经颅多普勒检测大面积脑梗死急性期血流动力学改变探讨

目的探讨大面积脑梗死急性期颅内血管血流动力学变化的特点。方法对43例大面积脑梗死患者在急性期进行TCD检查,观察颅内血管血流动力学变化情况。结果 43例大面积脑梗死患者的TCD显示,大面积脑梗死病侧大脑中动脉(MCA)平均血流速度(Vm)、颈内动脉(ICA)、平均血流速度(Vm)明显低于对照组(P0.05)和病灶对侧(P0.05),双侧大脑前动脉(ACA)Vm与对照组比较无显著差异;血管搏动指数和阻力指数(PI、RI)与对照组比较明显增大,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论大面积脑梗死可通过床边TCD及时了解颅内血流动力改变及血管阻力,从而了解梗死区血供情况,间接了解颅高压、脑水肿程度,为判断病情、预后及外科手术治疗提供参考。     

大脑中动脉狭窄脑梗死颅内血流动力学及侧支循环研究

目的 探讨大脑中动脉(MCA)狭窄或闭塞的脑梗死患者颅内血流动力学改变和侧支循环的代偿及神经功能缺损的关系.方法 通过经颅多普勒(TCD)检查,计算双侧大脑前动脉(ACA)、大脑后动脉(PCA)峰流速及其比值(RVACA、RVPCA),并与正常对照组比较.结果 共观察38例单侧MCA狭窄或闭塞的脑梗死患者.(1)病例组ACA、PCA血流速度代偿性增快,以ACA代偿为主(76.3%);(2)病例组RVACA明显较对照组高﹙P<0.01﹚;(3)MCA主干及皮层支梗死患者的RVACA明显较对照组及深穿支梗死组高﹙P<0.01,P<0.05﹚;MCA重度狭窄或闭塞脑梗死患者的RVACA较对照组及中度狭窄组高﹙P<0.05﹚;(4)病例组RVACA及RVPCA与NIHSS呈负相关(P<0.01﹚.结论 皮质软脑膜侧支吻合血管开放成为MCA狭窄或闭塞脑梗死侧支循环的主要途径,其代偿程度与预后相关.     

TCD对颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞诊断的临床研究

目的分析经颅多普勒超声(TCD)对颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞诊断的意义。方法回顾性分析50例疑为颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞的脑血管病患者(观察组)和30例正常体检者(对照组)的TCD结果(主要针对大脑中动脉、大脑前动脉、椎动脉和基底动脉等血管),并与MRA及DSA结果作对比分析。结果观察组与对照组所查脑血管平均血流速度有明显差异(P<0.05);以DSA检查为金标准,TCD结果的假阳性率为17.2%,假阴性率为17.1%,特异性为82.8%,敏感性为82.9%;与MRA检查相比,对颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞的阳性检出率无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论 TCD可作为诊断颅内动脉狭窄和闭塞的常用辅助检查手段。     

大面积脑梗死脑血流动力学动态变化研究

目的探讨大面积脑梗死后颅内血流动力学动态的变化特点。方法对58例大面积脑梗死患者采用影像学供血模型分为完全MCA型和MCA皮质型,利用床旁经颅彩色多普勒（TCD）于入院当天和1周内隔日1次及第14天动态检测颅内血流情况,通过测定脑底动脉血流速度、搏动指数及血流速度比值（RVACA）,观察颅内血管血流动力学变化。结果大面积脑梗死病灶侧大脑中动脉（MCA）平均血流速度（Vm）、颈内动脉（ICA）平均血流速度均明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）,完全MCA型组较MCA皮质型组MCA血流速度明显减慢;完全MCA型与MCA皮质型梗死后动态观察MCA血流变化不明显,NIHSS评分及Pi在第3、5、7天较第1天明显增高（P〈0.05）,NIHSS评分变化最明显。结论大面积脑梗死患者可通过床旁TCD动态检测,及时发现侧支循环代偿及血管再通情况,评价颅内压动态变化,结合神经功能缺损评分,观察脱水降颅压治疗反应,为患者选择合适的治疗方案提供依据。     

经颅多普勒联合CT灌注成像对单侧颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者脑血流动力学评价

目的 经颅多普勒(TCD)联合CT灌注成像(CrP)对单侧颈内动脉(ICA)重度狭窄或闭塞患者脑血流动力学评价.方法 经TCD检测为单侧ICA重度狭窄或闭塞患者19例,分症状组(9例)及无症状组(10例),行头颅CT血管成像(CTA)和CTP检查.15例健康志愿者为对照组.比较症状组和无症状组患侧之间、症状组和无症状组患侧与对照组TCD及CTP参数.结果 TCD示症状组患侧大脑中动脉(MCA)平均血流速度(Vm)低于对照组(P＜0.001),而无症状组MCA Vm低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);症状组和无症状组MCA搏动指数(PI)均低于对照组(P＜0.05).症状组患侧MCA Vm明显低于无症状组(P ＜0.001),与颅内侧枝循环有关.症状组和无症状组与对照组CTP参数分析,症状组患侧脑血流量(CBF)减低(P＜0.05),而无症状组CBF无明显改变(P＞0.05);症状组和无症状组平均通过时间(MTI)及达峰时间(TIP)延长(P＜0.05),但两组脑血容量(CBV)与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 TCD与CTP结果有良好的一致性,二者联合应用可以综合评估单侧颈动脉狭窄或闭塞患者脑灌注情况,为临床选择有效治疗方案提供科学依据.     

196例急性脑梗死DWI与MRA分析

目的探讨急性脑梗死的临床表现与DWI(磁共振扩散加权成像)、MRA(磁共振血管成像)之间的相关性。方法对196例急性脑梗死患者行DWI和MRA检查,对其影像学特征进行分析。结果196例患者在DWI病灶均显示为高信号。MRA显示:142例患者发现颅内大动脉狭窄或闭塞,狭窄的动脉分布为大脑中动脉、大脑后动脉、大脑前动脉、三级分支动脉、基底动脉、椎动脉、颈内动脉颅内段。48例腔隙性脑梗死发现血管狭窄或闭塞,且有16例发展成进展性脑梗死,34例腔隙性脑梗死在MRA上未见明显血管狭窄和闭塞,仅1例发生进展性脑梗死。结论急性脑梗死DWI检出阳性率100%,MRA检查最常受累的是大脑中动脉。腔隙性脑梗死病灶所处解剖区的供血大动脉易发生狭窄,且容易出现进展性卒中。     

交界区脑梗死与脑动脉狭窄或闭塞的关系

目的　观察交界区脑梗死与颅内外主要动脉狭窄或闭塞的关系。方法　回顾性分析经磁共振(MRI)弥散加权成像 (DWI)检查证实的急性交界区脑梗死 4 5例患者的临床资料 ,将交界区梗死部位分为前交界区、后交界区及内交界区 ,利用磁共振血管成像 (MRA)和经颅超声多普勒 (TCD)检查判断颅内外主要动脉有无狭窄或闭塞 ,观察梗死部位与血管受累的情况。结果　 4 5例中共有 32例 (71 1% )存在相应血管狭窄或闭塞。大脑中动脉狭窄出现比例最高 (4 7 6 % ) ,其次为颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞 (31% ) ,大脑前或后动脉狭窄少(11 9% )。动脉异常情况在单交界区与多交界区梗死的患者间无差别 ,但内交界区受累更易合并大脑中动脉狭窄 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　交界区脑梗死患者常存在颅内外主要动脉狭窄或闭塞 ,大脑中动脉狭窄最常见 ,尤其在内交界区受累时。     

经颅多普勒与核磁共振血管造影对比检测颅内大动脉的临床价值探讨

目的比较经颅多普勒(transcranialDoppler,TCD)与核磁共振血管造影(magneticreso-nanceangiography,MRA)检测颅内大动脉的特点,探讨其临床应用价值。方法应用TCD和MRA检测16例患者共32根大脑中动脉,比较其检测结果。结果TCD检查显示,大脑中动脉闭塞3根,狭窄16根,流速增快9根,正常4根;MRA显示,大脑中动脉闭塞4根,狭窄13根,正常15根。TCD与MRA检查的符合率于大脑中动脉闭塞时为75.0%(3/4),狭窄时为81.3%(13/16),正常时86.7%(13/15)。结论TCD与MRA对颅内大动脉的检测具有较高的一致性,TCD较MRA方便、迅速、经济,MRA较TCD直观、全面,二者联合检测可比较准确地提供颅内血管情况。     

经颅多普勒与核磁共振血管造影对比检测颅内大动脉的临床价值探讨

目的 比较经颅多普勒(transcranial Doppler，TCD)与核磁共振血管造影(magnetic resonance angiography，MRA)检测颅内大动脉的特点，探讨其临床应用价值。方法 应用TCD和MRA检测16例患共32根大脑中动脉，比较其检测结果。结果 TCD检查显示，大脑中动脉闭塞3根，狭窄16根，流速增快9根，正常4根；MRA显示，大脑中动脉闭塞4根，狭窄13根，正常15根。TCD与MRA检查的符合率于大脑中动脉闭塞时为75．0％(3／4)，狭窄时为81．3％(13／16)，正常时86．7％(13／15)。结论 TCD与MRA对颅内大动脉的检测具有较高的一致性，TCD较MRA方便、迅速、经济，MRA较TCD直观、全面，二联合检测可比较准确地提供颅内血管情况。     

经颅多普勒对分水岭脑梗死的检查评价

目的探讨经颅多普勒对分水岭脑梗死的临床使用价值。方法所有病例均行头MRI、TCD以及主动脉弓、全脑血管造影（DSA）检查,并证实为分水岭脑梗死。结果一侧颈内动脉系统狭窄或闭塞的10例患者中TCD示6例患侧ACA1血流方向逆转,4例患侧OA血流方向逆转,7例健侧ACA,血流速度高于患侧,6例患侧PCA血流速度增快;14例大脑中动脉主干或上干狭窄或闭塞的患者中TCD示6例大脑中动脉阶段性高流速,6例大脑中动脉未探及血流,2例大脑中动脉低流速伴高PI;1例一侧颈内动脉系统轻度狭窄的患者TCD无明显的变化。结论经颅多普勒能够有效地评价分水岭脑梗死患者脑血管狭窄和侧枝循环的代偿情况。     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Presence and severity of anorexia and bulimia among male and female Omani and non-Omani adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The population of Oman is a heterogeneous mix of nationalities providing a natural setting for studying the cross-cultural differences in the presence and severity of eating disorders as well as an opportunity for evaluating the performance of measurement instruments for these disorders. METHOD: Disordered eating screening instruments (the Eating Attitude Test and the Bulimic Investigatory Test) were administered to Omani teenagers, non-Omani teenagers, and Omani adults. RESULTS: On the Eating Attitude Test, 33% of Omani teenagers (29.4% females and 36.4% males) and 9% of non-Omani teenagers (7.5% of males and 10.6% females) showed a propensity for anorexic-like behavior. On the Bulimic Investigatory Test, 12.3% of Omani teenagers showed a propensity for binge eating or bulimia (13.7% females and 10.9% males). Among the non-Omani teenagers, 18.4% showed a tendency toward bulimia, with females showing a slightly greater tendency than males. In contrast, barely 2% of Omani adults showed either a presence of or a severity of disorderly behavior with food. CONCLUSION: Omani teenagers scored significantly higher than other ethnic groups and Omani adults. This finding is discussed in the light of emerging evidence from many parts of the world suggesting that cultural transition, compounded by demographic constraints, plays a significant role in abnormal eating attitudes.     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

Abstract

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Micro-affirmations and Recovery for Persons with Mental Health and Alcohol and Drug Problems: User and Professional Experience-Based Practice and Knowledge

Recurrent factors contributing to a recovery process from co-occurring mental health and addiction problems mentioned by users and professionals have been analyzed as part of working alliances and helpful relationships. Still, we lack knowledge about how helpful relationships are developed in daily practice. In this article, we focus on the concrete construction of professional helpful relationships. Forty persons in recovery and fifteen professionals were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed according to thematic analysis, resulting in three themes presented as paradoxes (1) My own decision, but with the help of others; (2) The need for structures and going beyond them; and (3) Small trivial things of great importance. Micro-affirmations have a central role in creating helpful relationships by confirming the individuals involved as more than solely users or professionals. More attention and appreciation should be paid to practices involving micro-affirmations.

     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.