Emergency peripartum hysterectomy

Purpose  

To determine the incidence, indications, risk factors and complications of peripartum hysterectomy in a tertiary teaching hospital.     

Emergency peripartum hysterectomy.

A total of 54 166 mothers delivered at the Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital between 1990 and 1997, including 6119 (11.3%) caesarean sections. Emergency peripartum hysterectomy for obstetric haemorrhage was carried out in 16 cases (0.3/1000 deliveries). The operation followed major degrees of placenta praevia in 12 (75%) cases and atonic postpartum haemorrhage in four (25%). All patients required blood transfusion. There was one neonatal death and no maternal deaths. Although the operation was straightforward, bladder injury occurred in five (31%) cases which was repaired with no residual damage. Placenta accreta was confirmed histologically in 12 (75%) patients. In conclusion, all obstetricians should be aware of the strong association between a scarred uterus, placenta praevia and placenta accreta which can be very adherent and difficult to remove causing bleeding and necessitating hysterectomy. The operation should be performed by an experienced obstetrician before the patient's condition is extreme.     

Incidence and determinants of peripartum hysterectomy

OBJECTIVE: Most studies of peripartum hysterectomy are conducted in single institutions, limiting the ability to provide national incidence estimates and examine risk factors. The objective of this study was to provide a national estimate of the incidence of peripartum hysterectomy and to examine factors associated with the procedure. METHODS: We used data for 1998-2003 from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample, an annual nationally representative survey of inpatient hospitalizations. Peripartum hysterectomy was defined as a hysterectomy and delivery occurring during the same hospitalization. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were adjusted for maternal and hospital characteristics using logistic regression. RESULTS: During 1998-2003, an estimated 18,339 peripartum hysterectomies occurred in the United States (0.77 per 1,000 deliveries). Compared with vaginal delivery without a previous cesarean delivery, the ORs of peripartum hysterectomy for other delivery types were as follows: repeat cesarean, 8.90 (95% CI 8.09-9.79); primary cesarean, 6.54 (95% CI 5.95-7.18); and vaginal birth after cesarean, 2.70 (95% CI 2.23-3.26). Multiple births were associated with an increased risk compared with singleton births (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.16-1.71). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that vaginal birth after cesarean, primary and repeat cesarean deliveries, and multiple births are independently associated with an increased risk for peripartum hysterectomy. These findings may be of concern, given the increasing rate of both cesarean deliveries and multiple births in the United States. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.     

Cesarean and postpartum hysterectomy

Objective: To review the cases of cesarean and postpartum hysterectomy. Method: A retrospective study of all cases of cesarean and postpartum hysterectomy during 1985–1994. Maternal characteristics, method of delivery, indications for hysterectomy and complications were reviewed. Results: The rate of cesarean and postpartum hysterectomy was 1:1667 deliveries. Half of these cases were delivered by cesarean section. The main indications for hysterectomy were massive bleeding due to uterine atony, abnormal placental adhesions or uterine rupture. Maternal morbidity was high and there was one maternal death. Conclusion: Cesarean and postpartum hysterectomy is a necessary life-saving operation. Although maternal mortality is rare, morbidity remains high. Prevention of complications that give rise to hysterectomy and optimally timed surgery should decrease maternal morbidity and mortality.     

Emergency peripartum hysterectomy: a comparison of cesarean and postpartum hysterectomy

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, indications, outcomes, and complications of emergency hysterectomy performed after cesarean deliveries (cesarean hysterectomy) and vaginal deliveries (postpartum hysterectomy).

Study design

We conducted a retrospective cohort study from 1990 to 2002 of patients who had peripartum hysterectomies at a single tertiary hospital. Comparisons were made between cesarean and postpartum hysterectomies.

Results

There were 55 cases of emergency peripartum hysterectomy (38 cesarean hysterectomies, and 17 postpartum hysterectomies), for a rate of 0.8 per 1000 deliveries. Overall, the most common indication for hysterectomy was uterine atony (56.4%), followed by placenta accreta (20.0%). Average estimated blood loss was 3325.6±1839.2 mL, average operating time was 157.1±75.4 minutes, average time from delivery to completing the hysterectomy was 333.8±275.7 minutes, and the average length of hospitalization was 11.0±7.9 days. The cesarean delivery rate at Grady Memorial Hospital during the study period was 14.2%. There were no statistically significant differences between variables examined when comparisons were made by cesarean vs postpartum hysterectomy.

Conclusion

Uterine atony is the leading indication for emergency hysterectomy performed following cesarean and vaginal deliveries.     

Route of delivery as a risk factor for emergent peripartum hysterectomy: a case-control study

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether cesarean delivery is a risk factor for emergent postpartum hysterectomy. METHODS: We performed a case-control study of patients who delivered at Women & Infants Hospital between January 1989 and February 2000. Fifty cases of emergent postpartum hysterectomy performed within 14 days of delivery met our inclusion criteria. Using a computer-generated list, two patients admitted to the labor department at a time point similar to that of each case patient were selected as controls (n = 100). We reviewed medical records for demographic data, route of delivery, labor characteristics, surgical history, and indication for hysterectomy. Cases and controls were compared, and logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association of delivery route and emergent hysterectomy. RESULTS: Cesarean delivery was associated with a 13-fold increased risk of emergent hysterectomy when we controlled for previous cesarean delivery, dilation and curettage or abortion before the index pregnancy, use of prostaglandin, and use of pitocin (OR 12.9; 95% CI 5.2, 32.3). CONCLUSION: Cesarean delivery is a significant risk factor for postpartum hysterectomy.     

产科紧急子宫切除术手术指征及时机

难治性产后出血是产科紧急子宫切除术的主要原因。文章主要就产科紧急子宫切除术的指征及手术时机因素进行分析,并进一步阐述改善围产期结局的临床诊治进展。     

围产期子宫切除术后再次行腹腔探查术患者的临床特点分析

目的 探讨产后出血围产期子宫切除术后再次腹腔探查手术的原因及临床特点.方法 回顾性分析1999年1月至2009年7月广州市重症孕产妇救治中心收治的88例产后出血致围产期子宫切除病例,其中14例为再次探查手术组,74例为非再次探查手术组.比较两组的如下各项指标:分娩方式、子宫切除指征及方式、再次探查手术的间隔时间及手术方式、并发症、失血量、输血量、格拉斯哥评分、呼吸机辅助呼吸率、重症监护病房入住率、重症监护病房入住时间、住院时间及结局等.结果 88例围产期子宫切除患者中再次探查手术者14例,发生率为15.91%,均因子宫切除后腹腔内出血行再次探查手术.再次探查手术组患者并发弥漫性血管内凝血的比例显著高于非再次探查手术组(92.9%与43.2%,x2=11.598,P=0.001),同时羊水栓塞比例也显著增高(28.6%与2.7%,x2=8.663,P=0.003).再次探查手术止血方式:宫颈残端切除(5例),残端缝扎止血(8例)和右附件切除及腹膜后血肿清除(1例).再次探查手术组比非再次探查手术组患者具有更高的出血量、输血量、重症监护病房入住率及呼吸机辅助呼吸率[(8752.9±4593.0)ml与(3742.4±2689.9)ml,P=0.000;(8163.6±3903.1)ml与(2958.8±2323.0)ml,P=0.000;100.0%与41.9%,P=0.000;100.0%与24.3%,P=0.000];同时格拉斯哥评分≤8分比例及多器官功能障碍综合征比例显著增高(71.4%与25.7%,x2=9.179,P=0.002;71.4%与14.9%,x2=17.735,P=0.000);且ICU入住时间及住院时间明显延长[ICU入住时间:(11.4±10.0)d与(1.3±2.3)d;住院时间:(24.0±13.1)d与(12.7±7.0)d,P均=0.000].14例患者均临床痊愈出院.结论 围产期子宫切除术后再次探查手术的发生率不低,腹腔内出血是再次探查手术的主要原因.再次探查手术可能与凝血功能障碍及子宫切除方式选择不当等有关.再次探查手术患者并发症严重.

Abstract：

Objective To analyse the causes and clinical characteristics of re-exploration after peripartum hysterectomy due to postpartum hemorrhage. Methods Clinical data was analysed retrospectively including 88 critically ill obstetric patients who underwent peripartum hysterectomy due to postpartum hemorrhage in the Obstetric Critical Care Center of Guangzhou from January 1999 to July 2009, which were divided into re-explored group (n= 14) and non-re-explored group (n=74)depending on whether the patient underwent re-exploration after peripartum hysterectomy. The main demographic data and clinical details were compared between the two groups, including mode of delivery, indication and type of hysterectomy, interval from hysterectomy to re-exploration, surgical intervention, complications, blood loss, blood transfusion,Glasgow Coma Score(GCS), the need for mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit stay and hospital stay. Results Fourteen out of the 88 (15.91%) patients underwent re-exploration due to internal bleeding after peripartum hysterectomy.Removal of cervical stump was performed in five patients and stump hemostasis in eight cases.Significant difference was found between the re-exploration and non-re-explored group on thepercentage of patients complicated with disseminated intravascular coagulation(92.9% vs 43.2%,x2=11.598,P=0.001) and amniotic fluid embolism (28.6% vs 2.7%, x2 =8.663, P=0.003).0.000], blood transfusion [(8163.6± 3903.1 ) ml vs (2958.8± 2323.0) ml, P = 0.000], intensive care unit admission rate (100.0% vs 41.9%, x2 = 15.909, P= 0.000), the need for mechanical ventilation (100.0% vs 24.3%,P=0.000), the number of patients with GCS≤8 score (71.4% vs 25.7% ,x2 = 9.179, P = 0.002 ), the number of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome ( 71.4% vs 14.9%, x2 = 17.735, P = 0.000), intensive care unit stay [ ( 11.4 ± 10.0 ) d vs ( 1.3 ± 2.3 ) d, P =0.000] and hospital stay[(24.0±13.1) d vs (12.7±7.0) d, P=0.000]. Allof the 14 cases were clinical recovered before discharge. Conclusions The rate of re-exploration after peripartum hysterectomy is not low, and internal bleeding is the most common causes. The re-exploration after peripartum hysterectomy might be associated with coagulopathy and the mode of hysterectomy, and patients may experience more severe complications.     

Emergency peripartum hysterectomy in a tertiary London hospital

Objective The objective was to review all emergency peripartum hysterectomies performed at a tertiary hospital in London, UK, and to identify the risk factors for emergency peripartum hysterectomy.Method A retrospective case control study. The cases consisted of all women who had emergency peripartum hysterectomy between 1 January 1993 and 31 December 2003. Controls were women who delivered immediately before and after the indexed case. Demographic data, medical and surgical histories, pregnancy, intrapartum and postpartum data were collected. Differences between cases and controls were compared with ², Fisher exact and Student t tests. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors for emergency peripartum hysterectomy.Results There were 15 cases of emergency peripartum hysterectomy in 31,079 deliveries, giving a rate of 0.48 per 1,000. Women who had emergency peripartum hysterectomy were significantly older (mean age 37 years vs. 29 years, P<0.001) and multiparous (P=0.02). More of the cases had a history of uterine surgery (67 vs. 30%, P=0.01), placenta praevia (60 vs. 3%, P<0.0001) and were delivered by caesarean section (86.7 vs. 30%, P=0.003). Eighty percent of the hysterectomies were performed in the daytime and all were done by consultants. Haemorrhage due to placenta praevia was the main indication for emergency peripartum hysterectomy (47%). Independent risk factors for emergency peripartum hysterectomy were older age (odds ratios [OR] 1.2, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.2–1.6), multiparity (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.3–10.2), history of previous caesarean section (OR 13.5, 95% CI 2.7–65.4), caesarean delivery in index pregnancy (OR 11.6, 95% CI 2.1–68.6) and caesarean delivery in index pregnancy for placenta praevia (OR 18, 95% CI 3.6–69).Conclusion Caesarean deliveries, especially repeat caesareans in women with placenta praevia, significantly increase the risk of emergency peripartum hysterectomy.