Association between reduced sleep and weight gain in women

Physiologic studies suggest that sleep restriction has metabolic effects that predispose to weight gain. The authors investigated the association between self-reported usual sleep duration and subsequent weight gain in the Nurses' Health Study. The 68,183 women who reported habitual sleep duration in 1986 were followed for 16 years. In analyses adjusted for age and body mass index, women sleeping 5 hours or less gained 1.14 kg (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49, 1.79) more than did those sleeping 7 hours over 16 years, and women sleeping 6 hours gained 0.71 kg (95% CI: 0.41, 1.00) more. The relative risks of a 15-kg weight gain were 1.32 (95% CI: 1.19, 1.47) and 1.12 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.19) for those sleeping 5 and 6 hours, respectively. The relative risks for incident obesity (body mass index: >30 kg/m(2)) were 1.15 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.26) and 1.06 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.11). These associations remained significant after inclusion of important covariates and were not affected by adjustment for physical activity or dietary consumption. These data suggest that short sleep duration is associated with a modest increase in future weight gain and incident obesity. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms by which sleep duration may affect weight.     

Association of fewer hours of sleep at 6 months postpartum with substantial weight retention at 1 year postpartum

Shorter sleep duration is linked to obesity, coronary artery disease, and diabetes. Whether sleep deprivation during the postpartum period affects maternal postpartum weight retention remains unknown. This study examined the association of sleep at 6 months postpartum with substantial postpartum weight retention (SPPWR), defined as 5 kg or more above pregravid weight at 1 year postpartum. The authors selected 940 participants in Project Viva who enrolled during early pregnancy from 1999 to 2002. Logistic regression models estimated odds ratios of SPPWR for sleep categories, controlling for sociodemographic, prenatal, and behavioral attributes. Of the 940 women, 124 (13%) developed SPPWR. Sleep distributions were as follows: 114 (12%) women slept < or =5 hours/day, 280 (30%) slept 6 hours/day, 321 (34%) slept 7 hours/day, and 225 (24%) slept > or =8 hours/day. Adjusted odds ratios of SPPWR were 3.13 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.42, 6.94) for < or =5 hours/day, 0.99 (95% CI: 0.50, 1.97) for 6 hours/day, and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.50, 1.78) for > or =8 hours/day versus 7 hours/day (p = 0.012). The adjusted odds ratio for SPPWR of 2.05 (95% CI: 1.11, 3.78) was twofold greater (p = 0.02) for a decrease in versus no change in sleep at 1 year postpartum. Sleeping < or =5 hours/day at 6 months postpartum was strongly associated with retaining > or =5 kg at 1 year postpartum. Interventions to prevent postpartum obesity should consider strategies to attain optimal maternal sleep duration.     

Sleep duration and obesity-related risk factors in the rural Midwest

OBJECTIVE: Habitual short sleep duration is a common practice linked to weight gain and risk of obesity. Our objective was to examine the association between sleep duration with other behaviors, such as physical activity and nutrition, which are important for obesity prevention efforts. METHODS: We used cross-sectional data from rural communities in Missouri, Tennessee, and Arkansas (N=1203). Controlling for covariates, we assessed the association between short sleep duration (<7 h vs. 7-8 h) and obesity, not meeting vigorous physical activity requirements, low fruit and vegetable consumption, high fat consumption, and frequently eating at fast food restaurants. RESULTS: The proportion of participants with habitual sleep duration of <7 h, 7-8 h, and > or =9 h was 36.2%, 57.3%, and 6.4%, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, short sleep duration was associated with certain obesity-related behaviors, particularly lower physical activity and lower fruit and vegetable consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Short sleep duration is associated with risk behaviors that are known to promote weight gain and obesity. Interventions aimed at promoting physical activity and improved nutrition may benefit by considering adequate sleep duration as a potentially modifiable behavior that may impact the effectiveness of efforts to prevent obesity.     

Relationship between sleep pattern and efficacy of calorie-restricted Mediterranean diet in overweight/obese subjects

The association between the sleep pattern and the effectiveness of a calorie-restricted Mediterranean diet in people with overweight/obesity has been investigated in this study. Four hundred and three subjects were provided with a calorie-restricted Mediterranean diet and followed for 9?months. Personal information, including sleep pattern, was obtained at the baseline. Body weight and composition were measured every 3?months. Poor sleepers reported to have significantly (p?p?=?.05). Women who reported sleeping 6–8 or?>8?h/day had an increased probability of losing fat mass than women who reported sleeping <6?h/day (OR?=?4.47, 95% CI: 1.42–14.04, p?=?.010 and OR?=?5.10, 95% CI: 1.15–22.70; p?=?.032, respectively). Our findings confirm that the normal sleep pattern is necessary to maintain body weight and optimal body composition.     

中国中老年人睡眠时间与高血压患病率的相关性——基于健康与养老追踪调查

  目的  探究中国中老年人群睡眠时间与高血压患病率的关联。  方法  采用横断面研究分析方法,数据来源北京大学中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, CHARLS)。共纳入7 885名研究对象,按照夜间睡眠时长分为5组:≤5 h、＞5~ < 6 h、6~ < 7 h(参照)、7~ < 8 h、≥8 h。采用多因素Logistic回归分析模型分析并建立3个模型,在调整不同协变量下逐步探索不同夜间睡眠时长对高血压发生的影响,获得OR值和95% CI值。  结果  以夜间睡眠时长6~ < 7 h为对照,夜间睡眠时长≤5 h患高血压风险较高(OR=1.37, 95% CI: 1.12~1.69, P=0.002)。进一步按照性别分层分析,逐步调整混杂后,男性睡眠时长≤5 h组患高血压的风险是6~ < 7 h组的1.72倍(95% CI: 1.14~2.59, P=0.009)。而在女性中,调整混杂后并未发现关联(OR=1.26, 95% CI: 0.99~1.59, P=0.055)。  结论  在中国中老年人群中,夜间睡眠时长≤5 h可能是高血压患病的独立危险因素,男性夜间睡眠时长≤5 h会增加高血压的患病风险。     

2010年与2020年沈阳市3~6岁儿童睡眠时间与超重肥胖的变化及相互关系

  目的  描述2010年和2020年沈阳市3~6岁儿童超重肥胖变化情况,探讨睡眠时间与超重肥胖之间的关系,为今后开展儿童肥胖防制工作提供参考依据。  方法  采用方便抽样方法,2020年在沈阳市抽取6所幼儿园,在知情同意情况下,对全体儿童进行身高和体重测量,同时对家长进行问卷调查。比较2010年在同一区10所幼儿园儿童的身高体重数据及调查问卷中所需要的内容,统计分析10年间儿童睡眠时间和超重肥胖的变化情况并探讨睡眠时间对儿童超重肥胖发生的影响。  结果  2020年参与调查的3~6岁儿童共623人。2010年共574名3~6岁儿童的调查问卷被采用。与2010年比较,2020年3~6岁儿童的年龄和性别差异均无统计学意义(均有P＞0.05);2020年儿童身高、体重以及BMI均明显增加(均有P＜0.05)。2020年儿童肥胖检出率(14.9%)明显高于2010年(10.5%,P＜0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析模型分析结果显示,2010年睡眠时间＜8 h组的儿童超重检出率是正常儿童的2.51倍(95% CI: 1.22~5.19),其肥胖检出率是正常儿童的2.78倍(95% CI: 1.17~6.23)。2020年睡眠时间8~9 h组的儿童超重检出率是正常儿童的2.71倍(95% CI: 1.34~5.48),其肥胖检出率是正常儿童的2.25倍(95% CI: 1.09~4.67)。  结论  2010―2020年,沈阳市3~6岁儿童的超重肥胖率呈明显增加趋势。2010年儿童睡眠时间＜8 h和2020年睡眠时间在8~9 h的儿童超重肥胖的风险增加。     

倒班和睡眠时间对钢铁工人肝功能异常的影响

  目的  探讨倒班、平均睡眠时间及其联合作用对钢铁工人肝功能异常的影响,为保护钢铁工人肝脏提供理论依据。  方法  采用横断面研究,以某钢铁公司6 907名工人作为研究对象, 并收集信息。采用非条件Logistic回归分析模型和限制性立方样条函数进行分析。  结果  肝功能异常的检出率为18.0%,且男性高于女性(19.2% vs. 5.1%)。调整混杂因素后,倒班年限和肝功能异常之间存在非线性剂量反应关系。倒班和平均倒班频率＞7夜/月患肝功能异常的风险分别增加1.24倍(OR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.04~1.49)和1.29倍(OR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.07~1.56)。以倒班状态分层,在倒班工人中平均睡眠时间较短(≤5 h/d)和较长(＞7 h/d)患肝功能异常的风险分别增加1.19倍(OR=1.19, 95% CI: 1.01~1.43)和1.22倍(OR=1.22, 95% CI: 1.02~1.44)。且平均睡眠时间较长或较短均与倒班存在正向相乘的交互作用。根据平均睡眠时间分层后,平均睡眠时间＞5~7 h/d的各倒班指标与肝功能异常的联系无统计学意义。  结论  倒班工作和睡眠时间较长或较短联合作用会增加钢铁工人肝功能异常的风险,倒班工作对肝功能异常的独立作用也不容忽视。     

The effect of work shift and sleep duration on various aspects of police officers' health

Police officers are prone to cardiovascular disease, overweight, and obesity. Because night-shift work affects sleep, a modifiable risk factor linked to chronic disease, the researchers explored the relationship among shift work, sleep, and wellness for police officers. Sleep, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, stress, fatigue, and body mass index were used to compare officers who worked primarily day shifts to those who worked primarily evening or night shifts, and officers who slept less than 6 hours per day to those who slept at least 6 hours per day. A cross-sectional study of 85 male officers, 20 to 63 years old, was completed at three Midwestern police departments. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess sleep. A questionnaire was used to collect officer demographics and work hours. Other measurements included serum CRP, height, weight, perceived stress, and vital exhaustion. The relative risk of sleeping less than 6 hours per day for officers who primarily worked non-day shifts, compared to those who worked day shifts, was 14.27 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.98-102.95, p < .001), and the relative risk of overall poor sleep quality for officers who slept less than 6 hours per day, compared to those who slept more hours, was 2.44 (95% CI, 1.15-5.20, p = .027). CRP was not associated with shift or sleep duration, even when adjusted for officers' ages.     

Relationship of BMI, waist circumference, and weight change with use of health services by older adults

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship of BMI, waist circumference (WC), and weight change with use of health care services by older adults. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: This was a prospective cohort study conducted from 2001 to 2003 among 2919 persons representative of the non-institutionalized Spanish population > or =60 years of age. Analyses were performed using logistic regression, with adjustment for age, educational level, size of place of residence, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and presence of chronic disease. RESULTS: Obesity (BMI > or = 30 kg/m(2)) and abdominal obesity (WC >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women) in 2001 were associated with greater use of certain health care services among men and women in the period 2001-2003. Compared with women with WC < or = 88 cm, women with abdominal obesity were more likely to visit primary care physicians [odds ratio (OR): 1.36; 95% confidence limit (CL): 1.06-1.73] and receive influenza vaccination (OR: 1.30; 95% CL: 1.03-1.63). Weight gain was not associated with greater health service use by either sex, regardless of baseline BMI. Weight loss was associated with greater health service use by obese and non-obese subjects of both sexes. In comparison with those who reported no important weight change, non-obese women who lost weight were more likely to visit hospital specialists (OR: 1.45; 95% CL: 1.02-2.06), receive home medical visits (OR: 1.61; 95% CL: 1.06-2.45), be hospitalized (OR: 1.88; 95% CL: 1.29-2.74), and have more than one hospital admission (OR: 2.31; 95% CL: 1.19-4.47). DISCUSSION: Obesity and weight loss are associated with greater health service use among the elderly.     

Cross-sectional versus prospective associations of sleep duration with changes in relative weight and body fat distribution: the Whitehall II Study

A cross-sectional relation between short sleep and obesity has not been confirmed prospectively. The authors examined the relation between sleep duration and changes in body mass index and waist circumference using the Whitehall II Study, a prospective cohort of 10,308 white-collar British civil servants aged 35-55 years in 1985-1988. Data were gathered in 1997-1999 and 2003-2004. Sleep duration and other covariates were assessed. Changes in body mass index and waist circumference were assessed between the two phases. The incidence of obesity (body mass index: > or =30 kg/m(2)) was assessed among nonobese participants at baseline. In cross-sectional analyses (n = 5,021), there were significant, inverse associations (p < 0.001) between duration of sleep and both body mass index and waist circumference. Compared with 7 hours of sleep, a short duration of sleep (< or =5 hours) was associated with higher body mass index (beta = 0.82 units, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.38, 1.26) and waist circumference (beta = 1.88 cm, 95% CI: 0.64, 3.12), as well as an increased risk of obesity (odds ratio(adjusted) = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.22, 2.24). In prospective analyses, a short duration of sleep was not associated with significant changes in body mass index (beta = -0.06, 95% CI: -0.26, 0.14) or waist circumference (beta = 0.44, 95% CI: -0.23, 1.12), nor with the incidence of obesity (odds ratio(adjusted) = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.60, 1.82). There is no temporal relation between short duration of sleep and future changes in measures of body weight and central adiposity.     

Major increase in prevalence of overweight and obesity between 1987 and 2001 among Danish adults

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to examine the secular trends in the prevalence of obesity (BMI >or= 30.0 kg/m(2)) and overweight (25.0 相似文献   

A 4-Year Study of the Association between Short Sleep Duration and Change in Body Mass Index in Japanese Male Workers

Background

Studies of Western populations have shown an inconsistent longitudinal association between short sleep duration and change in body mass index (BMI); a recent Japanese cohort study reported a significant association in men, but over a 1-year period. The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine whether this association was robust over a 4-year interval in Japanese men.

Methods

A total of 3803 middle-aged Japanese male white-collar workers (mean age 47.8 years, mean BMI 23.9 kg/m²) in Tokyo, Japan, were included in this study from 1994–1995 (baseline) to 1998–1999 (follow-up). Height and weight were objectively measured at annual health checkups, and other data, including sleep duration, were collected using a structured interview. We used linear regression models to estimate change in BMI, after adjustment for covariates. The reference category for sleep duration was set to 7 hours, to conform with previous studies.

Results

As compared with participants sleeping 7 hours, those sleeping 5 hours or less had a significantly higher BMI at baseline (beta coefficient: 0.34 kg/m², 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03, 0.65) and gained 0.15 kg/m² in BMI over 4 years (95% CI: 0.03, 0.27), after adjustment for age, baseline BMI, lifestyle behavior, and medication.

Conclusions

The longitudinal association between short sleep duration at baseline and relative increase in BMI was significant in Japanese male workers over a 4-year interval.Key words: Japanese, longitudinal studies, obesity, sleep, weight gain     

Weight cycling, weight gain, and risk of hypertension in women.

To assess prospectively the relation between body mass index, weight gain, repeated intentional weight losses, and the risk of self-reported hypertension, the authors studied 46,224 women who were participants in the Nurses Health Study II, who were free of hypertension in 1993, and who completed questions on intentional weight losses between 1989 and 1993. Women who reported they had intentionally lost > or =20 lbs (9 kg) > or =3 times were classified as severe weight cyclers. Women who had intentionally lost > or =10 lbs (4.5 kg) > or =3 times, but who did not meet the criteria for severe weight cycling, were classified as mild weight cyclers. Between 1993 and 1995, 1,107 incident cases of diagnosed hypertension were reported. Body mass index and weight gain, but not weight cycler status, were independently associated with the development of hypertension. For each 10 lb (4.5 kg) gain in weight between 1989 and 1993, the risk of hypertension increased 20% (odds ratio (OR) = 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15, 1.24). After adjustment for body mass index and weight gain, the risks associated with mild weight cycling (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.00, 1.33) and severe weight cycling (OR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.79, 1.61) were small and not significant. Thus, the results of this study offer support for the current weight guidelines and provide further evidence of the health risks associated with excessive weight and weight gain. However, these data do not suggest an independent effect of weight cycling on risk of hypertension.     

睡眠时长与不同缺血性卒中亚型的相关性

  目的  探讨睡眠时长与不同缺血性卒中(ischemic stroke,IS)亚型的相关性。  方法  以北京市农村社区居民为研究对象,开展问卷调查、体格检查以及血生化检测。睡眠时长作为分类变量,分为睡眠时长≤ 5 h/d(< 5.5 h/d)、6 h/d(5.5~6.5 h/d)、7 h/d(6.5~7.5 h/d)、8 h/d(7.5~8.5 h/d)、≥ 9 h/d(≥ 8.5 h/d),依据急性卒中Org 10172治疗试验(trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment,TOAST)分型对IS进行分型,采用Logistic回归分析模型睡眠时长与不同IS亚型的相关性。  结果  共纳入6 370名研究对象,平均年龄为(58.34±9.37)岁。Logistic回归分析模型显示,在调整年龄、性别、行为生活方式、社会经济状况和健康状态后,与睡眠时长为7 h/d的相比,睡眠时长≤ 5 h/d的患IS、大动脉粥样硬化型卒中,小动脉闭塞型卒中和不明原因型卒中的风险分别是对照组的1.75倍(95%CI:1.42~2.15,P < 0.001)、1.98倍(95%CI:1.46~2.70,P < 0.001)、5.73倍(95%CI:3.34~9.83,P < 0.001)和4.43倍(95%CI:1.86~10.53,P=0.001)。然而,睡眠时长8 h/d和≥ 9 h/d仅在IS和大动脉粥样硬化型卒中中表现出有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。  结论  睡眠不足与IS、大动脉粥样硬化型卒中、小动脉闭塞型卒中和不明原因型卒中风险增加有关,而睡眠过长仅与IS和大动脉粥样硬化型卒中风险增加有关。     

Sleep duration and obesity in adulthood: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Short and long sleep duration have been associated with risk of obesity in children and adolescents. Evidence in adults is more mixed, with biological and psychosocial factors underlying these relationships mostly unknown. This review aimed at qualitatively and quantitatively summarizing previous studies on sleep duration as a predictor of obesity in adults in order to provide an update of the state of art in this field and clarify these relationships. Odds ratios at 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were estimated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity of effects distribution and publication bias were tested. Twelve articles were selected for short sleep (n = 154,936) and eight for long sleep duration (n = 152,192). Results indicated that short sleep duration (OR: 1.412; 95% CI: 1.177–1.694) was significantly associated with the risk of future obesity, and that long sleep duration (OR: 0.995; 95% CI: 0.889–1.114) was not associated. Heterogeneity was high and lowered to non-significant values when considering gender and extremes of short/long sleep duration. Results seem to confirm a potential role of short sleep duration in predicting but results on long sleep are still mixed. Future investigations on potential mediators of such relationships are needed.     

贵阳高校新生睡眠质量与体重指数的相关性分析

目的 研究高校新生的睡眠质量及体重指数现状,探讨二者的相关性。方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,应用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表和自编调查问卷,对12323名新生进行问卷调查,并测量身高、体重。结果 体重过轻、正常体重、超重、肥胖的检出率分别为21.75%、65.70%、9.15%、3.42%,性别、家庭所在地、学校类型及午睡习惯不同,BMI得分差异均有统计学意义;平均睡眠时间为（7.03±1.04）小时,PSQI得分为 0~17 分,总均分为（5.31±2.63）分,睡眠障碍检出率为18.32%;不同BMI分组下睡眠障碍检出率差异有统计学意义,肥胖组的睡眠障碍检出率最高;多因素logistic 回归分析显示,性别（OR=0.707, 95%CI:0.650~0.768）、家庭所在地（OR=1.151, 95%CI:1.053~1.256）、肥胖（OR=1.458, 95%CI:1.187~1.790）、午睡习惯（OR=1.380, 95%CI:1.251~1.522）是新生睡眠障碍的影响因素（P值均＜0.05）。结论 高校新生睡眠质量问题与肥胖关系密切,合理的体重及良好的睡眠习惯控制有助于改善睡眠质量。     

Overweight among children and adolescents in a Native Canadian community: prevalence and associated factors

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of pediatric obesity in North America is increasing. Native American children are at especially high risk. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of pediatric overweight and associated behavioral factors in a Native Canadian community with high rates of adult obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. DESIGN: Height and weight were measured in 445 children and adolescents aged 2-19 y. Fitness level, television viewing, body image concepts, and dietary intake were assessed in 242 subjects aged 10-19 y. Overweight was defined as a body mass index > or =85th percentile value for age- and sex-specific reference data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Multiple logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with overweight, with adjustment for age and sex. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of overweight in subjects aged 2-19 y was significantly higher than NHANES III reference data [boys: 27. 7% (95% CI: 21.8, 34.5); girls: 33.7% (95% CI: 27.9, 40.1)]. In the subset aged 10-19 y, > or =5 h television viewing/d was associated with a significantly higher risk of overweight than was < or =2 h/d [odds ratio (OR) = 2.52; 95% CI: 1.06, 5.98]. Subjects in the third and fourth quartiles of fitness had a substantially lower risk of overweight than did those in the first quartile [third quartile compared with first quartile: OR = 0.24 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.66); fourth quartile compared with first quartile: OR = 0.13 (95% CI: 0.03, 0. 48)]. Fiber consumption on the previous day was associated with a decreased risk of overweight (OR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.99 for each 0.77 g/MJ increase in fiber intake). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric overweight is a harbinger of future diabetes risk and indicates a need for programs targeting primary prevention of obesity in children and adolescents.     

Maternal obesity and infant heart defects

OBJECTIVE: This study determined whether obese women have an increased risk of cardiovascular defects in their offspring compared with average weight women. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: In a case-control study, prospectively collected information was obtained from Swedish medical health registers. The study included 6,801 women who had infants with a cardiovascular defect and, as controls, all delivered women (N = 812,457) during the study period (1992 to 2001). Infants with chromosomal anomalies or whose mothers had pre-existing diabetes were excluded. Obesity was defined as BMI >29 kg/m(2), and morbid obesity was defined as BMI >35 kg/m(2). Comparisons were made with average weight women (BMI = 19.8 to 26 kg/m(2)). RESULTS: In the group of obese mothers, there was an increased risk for cardiovascular defects compared with the average weight mothers [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.18; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.27], which was slightly more pronounced for the severe types of cardiovascular defects (adjusted OR = 1.23; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.44). With morbid obesity, the OR for cardiovascular defects was 1.40 (95% CI, 1.22 to 1.64), and for severe cardiovascular defects, the OR was 1.69 (95% CI, 1.27 to 2.26). There was an increased risk for all specific defects studied among the obese women, but only ventricular septal defects and atrial septal defects reached statistical significance. DISCUSSION: In this sample, a positive association was found between maternal obesity in early pregnancy and congenital heart defects in the offspring. A suggested explanation is undetected type 2 diabetes in early pregnancy, but other explanations may exist.     

A longitudinal study of the impact of chronic psychological stress on health-related quality of life and clinical biomarkers: protocol for the Australian Healthy Aging of Women Study

Background

Some health behaviours are liable to affect the incidence of allergies and/or common infections in young people; however, the extent and ways in which these might occur are mostly unknown. This study examines the association of health behaviours related to physical activity, sedentariness, diet and sleep with allergy and infection symptoms in adolescents, and also with biological markers that might mediate disease incidence.

Methods

The study comprised a total of 2054 adolescents (50.7% girls) from the Madrid region of Spain. The incidence of infection and allergy symptoms three months prior to the study was obtained from a self-administered questionnaire. Physical and sedentary activities, height and weight, food habits and sleep duration were also self-reported and their influence on infection and allergy incidence was assessed by logistic regression analysis. Blood biomarkers (IgE, eosinophil percentage, leptin, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) were evaluated in a subsample of 198 subjects.

Results

Adequate sleep duration (OR?=?0.79, 95%CI: 0.64 to 0.97) and unhealthy weight status (overweight/obesity) (OR?=?1.35, 95%CI: 1.04-1.74) were independently associated with decreased and increased allergy incidence, respectively. No significant association was observed with infection incidence. IgE and leptin differed between adolescents with and without allergy symptoms. In regression models IgE was significantly associated with inadequate sleep duration and leptin with weight status.

Conclusion

Excess weight and inadequate sleep duration are independently associated with the incidence of allergy symptoms in adolescents. Adequate sleep duration and weight during adolescence might be relevant for a decreased risk of suffering allergy symptoms.     

Habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnea in adults: population-based study in Southern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnea and their factors associated. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a representative sample comprising 3,136 adults (>20 years) living in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in 2005. A questionnaire was used to collect information on demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral and anthropometric variables and outcomes. Crude and adjusted statistical analysis using Fisher exact test and chi-square test for linear trend and a multivariate analysis through Poisson regression model were carried out, respectively. RESULTS: The prevalence of habitual snoring was 50.5% (95% CI: 48.1;52.8) and obstructive sleep apnea was 9.9% (95% CI: 8.7;11.2). After adjustment, the risk of habitual snoring was greater in males (prevalence ratio [PR]=1.25, 95% CI: 1.16;1.34), elderly people (PR=1.62, 95% CI: 1.46;1.80), current smokers (PR=1.15, 95% CI: 1.07;1.25), alcohol users (PR=1.17, 95% CI: 1.03;1.31) and obese people (PR=1.71, 95% CI: 1.55;1.88). The risk of obstructive sleep apnea was greater in males (PR=2.05, 95% CI: 1.67;2.52), elderly people (PR=2.23, 95% CI: 1.64;3.03), current smokers (PR=1.60, 95% CI: 1.25;2.05) and obese people (PR=2.61, 95% CI: 1.97;3.47). CONCLUSIONS: In the studied population, habitual snoring and obstructive sleep apnea were common symptoms. Well-known risk factors such as male gender and age between 40 and 60 years are not modifiable. However, smoking, alcohol use and obesity need to be identified and treated in general population.