视神经减压术治疗外伤性视神经病变

目的 评价视神经减压术治疗外伤性视神经病变的效果.方法 回顾性分析24例(24眼)外伤性视神经病变的临床资料.术前视力:无光感14眼,光感8眼,数指2眼,所有患者术前均经糖皮质激素冲击治疗无效.对其中14例行经眶筛进路视神经减压术,10例行鼻内镜下视神经减压术.手术距外伤时间:3～23 d.术后观察视力,随访2 ～ 24个月.结果 24例中17例有效,总有效率70.8％.其中7例达0.05 ～0.8,显效率29.1％.术前有残余视力(光感～数指)者10例均有效,有效率100％,其中6例术后达显效,占60％.无光感14例中,7例有效,有效率50％,其中6例术后恢复残余视力,1例术后1年达0.2.伤后3～7d无光感行手术减压者10例中有6例达到光感以上视力,有效率60％,伤后无光感8～23 d手术者4例中仅有1例达光感,有效率25％.结论 对外伤性视神经病变糖皮质激素冲击治疗无效的病例,手术减压是安全有效的.术前有残余视力者保守治疗无效应积极手术.无光感者一旦确定手术应在1周内尽早实施.     

鼻内镜下视神经管减压术治疗外伤性视神经病变

目的探讨鼻内镜下视神经管减压术对外伤性视神经病变的疗效及预后相关因素。方法分析10例(10眼)鼻内镜下视神经管减压术治疗外伤性视神经病变的临床特征及治疗效果。10例术前CT资料显示眶部无明显骨折者4例,眶前部骨折5例,眶后部骨折仅1例;术前无光感者7例,有部分视力者3例。结果术后随访6个月,7例无光感者术后视力无改善者5例,3例有部分视力者术后视力有不同程度提高;4例眶部无明显骨折者2例视力有不同程度改善,5例眶前部骨折者3例不同程度改善,而1例眶后部骨折者术后视力无改善。无手术并发症。结论外伤性视神经病变预后因素可能包括眶部有无骨折、视力受损程度、接受治疗的措施及时间等;鼻内镜下视神经管减压术是目前治疗外伤性视神经病变的一种微创、有效的手段之一。     

外伤性视神经病变经鼻内镜下视神经管减压及综合治疗

目的 回顾外伤性视神经病变经鼻内镜下视神经管减压合并药物治疗的结果,探讨手术适应证.设计回顾性病例系列.研究对象2006年～2010年北京同仁医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科收治的外伤性视神经病变患者69例（69眼）.方法 患者术前均行视神经管CT检查,除外严重颅脑外伤合并症,行鼻内镜下经筛、蝶窦视神经管减压术,同时给予围手术期激素冲击、营养神经及扩张血管等综合药物治疗.主要指标手术后视力.结果 59例（85.5%）术前CT扫描显示视神经管骨折.67例（97.1%）行视神经管减压术,其中因鞘膜水肿或鞘膜下积血切开神经鞘2例 1例放弃手术 另1例视力自行恢复出院.随诊2～44个月,术后视力改善30例（44.8%）,其中从无光感到有光感18例,视力大于0.1者9例.结论 经鼻内镜视神经管减压联合药物治疗是目前治疗外伤性视神经病变的推荐方法之一,在除外手术禁忌的情况下,应积极手术并结合药物治疗,挽救视力.     

视神经管减压术治疗间接性视神经挫伤30例

目的评价视神经管减压术治疗视神经挫伤的疗效和影响疗效的因素。方法手术治疗限定于外伤后1月内,并且无严重颅脑损伤、无严重全身病患者。手术方式采用经眶—筛窦—蝶窦视神经管减压术,全麻或局麻下施行。术前、术后常规应用大剂量糖皮质激素和神经营养药物治疗。结果30例患者中19例术后视力有不同程度提高,有效率为63%(19/30),24例术前无光感者,13例术后1周以后恢复光感以上的视力,有效率为54%(13/24),6例术前有光感～0.04,术后视力提高显著,有效率100%。手术病程15d以内者优于15d以上者。结论对严重的视神经挫伤患者应尽早行视神经管减压术,手术的效果与患者手术前的视力状况及病程的长短有关,术前、术后大剂量糖皮质激素及神经营养药物的应用对提高有效率也尤为必要。     

微创鼻内镜下视神经减压术在外伤性视神经病患者中的应用

目的 分析鼻内镜下视神经减压术在外伤性视神经病患者中的应用效果.方法 选取2014年1月至2016年1月我院收治的外伤性视神经病患者100例(100眼)为观察对象,按治疗方法不同分为观察组与对照组,每组各50例.对照组采取药物治疗模式,观察组在对照组的基础上,待病情稳定后采取鼻内镜下视神经减压术治疗.术后至少随访1 a,对比两组患者的临床疗效、视力、视觉诱发电位检查结果、不良反应发生率等.结果 观察组与对照组的治疗有效率分别为76.0％和36.0％,两组相比差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).观察组22眼无光感者中16眼视力提高,13眼光感者中9眼视力提高,11眼眼前手动者中9眼视力提高,4眼眼前数指者视力全部提高;对照组20眼无光感者中6眼视力提高,14眼光感者中6眼视力提高,12眼眼前手动者中5眼视力提高,4眼眼前数指者中1眼视力提高.治疗后,观察组P100潜伏期为(116.85±7.96) ms,P100振幅为(5.11±1.16)μV,均优于对照组的(105.62±6.82) ms、(4.31±1.25) μV.观察组不良反应发生率显著低于对照组(P =0.000).结论 鼻内镜下视神经减压术在外伤性视神经病患者中具有较好的应用效果和安全性,能够有效改善患者的视力,有助于提升患者的生活质量,值得在临床中推广使用.     

外伤性视神经病变26例临床分析

目的探讨外伤性视神经病变的诊断方法及治疗效果。方法对5年间收治的26例（28只眼）视神经损伤患者的临床特点与治疗效果进行总结分析。结果无光感21只眼有5只眼视力提高,光感以上7只眼均有不同程度提高。6只眼行视神经管减压术,其中2只眼仍无光感,4只眼视力提高。结论外伤性视神经病变多见于车祸头部外伤后,应尽早用大剂量糖皮质激素和脱水剂及血管扩张剂等治疗,早期视神经管减压术效果好。伤后立即失明者效果差。     

鼻内和眶内进路视神经管减压术临床对比观察

目的探讨和比较鼻内和鼻外两种进路视神经管减压术临床疗效。方法视神经外伤32例（32眼）。采用经鼻外眶内侧进路筛蝶窦视神经管减压术20例,经鼻内镜鼻内筛蝶窦进路视神经管减压术12例。结果眶内组20例中有12例（60％）术后视力有不同程度提高,分别从术前的无光感提高到术后的0．06,光感到0．08～0．15,手动到0．12～0．15,数指到0．2,0．02到0．2,0．03到0．15。鼻内组12例中有9例（75％）术后视力有明显提高,分别从术前的无光感到术后的0．25,光感到0．2～0．25,手动到0．2—0．3,0．02到0．3。按Wileoxon统计法,P〈0．05。结论本组鼻内进路视神经管减压术临床效果优于眶内进路,认为鼻内窥镜下视神经管减压术有较好疗效。     

外伤性视神经病变临床分析

目的 探讨外伤性视神经病变的诊断方法及治疗效果。方法 回顾32例35眼视神经损伤的诊断，手术治疗和药物治疗后的视力恢复情况。进行总结分析。结果 视神经损伤7天之内就诊者，无光感15眼仅2眼视力提高，光感以上者16眼视力均有不同程度的提高。8-20天就诊者，1例（2眼）无变化，2例行视神经管减压术视力提高。结论 外伤性视神经病变以CT检查有视神经受压迫的阳性征象者，不论有无光感均应及早手术；无阳性征象者及早药物治疗，多途径给药，效果较好。伤后立即失明者治疗效果差。     

鼻内窥镜下经蝶窦视神经管减压术疗效观察

目的：观察鼻内窥镜下视神经减压术的手术及临床效果。方法：对8例因外伤致视神经损伤的病例，在全麻下行鼻内窥镜视神经减压术，并对术中所见、手术时间及术后视力恢复情况进行临床分析。结果：8例患者均由该术式视神经减压获得成功；原发视神经损伤3例，术后视力无改善；继发视神经损伤5例，术后视力有明显的恢复，视力分别从术前的无光感、光感、手动／眼前、手动／眼前、0．04提高到术后的0．1、0．08、0．06、0．1、0．1。结论：视神经损伤一旦确定，应尽早手术，本术式对筛、蝶窦骨折累及视神经、继发视神经损伤及视神经管内壁骨折者为较好选择；伤后有光感或视力渐进下降者，手术效果较好，对伤后无光感的患者，应认真分析损伤情况，对有视功能改善可能者，亦可尽早实施手术；手术时间尽早为好，但伤后时间较长者，亦不能放弃争取视功能改善的机会。     

外伤性视神经病变临床分析

目的 探讨外伤性视神经病变的诊断方法及治疗效果。方法 对36例39眼视神经损伤的诊断、手术治疗和用药后的视力恢复情况，进行总结分析。结果 视神经损伤7天之内就诊者，无光感16眼仅3眼视力提高，光感以上者17眼视力均有不同程度的提高。8—20天就诊2例(4眼)无变化，2例行视神经管减压术视力提高。结论 外伤性视神经病变经CT检查有神经受压迫的阳性征象者，不论有无光感均应及早手术，无阳性征象者及早用药治疗多途径给药，效果较好。伤后立即失明者治疗效果差。     

Optic neuritis

The term optic neuritis denotes primary inflammation of the optic nerve. When the clinical history and examination suggest optic neuritis and the optic disk appears normal, the term retrobulbar optic neuritis is used. Critical elements in establishing the diagnosis are a detailed history and an accurate examination. For this reason, the ophthalmologist must be familiar with the clinical profile of optic neuritis.     

Optic neuritis

Aims

The aim of this study is to provide a clinical update on optic neuritis (ON), its association with multiple sclerosis (MS), and neuromyelitis optica (NMO).

Methods

This study included a PubMed review of the literature written in the English language.

Results

ON in adults is typically idiopathic or demyelinating, and is characterised by unilateral, subacute, painful loss of vision that is not associated with any systemic or other neurological symptoms. Demyelinating ON is associated with MS, and we review the key studies of ON including the ON treatment trial and several other MS treatment trials and NMO.

Conclusion

Acute demyelinating ON can occur in isolation or be associated with MS. Typical ON does not require additional evaluation other than cranial magnetic resonance imaging. NMO is likely a separate disorder from MS and the ON in NMO has a different treatment and prognosis.

Methodology

The authors conducted an English language search using Pubmed from the years 1964 to 2010 using the search terms ‘ON'', ‘MS'' and ‘NMO''. The authors included original articles, review articles, and case reports, which revealed new aspects as far as epidemiology, histopathology, clinical manifestations, imaging, genetics, and treatment of ON. Titles were reviewed for topicality and full references were obtained. Letters to the editor, unpublished work, and abstracts were not included in this review.     

Optic atrophy

A young woman became suddenly aware of visual loss in her left eye. She was found to have optic atrophy giving chronicity to the disease process. A hypopigmented macule on her face along with neuroimaging studies suggested an inflammatory process. A biopsy of the skin lesion was compatible with sarcoidosis. The patient responded to corticosteroid therapy.     

Optic flow

This paper offers a quick review of the subject of "optic flow" in its conceptual and computational aspects. The theory is evaluated in terms of possible applications in the neurophysiology and experimental psychology of spatial sensorymotor behaviour and perception. The problem of which kind of detector is suited to extract various aspects of optic flow is given special attention. It is shown that the possibilities are actually much more various than is reflected in the current (even the frankly speculative) literature. It is argued that a system that is sensitive to the relative time changes of the orientation differences of image details is especially suited for an analysis of the optic flow with regard to the information concerning the three dimensional shape of objects such as is contained in the flow. Thus the orientation sensitive elements that are known to be abundantly present in the primary visual cortex of many vertebrates are hereby implicated as a quite likely substrate for the extraction of the solid shape of environmental objects. In our opinion this possibility should be investigated with the same ardour as the usual interpretation, which holds this system responsible for the initial extraction of the contours of flat (i.e. defined in the image) shapes. A new, partial solution to the "structure from motion problem" is offered, that not only covers the usual case of shape extraction in the presence of rigid motions of the object, but also the much wider class of (non-rigid) bending deformations (such as occur in the non-rigid deformations of inextensible shells). These solutions violate all conditions required by the well known "structure from motion theorem": the solutions are possible for point configurations in which no fourtuple of points moves as a rigid structure and for input data from merely two views. A numerical example illustrates how this algorithm can be used to predict side views of an object from very limited input data.