an 80% 20‐year patient survival rate, identical to that of transplanted children who did not experience early HAT. The majority of long‐term survivors with their initial graft had normal liver tests, no biliary dilation on ultrasonography and minimal or moderate fibrosis on liver histology. A failed attempt at revascularization did not significantly alter patient survival. Despite these encouraging results, for the children and their parents to overcome the entire process in terms of reoperations, repeated radiological interventions, number of hospitalizations and emotional stress, remains an ordeal of such magnitude that it justifies renewed efforts to progress in the prevention of this complication.     

彩色多普勒超声在肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的应用价值

目的　探讨彩色多普勒超声 (CDI)监测肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的应用价值。方法　术后连续CDI检查监测 180次原位肝移植。监测指标包括肝门部及肝内肝动脉左、右分支的峰值速度 (HAV) ,加速度 (HAAC) ,加速时间 (SAT) ,阻力指数 (RI) ,观察有无血流信号中断、侧支循环形成、肝内有无梗死灶和肝内、外胆管改变等。结果　 8例病人经选择性动脉造影证实为动脉并发症 (血栓形成 5例 ,肝动脉狭窄 3例 )。CDI表现有 :RI降低 <0 5 (8/ 8) ,SAT延长 >0 0 8s(6 / 8) ,HAAC降低<30 0cm/s2 (6 / 8) ,HAV降低 <4 0cm/s(7/ 8) ,肝内胆管扩张、回声改变等 (4 / 8) ,肝内梗死灶 (2 / 8) ,肝内外动脉血流信号消失 (2 / 8) ,肝门部侧支循环形成 (1/ 8)。CDI对动脉并发症诊断的敏感度和特异度分别为 87 5 % (7/ 8)和 95 3% (16 4 / 172 )。结论　CDI可有效监测肝移植术后肝动脉并发症并对其治疗有一定的指导作用。RI、SAT、HAAC、HAV是CDI诊断肝动脉并发症的敏感指标 ,联合应用可以提高CDI的诊断特异度。     

原位肝移植术中肝动脉变异及术后肝动脉血栓形成的处理

目的探讨肝移植术中肝动脉变异及术后肝动脉血栓形成的处理。方法统计2000年8月至2002年12月期间进行肝移植术的67例次供、受者肝动脉的变异情况；分析肝动脉的重建方式，探讨肝动脉变异与手术后肝动脉血栓形成的关系、肝动脉血栓形成的危险因素及肝动脉血栓形成后的处理。结果67例次供者肝脏和65例受者肝脏共出现肝动脉变异12例次，发生频率最高的为右肝动脉起源于肠系膜上动脉(5例)及左肝动脉起源于胃左动脉(3例)。肝动脉的重建方式如下：供者及受者肝总动脉与胃十二指肠动脉分叉处成型后吻合58例；腹主动脉与肝动脉搭桥2例；利用变异的肝动脉分支吻合7例。手术后发生肝动脉血栓形成3例，均经腹股沟处股动脉插管行肝动脉溶栓治疗，此3例患者中死亡1例。结论避免变异的肝动脉损伤、选择适当的肝动脉吻合方式可以保证移植肝脏的动脉血供。肝动脉血栓形成与肝动脉变异无关。作为肝动脉血栓形成后的保守治疗方法，肝动脉内溶栓治疗有可能避免2次移植。     

原位肝移植肝动脉重建及其并发症防治

目的分析总结原位肝移植肝动脉重建及其并发症的处理经验。方法总结72例原位肝移植的临床资料，分析影响肝动脉重建的因素和处理技巧。结果72例原位肝移植患者术后仅有1例(1.4％)于肝动脉吻合口旁发生假性动脉瘤，经介入栓塞治疗成功，并保留了移植肝的动脉血液供应；全部病例随访3～43个月，住院期间死亡6例，随访期内死亡6例，总的1、3年累积存活率均为83.3％，没有病例死于肝动脉并发症。结论供、受者的血管变异情况和质量以及肝动脉重建技术，是影响肝动脉重建的关键因素。