西藏地区3岁以下儿童的母乳喂养状况调查

为了解西藏地区 3岁以下儿童的喂养状况 ,采用横断面调查设计与分层多阶段随机抽样法 ,调查 165 5对母与子。通过母亲的回顾 ,调查了儿童的母乳喂养情况 ,并与 1995年中国九市 (城区和郊区 ) 7岁以下儿童及同时期中国西部 4 0个贫困县农村 3岁以下儿童喂养状况进行比较。结果显示 ,西藏地区 3岁以下儿童普遍接受母乳喂养 ,但母乳喂养开始时间晚 ,持续时间较长 ,4个月内的纯母乳喂养率只有 2 0 .0 8% ,城市显著低于农村 ,地区间差异较大。“要参加劳动”和“应该断奶”是母亲自觉断奶的主要原因 ,“母亲怀孕”是农村儿童断奶的重要原因之一。     

济南市5岁以下儿童母亲喂养行为研究

目的:了解济南地区5岁以下儿童母亲的喂养行为状况。方法:采用整群分层抽样的方法对济南市10个县(市)区5岁以下儿童母亲10 106人进行问卷调查。结果:济南市城区、农村母乳喂养率分别为62.03%、82.58%,0.5 h内开奶率为26.53%,喂养初乳、按需喂奶率分别为97.78%、87.67%,平均断奶时间为15.59月。各类辅食添加农村晚于城区,两者比较有显著性差异。动物蛋白及植物蛋白、果汁等添加频率城区均高于农村,面食、杂粮等农村高于城区。农村每天吃小食品的儿童达42.86%。动物蛋白添加次数与家庭收入无相关性。结论:实行早开奶和保证充足的泌乳是提高母乳喂养率的关键;对农村家长进行切实可行的指导,是解决我市儿童辅食添加问题的重点。     

2009年中国西部贫困农村6～23月龄婴幼儿喂养状况分析

目的分析2009年我国西部贫困农村6～23月龄婴幼儿喂养状况。方法利用科技支撑项目"贫困农村地区儿童营养缺乏改善适宜技术的研究"资料,调查对象6～23月龄婴幼儿2933名。应用SAS软件进行统计分析。结果 2009年,中国西部贫困农村6月龄内婴儿的母乳喂养率为38.3%。婴幼儿开始添加辅食时间为5个月,断奶时间为10个月。结论我国西部贫困农村婴幼儿喂养不合理。     

陕南部分农村母亲的婴幼儿喂养知信行现况调查

目的：了解农村婴幼儿母乳喂养及辅食添加现状及影响因素,为进一步实施科学喂养、科学育儿,提高儿童健康水平提供科学依据。方法自拟调查问卷,随机抽取南郑县10个乡镇1000名1周岁婴幼儿母亲进行现场问卷调查,并对数据进行分析。结果母乳喂养率88．6％,6个月纯母乳喂养率31．2％,初乳喂养率66．3％,早开奶喂养率54．9％,其中部分农村母亲受家里老人观念的影响挤掉初乳占55％,母亲自认为奶水不足占48．8％,认为母乳营养不够该添加辅食了占51．2％,满4～6个月添加辅食率63．4％,满6个月以上添加辅食率仅占22．8％,添加辅食的种类以稀粥、菜汁、水果汁占的比例最大,为62．2％,而添加蛋黄比例为45．9％,动物类（肉、肝、鱼类）仅占5．9％。没有坚持母乳喂养的母亲主要是自认为母乳不足而过早加辅食;初乳挤掉主要是母亲认识不够,受旧观念影响;不添加动物类食物的母亲主要是认为孩子1岁以后才能消化。结论初乳喂养率、早期开奶率、6个月纯母乳喂养率及满6个月添加辅食率均偏低,辅食添加不合理且种类单一,动物性食物摄入严重不足;应加强妇幼保健、产儿科人员及婴幼儿母亲的培训,以更新相关知识及技能。     

丽水市0~6月婴儿母乳喂养现状分析

目的 了解丽水市区6月龄以下婴儿喂养情况及相关因素,为提高母乳喂养率提供参考。方法 自制调查问卷,对儿保科门诊6个月以下婴儿进行调查,就婴儿喂养、母亲情况及影响母乳喂养的相关因素进行分析。结果 调查675名婴儿,纯母乳喂养率为40.89%,部分母乳喂养率为39.11%,配方奶喂养占20.00%;不同月龄婴儿的喂养方式存在不同;单因素分析显示喂养方式与母亲文化程度、家庭月收入、母亲有无产科并发症、分娩方式、新生儿是否入住新生儿监护室、是否早开奶、母亲是否接受健康教育、出生胎龄等因素有关(P均<0.05);经Logistic回归分析显示,家庭月收入、分娩方式、新生儿是否入住新生儿监护室、是否早开奶、母亲是否接受健康教育5个因素有关。配方奶喂养比母乳喂养肥胖发生率更高。结论 加强健康教育、早开奶、降低剖宫产率、良好的环境及家庭氛围、在新生儿因疾病住院期间保持泌乳是提高母乳喂养率的有效措施。     

中国西部5省农村婴儿纯母乳喂养影响因素分析

目的:了解中国西部农村婴儿的母乳喂养现状,探讨影响4个月内婴儿纯母乳喂养的相关因素。方法:利用"2006年中国十省农村7岁以下儿童体格发育调查"资料,选取西部5省的农村婴儿作为研究对象。结果:西部5省农村婴儿母乳喂养率为71.97%;4个月内纯母乳喂养率为52.02%。单因素分析结果显示,影响婴儿4个月内纯母乳喂养的因素包括婴儿性别、胎数、出生体重、患病情况,父母亲年龄、母亲文化水平和职业、家庭年收入;多因素分析结果显示,双胎、有疾病史、出生体重低、母亲年龄大、母亲文化水平高、家庭年收入高是婴儿4个月内纯母乳喂养的危险因素。结论:中国西部5省农村婴儿4个月内纯母乳喂养率较低,受婴儿自身因素、母亲因素和家庭经济因素的影响,应加强孕期保健服务,积极宣传和普及科学喂养知识,提高母亲母乳喂养意识。     

我国中西部地区农村纯母乳喂养影响因素研究

【目的】调查我国中西部地区农村纯母乳喂养现状,并分析产后保健服务因素对纯母乳喂养的影响。【方法】采用描述流行病学方法探讨纯母乳喂养率、纯母乳喂养持续时间及其分布状况;采用混合效应模型探讨影响纯母乳喂养的因素。【结果】调查地区纯母乳喂养率为76.8%,4个月以上纯母乳喂养率为42.7%,6个月以上的喂养率为16.4%,母乳喂养的平均时间为3.1个月。控制了母亲年龄、文化程度、家庭经济、分娩方式等变量后,混合模型分析结果显示产后母乳喂养指导与纯母乳喂养持续时间存在关联。【结论】调查地区的纯母乳喂养率较低,产后母乳喂养指导可以提高纯母乳喂养时间,亟待采取产后保健相关的干预方法,有效提高农村的纯母乳喂养水平。     

铜陵市4个月内婴儿母乳喂养情况调查分析

目的了解铜陵市4个月内婴儿母乳喂养情况,为制定干预措施提供参考依据。方法采用横断面调查分析方法,以2009年6月至2010年12月在铜陵市妇幼保健院儿童保健科门诊初次体检,月龄在4个月内的婴儿作为调查对象,通过现场询问获得母乳喂养情况,并进行相关因素分析。结果①铜陵市4个月内婴儿母乳喂养率占82．2％,纯母乳喂养率占54．6％,随着婴儿月龄的增长,母乳喂养率有所下降,母亲产后半小时内开奶率为29．3％;②不同的分娩方式、开奶时间、月龄、居住地及父亲和母亲文化程度的婴儿喂养状况均存在差异（χ2值分别为27．20、25．38、29．43、20．67、10．62、15．14,均P〈0．05）。结论母乳喂养是铜陵市4个月内婴儿的主要喂养方式,早开奶率较低,因此应进一步加强爱婴医院管理,做好健康教育,以提高纯母乳喂养率,促进儿童的身心健康发展。     

北京市高碑店地区9月龄婴儿喂养情况分析

目的 了解北京市朝阳区高碑店地区9月龄婴儿喂养现状,分析该地区婴儿喂养中存在的问题。方法 采用横断面调查,使用联合国儿童基金会标准化问卷,对北京市朝阳区高碑店地区529名9月龄婴儿的喂养情况进行调查,分析世界卫生组织(WHO)2008年版《婴幼儿喂养评估指标》中的8个指标。结果 调查地区早开奶率为64.9%,9个月时持续母乳喂养率为92.5%,适龄喂养率(即6个月以下进行纯母乳喂养,6~9月的婴儿在母乳喂养的同时添加辅食)为75.0%,辅食添加种类合格率为64.1%,但9月龄母乳喂养婴儿辅食添加频率合格率仅为17.6%,且辅食合理添加率仅为14.2%。结论 调查地区婴儿中母乳喂养情况较好,但存在适龄喂养率较低及辅食种类和辅食添加频率偏少的问题,应引起重视。     

中国部分农村地区5岁以下儿童喂养状况调查

目的 评估当地儿童喂养状况以及喂养相关资源利用情况,找出问题,并提出建议.方法 于2006年11月采用参与式农村评估定性研究方法,在5个省市随机选择了20个村进行调查,对187名母亲及其5岁以下的儿童进行了喂养评估.结果 这些地区儿童母乳喂养率:0～6个月为73.68%,6～12个月为57.69%,12～24个月为39.13%;6个月以上儿童辅食撮入量不足率为61.31%.结论 农村地区在母乳喂养和辅食添加方面存在较多问题,喂养知识和喂养技术有待提高.参与式农村评估方法可在搜集信息的同时,提高参与人群的儿童喂养认知水平.     

陕西部分农村母亲婴幼儿喂养知信行现况调查

目的:了解农村婴幼儿喂养现状,为进一步干预提供依据。方法:采用定量方法利用自编问卷对陕西泾阳县6个乡的311名儿童母亲进行现况调查;采用定性方法组织12名儿童母亲进行专题小组讨论,了解影响母亲喂养行为的因素。使用中位数、均数、标准差、频数、卡方检验等方法分析定量资料;使用分类归纳法分析定性资料。结果:定量调查显示,88.4%的母亲认为婴儿6个月内纯母乳喂养好,但6个月内纯母乳喂养率为55.3%;44.4%的母亲了解正确添加辅食的时间,但适时添加辅食率为26.1%;分别有92.9%、97.4%、76.2%的母亲认为应该每天给6个月及以上的孩子吃鸡蛋、蔬菜或肉类,但每周给6个月及以上的孩子添加6次及以上鸡蛋的比例为38.9%、蔬菜47.9%;给7个月及以上孩子每周添加1次以上肉类的比例只有21.6%。定性结果表明,没有坚持纯母乳喂养的母亲主要是自认为母乳不足而过早加辅食;过晚添加辅食的母亲主要是认为8个月以下的孩子对乳类以外的食物难以消化;不给孩子添加肉类食物的母亲主要是认为孩子1岁牙长好了才能消化肉类。结论:6个月婴儿纯母乳喂养率和适时添加辅食率低于同期其他农村地区水平,辅食种类单调,动物性食物摄入明显不足。建议加强对妇幼保健人员的培训,更新相关知识,提高健康教育技能;开发适合农村家长的科普书报、杂志等健康教育材料。     

四川省汉、藏和彝族农村地区母乳喂养现状及其影响因素

目的了解四川省汉、藏和彝族农村地区0~18月龄婴幼儿母乳喂养的现状及相关影响因素。方法采用多阶段抽样方法,抽取四川省2个汉族县、2个藏族县和2个彝族县农村地区0~18月龄婴幼儿及其母亲为研究对象,通过问卷调查收集母亲及婴幼儿的社会人口学特征、家庭情况、母乳喂养知识和行为等信息。运用非条件Logistic回归分析母乳喂养的相关影响因素。结果 1087名婴幼儿的早开奶率为22.45%,其中,985名6月龄及以上的婴幼儿纯母乳喂养至6月龄率为35.94%、658名12月龄及以上婴幼儿的持续母乳喂养至12月龄率为34.50%。分娩方式为顺产(OR=2.80,95%CI 1.82~4.30)、母亲的早开奶知识(OR=2.48,95%CI 1.69~3.64)是早开奶的有利因素。母亲是藏族(OR=1.56,95%CI 1.02~2.39)、家庭经济状况非常好(OR=2.70,95%CI 1.47~4.98)、母亲掌握纯母乳喂养知识(OR=1.47,95%CI 1.07~2.02)是纯母乳喂养至6月龄的有利因素。二胎及以上(OR=1.67,95%CI 1.11~2.52)、母亲掌握断奶知识(OR=3.96,95%CI 2.65~5.93)是持续母乳喂养至12月龄的有利因素。结论四川省汉、藏和彝族农村地区的母乳喂养现状不容乐观,母亲的民族、分娩方式、是否掌握相关知识、胎次及家庭经济状况均会影响婴幼儿母亲的母乳喂养行为。     

中国西部农村婴幼儿喂养方式的现状

目的了解中国西部农村婴幼儿喂养的现状。方法在中国西部10省45个项目县采用人口比例抽样法,对13433名3岁以下婴幼儿的喂养情况和健康状况进行了问卷调查。采用SPSS软件进行统计分析,用寿命表法计算辅食添加率和母乳喂养率。结果在调查对象中,在6个月内已经添加淀粉类食物、鸡蛋、乳品、豆制品、肉类、蔬菜水果和水的比例分别为75．3％、58．4％、39．0％、26．4％、42．7％、52．0％和93．4％。4个月的纯母乳喂养率为16．0％,6个月的纯母乳喂养率仅为2．5％。但在1岁时还未添加淀粉类食物、鸡蛋、乳品、豆制品、肉类、蔬菜水果和水的比例分别为5．2％、15．0％、30．3％、11．2％、9．1％、4．8％和0．6％。结论中国西部农村婴幼儿纯母乳喂养率较低,辅食添加不合理。     

Breastfeeding Practices and Determinant Factors of Exclusive Breastfeeding among Mothers of Children Aged 0–23 Months in Northwestern Romania

In terms of breastfeeding (BF) practices in Romania, there is a lack of up-to-date data. The aim of the present study was to assess current BF practices, and to investigate the factors associated with exclusive BF (EBF) under 6 months of age in northwestern Romania. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data among 1399 mothers of children aged 0–23 months, recruited between March and June 2019, from the community. BF practices were evaluated based on the World Health Organization indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices, whereas determinants of EBF were explored using logistic regression models. Almost all mothers (95.7%) breastfed their child at least once. The EBF rate was 46.7%, the continued BF rate at one year of age was 54.2%, and the continued BF rate at 2 years of age was 30.3%. The place of delivery and parental leave duration were strong determinants of EBF. The improving rates observed in this study for all the BF practices assessed suggest the continuation of efforts to develop effective national policies and programs for promoting, protecting, and supporting BF in Romania. Particular emphasis should be given to the creation in maternity hospitals of an environment that is supportive towards breastfeeding.     

The relation between maternal breast feeding and non-nutritive sucking habits

This study sought to identify the type and duration of breastfeeding received by children and establish the association with non-nutritive suction habits. A retrospective, transversal study was conducted using a questionnaire given to 330 mothers or persons responsible for 3 to 6-year-old children registered in kindergartens in Ara?atuba, State of S?o Paulo, after obtaining their free and informed consent. It was revealed that 86.4% of mothers breastfed their children. With respect to duration, only 33.4% of these mothers breastfed exclusively after 6 months. The average time of exclusive breastfeeding received by children was 3.84 months and complementary breastfeeding was 11.68 months. Of this total, 53.3% reported that their infants manifested non-nutritive suction habits and of these children, 70.45% were not exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months, there being a significant association between both (p<=0.05). Pacifier use was the most frequent habit (44.4%), showing a statistically significant association with breastfeeding time (p<0.0001). It was concluded that breastfeeding was practiced, albeit for a lesser duration than considered indispensable for the baby's development, there being an association between duration and type of breastfeeding and non-nutritive suction habits.     

Relationship between child feeding practices and malnutrition in 7 remote and poor counties, P R China

The World Health Organization reported that inappropriate feeding in children is responsible for one-third of the cases of malnutrition. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and identify the relationship between feeding practices and malnutrition in children below 5 years, in 7 remote and poor counties of China. A sample of 2201 children and 1978 caregivers were obtained with multistage cluster random sampling. A survey about feeding practices among the caregivers was implemented using a structured questionnaire, and the health status of children was evaluated using anthropometric measurements. We found 5 problems: first, high prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting in children below 5 years old (19.3%, 13.1% and 5.5%); second, short duration of breastfeeding for children below 36 months; third, low prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among children below 6 months of age and continued breastfeeding to 1 year (17.5% and 32.2%). Fourth, although most of the infants (81.1%) between 6 and 8 months of age were given complementary foods, some of the 6- to 8-month-old infants did not receive any complementary foods. Last, a higher prevalence of stunting among Chinese children who had never been breastfed, who had been breastfed for less than 1 year, or had been fed with semi-solid foods of poor quality. Therefore, we suggest that more programs to increase caregivers' feeding knowledge and practices be conducted, to improve the health of children in remote and poor areas in China.     

Breastfeeding practices and associated factors among children under 24 months of age in Timor-Leste

OBJECTIVE: To describe breastfeeding practices and to assess the sociodemographic factors associated with selected breastfeeding indicators. DESIGN AND SETTING: The 2003 Demographic and Health Survey was a multi-stage cluster sample survey of 4320 households from four different geographic areas in Timor-Leste. SUBJECTS: A total of 2162 children aged 0-23 months. RESULTS: A high proportion (97.6%) of infants had been ever breastfed, but only 46.1% had initiated breastfeeding within the first hour of birth. Seventy-eight percent of children <24 months were currently breastfed, 30.7% of infants <6 months were exclusively breastfed and 12.5% of infants <12 months were bottle-fed. A high proportion of infants of 6-9 months (82.0%) were receiving complementary food in addition to breast milk. Multivariate analysis revealed that exclusive breastfeeding was significantly lower in the rural west region (odds ratio (OR)=3.15) compared to the urban region, and among those from richest households (OR=1.90) compared to poorest. Mothers with primary education were significantly more likely to exclusively breastfeed than mothers with no education (OR=0.62). Increasing age of the infant was associated with significantly less current (OR=1.23) and exclusive (OR=1.35) breastfeeding. Continuation of breastfeeding at the end of the first year was significantly lower in non-working mothers (OR=1.58) compared to working mothers, and among infants born in health-care facilities (OR=2.16) than those born at home. CONCLUSIONS: Breastfeeding practices in Timor-Leste were satisfactory, except the exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months. However, more socioeconomically privileged groups demonstrated a poorer breastfeeding performance than disadvantaged groups. Further breastfeeding promotion programmes are needed across all population groups, and should include health-care providers and maternity institutions.     

中国部分地区婴幼儿喂养状况及国际比较研究

【目的】 了解我国研究地区婴幼儿喂养现状,比较该地区与全球发展中国家的婴幼儿喂养水平,探索我国婴幼儿喂养中存在的问题。 【方法】 采用横断面调查设计和多阶段分层随机抽样的方法,使用联合国儿童基金会(UNICEF)标准化问卷对我国中西部40个县3 708名2岁以下儿童看护人的喂养情况进行调查,分析世界卫生组织(WHO)2008年版《婴幼儿喂养评估指标》中的8个指标并与世界卫生组织 2010年公布的46个发展中国家的数据进行比较。 【结果】 调查地区早开奶率、6个月以下儿童纯母乳喂养率、1岁和2岁时持续母乳喂养率均低于发展中国家平均水平,在47个国家中分别位列第34、39、44和45名。辅食及时添加率、辅食添加种类合格率位列前20%,辅食添加普遍过早。 【结论】 调查地区婴幼儿喂养中主要存在开奶不及时、母乳喂养伴随喂水、过早添加辅食和母乳喂养持续时间短的问题。加强健康宣教,传播喂养知识,对婴幼儿喂养状况的改善具有积极作用。     

Breastfeeding in Malaysia: Results of the Third National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS III) 2006

In Malaysia, the National Breastfeeding Policy recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life and continued up to two years. Since the 1990s, several breastfeeding promotion programmes had been implemented in the country. This article reports the findings on the prevalence of breastfeeding practice from The Third National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS III) which was conducted in 2006. A total of 2167 mothers or carers of children below two years old were interviewed representing 804,480 of the estimated population of children aged below 2 years in Malaysia. Respondents were asked whether various types of liquid or solid food were given to the child at any time during the preceding 24-hour period. The overall prevalence of ever breastfed among children aged less than 12 months was 94.7% (CI: 93.0 - 95.9). The overall prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding below 6 months was 14.5% (CI: 11.7 - 17.9). Prevalence of timely initiation was 63.7% (CI: 61.4 - 65.9) and the continued prevalence of breastfeeding up to two years was 37.4% (CI: 32.9 - 42.2). The findings suggest that the programmes implemented in the last ten years were effective in improving the prevalence of ever breastfeeding, timely initiation of breastfeeding and continued breastfeeding up to two years. However, the challenge is to improve exclusive breastfeeding practice. Longterm community-based interventions need to be carried out in partnership with the existing health care system, focusing on discouraging the use of water and infant formula, especially in the first few months of life.     

Racial and socioeconomic disparities in breastfeeding--United States, 2004

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends breastfeeding for at least the first year of life, and beyond for as long as mutually desired by mother and child. Not breastfeeding is associated with increased health risks for children, including otitis media, respiratory tract infections, diarrhea, and necrotizing enterocolitis. In addition, breastfeeding duration is inversely associated with risk for childhood overweight. Breastfeeding also is associated with health benefits for mothers, including reduced risk for ovarian cancer and premenopausal breast cancer. Breastfeeding rates differ substantially by race, socioeconomic level, and other demographic factors. For example, among children born during 1982-1993, non-Hispanic black children were less likely than non-Hispanic white children to be breastfed at birth and at age 6 months, even when comparisons were among children in the same socioeconomic or other demographic subgroup. To obtain current estimates of racial and economic disparities in breastfeeding among U.S. children, CDC analyzed data from the 2004 National Immunization Survey (NIS). This report describes the results of that analysis, which indicated that 71.5% of non-Hispanic white children were ever breastfed compared with 50.1% of non-Hispanic black children. Among those ever breastfed, 53.9% of non-Hispanic white and 43.2% of non-Hispanic black children continued breastfeeding until at least age 6 months. Disparities between black and white children existed within most socioeconomic subgroups studied. Public health programs should continue to promote breastfeeding initiation and increase support of breastfeeding continuation, especially among subgroups with the lowest rates (i.e., black, poor, and young mothers; mothers with less than a high school education; and mothers residing in rural areas).