系统性红斑狼疮医院感染发病率调查与危险因素分析

作者回顾性地分析了同济医院1986年1月～1990年12月收治的163例次SLE病人,医院感染的平均发病率为49.69％。以下呼吸道感染最常见(31.11％),其次是泌尿道、消化道、皮肤软组织及血液感染。引起医院感染的主要病原体为真菌(54.39％),其次为革兰氏阴性杆菌、病毒及结核菌等。将导致SLE发生医院感染的众多危险因素进行LOgistic回归模型分析,确定狼疮性肾炎、住院时间、抗菌药物、肾上腺皮质激素与免疫抑制剂应用等为危险因素。     

妊娠期下生殖道感染调查

目的:调查妊娠期妇女下生殖道感染及不良妊娠结局的发生率。方法:对象为在天坛医院进行产前检查并住院分娩的412例孕妇,孕36周时取阴道及宫颈分泌物进行滴虫(T)、外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病(VVC)、细菌性阴道病(BV)、衣原体(CT)、支原体(UU或Mh)及B族-溶血性链球菌(GBS)检测。根据感染情况分为感染组和非感染组,并追踪两组患者不良妊娠结局的发生情况。结果:412例妊娠期妇女下生殖道感染总检出率为27.62%,单一病原菌感染者70例,检出率为16.99%,其中UU最多,检出率6.55%,BV次之,检出率2.91%。多种病原菌同时感染者44例,检出率10.68%,其中以BV合并其他病原菌感染者最多,检出率7.28%。感染组胎膜早破、未足月胎膜早破、早产、产褥感染、绒毛膜羊膜炎发生率均较非感染组高(与非感染组相比,P0.05)。BV合并其它病原菌感染导致不良妊娠结局的总致病率为96.64%,远高于其它单一病原菌感染的致病率。结论:UU或BV合并其它病原微生物感染是妊娠期下生殖道感染中较常见的感染类型,相对于其它单一病原体感染,BV合并其它病原菌感染更易导致不良妊娠结局的发生,有必要对妊娠期妇女进行下生殖道感染的筛查和治疗。     

系统性红斑狼疮并发感染的流行病学研究

目的了解系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者并发感染的流行病学特征。方法前瞻性队列随访研究SLE患者门诊、住院及其随访，观察、记录并统计分析SLE患者的临床和实验室资料。结果371例SLE患者随访观察1年，211例患者(56．8％)发生341次感染(医院感染105次)，其中99例患者发作≥2次感染，79例患者(37．4％)发生≥2种病原体的混合感染；检出细菌感染191次(56．0％)，难治性条件致病菌明显增多，病毒感染102次(29．9％)，真菌感染42次(12．3％)，寄生虫类6次(1．8％)；呼吸道及皮肤粘膜是本组SLE患者最常见感染部位；感染组较非感染组，平均住院日、SLEDAI、白细胞／淋巴细胞减少、尿蛋白水平、补体C3水平和1年死亡率差异显著；单因素Logistic回归分析显示SLEDAI＞9、尿蛋白定量＞2．0g／24h、MP冲击累积量＞1．5g／疗程、CTX冲击量＞1．5／月和平均激素日剂量＞0．5mg／kg与SLE患者并发感染有明显相关性；多因素Logistic逐步回归分析显示，只有尿蛋白定量＞2．0g／24h、MP冲击累积量＞1．5g／疗程、CTX冲击量＞1．5／月和平均激素日剂量＞0．5mg／kg是SLE患者并发感染独立危险因素。结论SLE患者并发感染的致病菌主要为细菌感染，狼疮肾损害程度和免疫抑制治疗是引起SLE患者感染的独立危险因素。     

Increased risk of infection in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of common infections in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) or type 2 (DM2). DESIGN: Prospective controlled study. METHODS: In a 12-month prospective cohort study as part of the Second Dutch National Survey of General Practice, 705 adult DM1 and 6,712 DM2 patients were compared with 18,911 control patients who had hypertension without diabetes. Outcome measures were medically-attended episodes of infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin and mucous membranes. Multivariate and multinomial logistic regression analysis was applied to determine independent risks of infections and their recurrence in patients with diabetes compared to controls. RESULTS: Upper respiratory-tract infections were as common in diabetes patients as in controls. Diabetes patients had a higher risk of lower respiratory-tract infections (DM2: odds ratio (OR): 1.30; 95% CI: 1.11-1.52), urinary-tract infections (DM1: OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.13-2.15; DM2: OR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.07-1.38), bacterial skin or mucous-membrane infections (DM1: OR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.01-2.15; DM2: OR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.13-1.55) and mycotic skin or mucous-membrane infections (DM2: OR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.24-1.61). The risk of recurrence of these common infections was seen to be increased. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with type-1 and type-2 diabetes are at increased risk of lower respiratory-tract infections, urinary-tract infections and skin or mucous-membrane infections.     

Nosocomial infections in renal transplant patients: risk factors and treatment implications associated with urinary tract and surgical site infections

A prospective cohort study was conducted from January 2000 to December 2001 to determine the rate of bacterial nosocomial infections in renal transplant recipients. The patients were divided into two groups according to the origin of the allograft, namely deceased or living related donors. One hundred and sixty-three renal transplant recipients were reviewed during hospitalization; 110 (67.5%) kidneys were from deceased donors and 53 (32.5%) kidneys were from living related donors. The median length of hospitalization was 12 days for transplants from living related donors and 26 days for transplants from deceased donors (P<0.0001). Twenty-one (39.6%) recipients of kidneys from living related donors and 68 (61.8%) recipients of kidneys from deceased donors had bacterial nosocomial infectious episodes (P=0.019). The post-transplant nosocomial infections diagnosed during hospitalization included urinary tract infections (UTIs) (44.8%), surgical site infections (SSIs) (11%), pneumonia (6.1%), catheter-related bloodstream infections (4.2%) and others (1.8%). Risk factors for UTI included: recipient of kidney from a deceased donor, substitution of the initial immunosuppressive regimen, duration of urinary bladder catheterization, and length of hospitalization before the infection. Six Enterobacter cloacae strains with multiple resistances to antibiotics were identified in UTIs, and hospital dissemination was documented using molecular typing. UTI was the single most important hospital infection and was significantly higher in recipients of kidneys from deceased donors (P=0.001).     

Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and of gram-negative bacilli resistant to third-generation cephalosporins in cirrhotic patients: a prospective assessment of hospital-acquired infections.

OBJECTIVE: To study the relation between Staphylococcus aureus nasal and stool colonization, stool carriage of gram-negative bacilli resistant to third-generation cephalosporins (CephR), and subsequent infections during hospitalization. DESIGN: Prospective study. PATIENTS: 551 cirrhotic patients with 589 consecutive hospital stays. All patients were screened within 48 hours of admission; 589 nasal swabs, 417 stool specimens, and 589 urine samples were analyzed. RESULTS: Carriage rates were 18.8% for methicillin-sensitive S aureus (MSSA), 16.3% for methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA), and 13.7% for CephR. We observed 87 episodes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, 63 cases of bacteremia, and 167 urinary tract infections occurred. Only 1 case of bacteremia and 4 urinary tract infections due to CephR occurred in patients carrying the same organism in their stools. The risk of MRSA ascitic fluid infections, bacteremia, and urinary tract infections was 3.1% versus 1% (not significant), 8.3% versus 0.8% (P<.001), and 11.4% versus 0.6% (P<.001) in carriers and noncarriers, respectively. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of isolates from 16 patients infected by MSSA (3 cases) and MRSA (13 cases) demonstrated that the colonizing strains matched the invasive strains in the 3 MSSA cases and in 8 of 13 MRSA cases. CONCLUSION: Carriage of CephR strains is not associated with subsequent infection by these organisms in hospitalized cirrhotic patients. In contrast, MRSA carriage was an important risk factor for MRSA bacteremia and urinary tract infection.     

10年医院感染的监测和控制

目的　通过对医院感染综合性和目标性监测 ,控制医院感染的发生。方法　 1991～ 2 0 0 1年对住院约 10万患者进行医院感染监测。结果　提供医院感染发生率、科室感染率、感染部位分布、感染漏报率等有关医院感染可靠资料 ;在综合性医院中 ,医院感染高发科室 :血液肿瘤科、高压氧科和老年病房 ,感染率波动 6 1%～ 15 6 % ;医院感染部位分布中 ,除上呼吸道感染外 ,前 3位的是下呼吸道感染 (2 7 5 %～ 4 1 1% )、尿路感染 (5 2 %～19 5 % )和手术后切口感染 (12 5 %～ 3 8% )。结论　针对可能造成医院感染的因素进行调研、采取有效措施 ,控制医院感染的发生 ;10年间 ,医院感染率和感染漏报率均有不同程度的下降 (P <0 0 5 )。     

Nosocomial infections in combined medical-surgical intensive care units in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of nosocomial infections in combined medical-surgical (MS) intensive care units (ICUs) participating in the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) System. DESIGN: Analysis of surveillance data on 498,998 patients with 1,554,070 patient-days, collected between 1992 and 1998 from 205 MS ICUs following the NNIS Intensive Care Unit protocol, representing 152 participating NNIS hospitals in the United States. RESULTS: Infections at three major sites represented 68% of all reported infections (nosocomial pneumonia, 31%; urinary tract infections (UTIs), 23%; and primary bloodstream infections (BSIs), 14%: 83% of episodes of nosocomial pneumonia were associated with mechanical ventilation, 97% of UTIs occurred in catheterized patients, and 87% of primary BSIs in patients with a central line. In patients with primary BSIs, coagulase-negative staphylococci (39%) were the most common pathogens reported; Staphylococcus aureus (12%) was as frequently reported as enterococci (11%). Coagulase-negative staphylococcal BSIs were increasingly reported over the 6 years, but no increase was seen in candidemia or enterococcal bacteremia. In patients with pneumonia, S. aureus (17%) was the most frequently reported isolate. Of reported isolates, 59% were gram-negative bacilli. In patients with UTIs, Escherichia coli (19%) was the most frequently reported isolate. Of reported isolates, 31% were fungi. In patients with surgical-site infections, Enterococcus (17%) was the single most frequently reported pathogen. Device-associated nosocomial infection rates for BSIs, pneumonia, and UTIs did not correlate with length of ICU stay, hospital bed size, number of beds in the ICU, or season. Combined MS ICUs in major teaching hospitals had higher device-associated infection rates compared to all other hospitals with combined medical-surgical units. CONCLUSIONS: Nosocomial infections in MS ICUs at the most frequent infection sites (bloodstream, urinary, and respiratory tract) almost always were associated with use of an invasive device. Device-associated infection rates were the best available comparative rates between combined MS ICUs, but the distribution of device-associated rates should be stratified by a hospital's major teaching affiliation status.     

Early supplementation of prebiotic oligosaccharides protects formula-fed infants against infections during the first 6 months of life

A mixture of neutral short chain galactooligosaccharides and long chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scGOS/lcFOS) has been shown to have prebiotic and immunomodulatory effects comparable to human milk oligosaccharides. This can be translated into clinical practice as a potential to prevent infections and allergy. The hypothesis of this study was that this specific prebiotic mixture could have a preventive effect against infections during the first 6 mo of life. In a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, healthy term infants with a parental history of atopy were fed either prebiotic-supplemented (8 g/L scGOS/lcFOS) or placebo-supplemented (8 g/L maltodextrin) hypoallergenic formula during the first 6 mo of life. The primary outcome measures were infectious episodes, number of infections requiring antibiotics, and incidence of infections. During the study period, infants in the scGOS/lcFOS group had fewer episodes of all types of infections combined (P = 0.01). They also tended to have fewer upper respiratory tract infection episodes (P = 0.07) and fewer infections requiring antibiotic treatment (P = 0.10). Similarly, the cumulative incidence of recurring infections was significantly lower in the scGOS/lcFOS group. The cumulative incidence of any recurring infection and recurring respiratory infections was 3.9 and 2.9% in the scGOS/lcFOS group and 13.5 and 9.6% in the placebo group, respectively (P < 0.05). Oligosaccharide prebiotics reduced the number of infectious episodes and the incidence of recurring, particularly respiratory, infections during the first 6 mo of life. Although the exact mechanism of action is under investigation, it is very likely that the immune modulating effect of this prebiotic mixture through intestinal flora modification is the principal mechanism for the observed infection prevention early in life.     

Infections due to Escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase among hospitalised patients: factors influencing mortality

We performed a retrospective matched-cohort study to determine the risk factors for mortality among patients with Escherichia coli infections. From January 1996 to December 2003, 100 hospitalised patients with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli infections were compared with patients not infected with ESBL-producing E. coli. These patients were selected according to the same site of infection and the closest date of admission. Comparison of the two groups showed that empirical antibiotic therapy was more often inadequate in patients infected with ESBL-producing E. coli (44% vs 15%; P<0.01), and that early mortality (16% vs 6%; P=0.02) and overall mortality (25% vs 11%; P=0.01) were also significantly higher in patients with ESBL-producing E. coli infections. A multivariate model identified the urinary tract focus as the only independent risk factor influencing early mortality for E. coli infections [odds ratio (OR): 0.1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03-0.7; P=0.01]. All 12 patients with ESBL-producing E. coli urinary tract infections treated initially with an oxyimino-beta-lactam survived. Subsequent analysis of the factors influencing early mortality in the cohort of 130 patients with a non-urinary E. coli infection found inadequate empirical antibiotic therapy as an independent risk factor for mortality only for non-urinary E. coli infections (adjusted OR: 3.0; 95% CI: 1.0-8.6; P=0.03). The study showed that hospitalised patients with ESBL-producing E. coli infections more often receive inadequate empiric antibiotic therapy and have a higher mortality rate than those infected with non-ESBL-producing strains. The site of infection strongly influences mortality. The administration of inadequate empirical antibiotic therapy is independently associated with higher mortality only among patients with non-urinary tract infections.     

Surveillance results of nosocomial infections of the ICU in Kenézy Hospital, based on two years data

INTRODUCTION: According to data in the literature, the number of nosocomial infections in the ICU is far higher than in non-ICU patients. As a result of improving lifesaving technologies, the risk of nosocomial infections increases in ICUs. Utilization of epidemiological methods is recommended for the detection and follow up of nosocomial infections. Aims: Prospective surveillance to assess the epidemiology of nosocomial infections in an ICU. METHODS: Kenézy Hospital is a country hospital with 1637 beds and a 16-bed central ICU. During the investigated period (01. 04. 2004-31. 03. 2006) 1490 patients, with a total 8058 ICU days, were hospitalised in the mixed medical-surgical ICU. The commonest primary diagnosis were respiratory failure, multiple trauma and head injury. Surveillance was performed by a trained infection control nurse and was supervised by an infection control physician and infectious disease physician. CDC definitions were used to define nosocomial infections. RESULTS: A total of 194 nosocomial infections in 134 patients were detected during the study period. The overall incidence and incidence density of nosocomial infections were 13.0 per 100 patients and 24.0 per 1000 patient-days. Respiratory tract infections (44.3%) were the most frequent nosocomial infection, followed by urinary tract (21.1%) and bloodstream infections (20.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Nosocomial surveillance is useful in detecting nosocomial infections in ICU. A multidisciplinary approach and partnership between the physicians and infection control nurses is needed. Patient-to-nurse ratio is an independent risk factor for nosocomial infections in intensive care, this must be kept in mind when planning rationalization of the number of nursing staff.     

The prevalence of infections in psychiatric institutes in Belgium

To assess the prevalence of infections in psychiatric institutes in Belgium, a cross-sectional study was performed within a cluster sample of psychiatric patients from 29 psychiatric institutes (about 40% of all Belgian psychiatric institutes). During May 1992, 8679 patients were analysed. Of the study population 59% were men. The mean age ±SD was 54·5 ± 18·3 years, with a median of 55 years. The mean hospitalization period was 9·6 ± 14·5 years with a median of 2 years. A total of 1334 infections were reported, and 13·1% of the patients had at least one infection (95% CI: 12·4–13·8%) at the time of the study. The most common infections were dermatological infections (31·6%), lower respiratory tract infections (25·8%), urinary tract infections (12·4%) and conjunctivitis (11·6%). Statistically significant associations with infection prevalence were found with age, psychiatric diagnosis, activity of daily living score, the duration of hospitalization, and the qualification of the person answering the survey form. The relevance and the limitations of this study are discussed.     

Enterococcal infections: an increasing problem in hospitalized patients

We studied 157 episodes of infection or colonization with enterococci in 122 patients over a six-month period. One hundred twelve episodes (71.3%) occurred in patients over age 60 years. The most common sites for isolation of enterococci were the urinary tract, and bone and soft tissue. Nosocomial acquisition of enterococci occurred in 74.7% of all infections, and an additional 21% of episodes occurred in patients who had been transferred from another hospital or were regularly seen in the clinic. The overall mortality was 19.6%; 71.4% of those with bacteremia died. Enterococci appear to be significant pathogens, especially in older men in veterans' acute care hospitals and nursing home care units.     

两种免疫抑制方案肾移植患者感染的调查

目的比较以硫唑嘌呤(AZA)或吗替麦考酚酯(MMF)为基础的两种免疫抑制方案,对肾移植术后感染的影响,并探讨肺部感染与尿路感染的病原学分布。方法收集两组肾移植患者249例:AZA组(应用AZA 环孢素A 激素)与MMF组(MMF 环孢素A 激素),统计两组患者在术后1年内各种感染的发生情况,并分析肺部感染与尿路感染的病原学分布。结果AZA组与MMF组术后1年总的感染率以及肺部感染、尿路感染、伤口感染等的发生率相近,以肺部感染与尿路感染最常见,但发生急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)及肺部感染死亡率后者明显高于前者;两组肺部感染病原学方面有一定差异,MMF组巨细胞病毒及真菌感染率增加;尿路感染病原体分布也存在一定的差异:两组均以革兰阴性菌多见,但MMF组的革兰阳性菌及真菌感染率明显高于AZA组。结论MMF组增加重症肺部感染机会,且病原学分布与AZA组存在差异,普通性细菌感染比例下降,而真菌、病毒及一些少见病原微生物感染的概率增加,故临床用药应个体化、有针对性。     

Infections following major heart surgery in European intensive care units: there is room for improvement (ESGNI 007 Study)

Patients undergoing major heart surgery (MHS) may be at increased risk for nosocomial infections. To assess the incidence and type of infections in MHS patients in European intensive care units (ICUs) and their quality of care, a questionnaire was sent to a selection of MHS ICUs in Europe. Seventeen hospitals from seven European countries participated. Overall, 53% of the ICUs received patients only for MHS and the other 47% were mixed. During the study period, 11 915 patients underwent MHS and 1181 (9.9%) developed one or more nosocomial infections. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) was the most common infection [median 3.8%; interquartile range (IQR) 1.8-4.9], followed by surgical wound infection (median 1.6%; IQR 0.8-2.3), catheter-related bloodstream infection (median 1.3%; IQR 0.8-2.1), mediastinitis (median 1.1%; IQR 0.4-1.6), urinary tract infection (median 0.6; IQR 0.4-1.4) and nosocomial endocarditis (median 0.2%; IQR 0.0-0.9). Median mortality was 4.7% (IQR 2.7-8.4) and median infection-related mortality was 1% (IQR 0.5-2.7). Regarding VAP, 18% of the ICUs did not routinely pursue a diagnosis. Microbiological information was quantitative in 35% of cases and exclusively qualitative in 65% of cases. An infectious disease specialist was regularly involved in VAP management in only 35% of the ICUs, and the therapeutic approach to VAP involved de-escalation in 59% of the ICUs. MHS ICUs in Europe still have a high rate of postoperative infections. Well-recognized routine practices for the diagnosis and treatment of VAP are not implemented regularly in many European institutions.     

Prevalence survey of nosocomial infections in a paediatric hospital.

A prevalence survey of nosocomial and community infections in a children's hospital was carried out in the wards of the Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy. The overall prevalence of hospital-acquired infection (HAI) was 5.1%, with higher rates in surgical units and among children aged 1 to 5 years. The proportion of community-acquired infections was 9.2%, with higher rates in the infectious disease and internal medicine units and among children aged 6 to 11 years. The most frequent type of HAI was respiratory tract infection, with only a small number of urinary tract infections.     

Incidence, risk factors and outcome of infection in a 1-year hysterectomy cohort: a prospective follow-up study

A prospective study was performed following 687 patients who underwent abdominal, vaginal and laparoscopic hysterectomy for benign conditions in Turku University Hospital. This study evaluates and compares infection after hysterectomy and determines risk factors associated with postoperative infection. Infective episodes were recorded during hospital stay, convalescence for 4 to 6 weeks at home and for 1 year of follow-up. Factors found to be statistically significant for hospital-acquired infection on univariate analysis were subsequently assessed by means of multivariate analysis. During the hospital stay 23.7% of the study population became infected, 38.1% after vaginal hysterectomy, 23.4% after abdominal hysterectomy and 3.0% after laparoscopic hysterectomy. Over half of all hospital-acquired infections were lower urinary tract infections. Infection during convalescence occurred in 19.2% of patients: 29.5% in the vaginal hysterectomy group, 17.4% in the abdominal hysterectomy group and 16.7% in the laparoscopic hysterectomy group. One year of follow-up did not find any infection directly attributable to surgery. Five factors were found to be related to in-hospital infection on multivariate analysis. These were lack of antibiotic prophylaxis, blood loss during operation, intermittent catheterization, anaemia and medication for urinary or bowel dysfunction after operation.     

尿路感染患者的病原菌分布及其耐药性

目的探讨尿路感染病原菌的分布和耐药特性,指导临床合理用药。方法收集医院尿路感染患者尿液标本中分离的259株病原菌,进行细菌鉴定和药敏实验,并对革兰阴性杆菌进行ESBLs的检测。结果尿路感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主(71.0%),分列前3位的是大肠埃希菌(48.3%)、肠球菌属(12.0%)和真菌(7.3%);产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的检出率为41.6%,革兰阴性杆菌总的产酶率为29.3%。结论革兰阴性杆菌为尿路感染的主要病原菌,对常用抗菌药物耐药率呈上升趋势,细菌培养和药物敏感性分析,对指导临床合理使用抗菌药物,选择有效抗菌药物治疗具有重要意义。