The evaluation of nitrates and nitrites food intake among Polish households in 1991-1995

The studies on nitrates and nitrites food intakes in year 1991-1995 were carried out in four types of households i.e. works, worker-farmers, farmers, pensioners and retired persons and from 1993 in self-employed households and families maintaining themselves on non-income sources; altogether and with regard to the number of persons in family. Using household budget data and literature concerning nitrates and nitrites contents in food products, mean and maximum food intakes of these compounds were calculated and compared to acceptable daily intake (ADI) taking into consideration main sources of them. The obtained results indicated that the mean nitrate and nitrite food intakes did not exceed ADI but maximum intakes of one were several times higher than ADI. Nitrate and nitrite food intakes depended on type of household being highest at farmers, pensioners and the number of persons in family. Six persons families took nearly half less than did one-person one. There were no differences in main food sources of nitrates and nitrites for all types of households and number of person in families. Vegetables and their products supplied 94-98% of nitrates whereas meat products supplied 98% of nitrites.     

Evaluation of cadmium intake with food in Polish households in 1993-1997

The studies on cadmium food intake in years 1993-1997 were carried out in six types of households i.e. workers, worker-farmers, farmers, pensioners and retired, self-employed households and families maintaining themselves on non-income sources. Using household budget data and "Tables of trace elements in food products" mean and maximum food intake of cadmium was calculated and compared to provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) taking into consideration main sources of them. The obtained results indicated that the mean cadmium food intake did not exceed PTWI value but maximum intake of one was 38% higher than PTWI. Cadmium intake depended on type of household being highest at farmers, pensioners and retired persons. The main food sources of cadmium were: cereals supplied 43% of one, vegetables and their products supplied 30% cadmium and meat products supplied 15%.     

Evaluation of nitrates and nitrites food intake in Polish households in years 1996-2005

The studies on nitrates and nitrites food intake in years 1996-2005 were curried out in six types of households. Using household budget data and literature mean values of nitrates and nitrites contents in food products food intakes of these compounds were calculated and compared to acceptable daily intake (ADI) taking into consideration main sources of them. The obtained results indicated that the mean nitrate and nitrite food intakes did not exceed ADI and were relatively low 132-190 mg NaNO3/per person/day (56.8% ADI), and 3.0 to 3.5 mg NaNO2/per person/day (58% ADI). Nitrate and nitrite food intakes depended on type of household being highest at pensioners and retired persons and farmers. The main sources of nitrates were vegetables and their products supplied 89% of nitrates whereas meat and meat products supplied 69% of nitrites.     

福建铁路居民的膳食营养状况

目的：了解福建铁路居民的膳食营养状况。方法；采用三日称量记帐法。结果：福建铁路居民每标准人每日摄入的粮谷类，豆类，蔬菜水果类分别为４４７，９０，３３１克，摄入的动物类食物为３３５克，其中肉类，奶类，蛋类，鱼贝类分别为１４９，４３，５３和９０克，摄入纯热类食物为６６克，膳食粮谷类食物为豆类，蔬菜水果类，动物类和纯热能食物提供的热能分别占每日膳食总热能的５７．４％，２．２％，３．８％，２３．６％和１３     

广州市居民含反式脂肪酸食物消费状况调查

目的了解广州市居民含反式脂肪酸（TFA）食物消费状况。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法并考虑广州市区域发展水平差异,2011年抽取广州市越秀区、荔湾区、黄埔区、白云区、番禺区、花都区和南沙区进行调查。对每个区进行系统抽样抽取6个居委会,每个居委会随机抽取40户,凡抽中的住户≥3岁家庭成员均进行调查。采用自行设计的问卷,问卷调查内容包括调查户家庭基本情况、调查对象个人基本情况和个人过去3个月内含TFA食物消费的频率。调查户基本情况调查包括家庭经济收入、家庭人口数、民族等,调查对象基本情况调查包括年龄、性别、职业等。对调查结果进行描述性流行病学分析。结果本研究共调查5 244名≥3岁广州市居民,男、女性分别为2 565、2 679人,性别比为1∶0.96,3～、7～、13～、18～和≥50岁人群人数分别为931（占17.8%）、1 064（20.3%）、1 063（20.3%）、1 797（34.2%）、389（7.4%）人。文化程度以高中、中专以上为主,占60.1%（3 152/5 244）。2011年平均每月家庭年收入〈3 000、3 000～、5 000～和≥8 000元人数分别占22.5%（1 178/5 244）、22.0%（1 148/5 244）、19.9%（1 043/5 244）和32.5%（1 704/5 244）。广州市≥3岁居民含TFA食物平均消费量较高的分别为乳类、食用植物油、面包、糕点、冷冻饮品、生鲜肉及制品和油炸食品,依次为141.18、25.55、25.34、19.43、19.33、19.09和17.18 g/d。乳类、面包、糕点类、膨化食品、油炸食品、速冻食品、冷冻饮品、固体饮料、巧克力糖果类等食品在不同年龄组人群的平均消费量的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,其中7～12、13～17岁人群在以上食品类别的平均消费量较高。乳类、面包、糕点类、油炸食品、速冻食品、冷冻饮品、固体饮料和巧克力糖果类不同收入水平居民含TFA食物的平均消费量差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,其中平均每月家庭纯收入≥8 000元的家庭以上食品类别的平均消费量较高。结论含TFA食物的消费量在广州市7～17岁学龄儿童和青少年人群中较高,有必要开展典型消费人群相关调查,为下一步开展风险评估提供参考。     

Dietary sources of energy and macronutrient intakes among Flemish preschoolers

This study aims to identify major food sources of energy and macronutrients among Flemish preschoolers as a basis for evaluating dietary guidelines. Three-day estimated diet records were collected from a representative sample of 696 Flemish preschoolers (2.5-6.5 years old; participation response rate: 50%). For 11 dietary constituents, the contribution of 57 food groups was computed by summing the amount provided by the food group for all individuals divided by the total intake of the respective nutrient for all individuals. Bread (12%), sweet snacks (12%), milk (6%), flavoured milk drinks (9%), and meat products (6%) were the top five energy contributors. Sweet snacks were among the top contributors to energy, total fat, all fatty acids, cholesterol, and complex and simple carbohydrates. Fruit juices and flavoured milk drinks are the main contributors to simple carbohydrates (respectively 14% and 18%). All principal food groups like water, bread and cereals, vegetables, fruit, milk and spreadable fats were under-consumed by more than 30% of the population, while the food groups that were over-consumed consisted only of low nutritious and high energy dense foods (sweet snacks, sugared drinks, fried potatoes, sauces and sweet spreads). From the major food sources and gaps in nutrient and food intakes, some recommendations to pursue the nutritional goals could be drawn: the intake of sweet snacks and sugar-rich drinks (incl. fruit juices) should be discouraged, while consumption of fruits, vegetables, water, bread and margarine on bread should be encouraged.     

Estimated intake and food sources of vitamin A, folate, vitamin C, vitamin E, calcium, iron, and zinc for Guamanian children aged 9 to 12

This study describes the nutrient intake and food sources of select vitamins and minerals for children on Guam. Food records (n = 954) from public school students aged nine to twelve of all regions on Guam were analyzed for nutrient content and compared to Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). Individual foods were condensed into 194 food aggregates and food lists representing 84% to 91% of the major vitamins and minerals in the diet of the children were developed by frequency analysis. Median intake of calcium, vitamin E, folate were less than 50% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and mean intake of these nutrients was 60% RDA or less. Mean and median vitamin A intake was 107% and 76% RDA, respectively. Both mean and median intake of Vitamin C, iron and zinc were present at levels above 100% RDA. Rice, meat, fruit drink from powder, milk, and fortified cereals are foods that provide substantial contributions to the vitamin and mineral content of the diets. Traditional, nutrient dense foods, such as fish, yams, papaya, and mango had minor contributions because of low frequently of consumption. Information from this study can be used to develop specific diet assessment instruments and culturally appropriate nutrition education.     

中国居民微量营养素的摄入

目的：依据１９９２ 年第三次全国营养调查的结果,分析全国各年龄居民１００ ２０１ 人的微量营养素摄入情况。方法：以中国的食物成分表为计算依据,用１９８８年修订的“推荐每日膳食中营养素供给量（ Ｒ Ｄ Ａ）”作为评价指标,用 Ｓ Ａ Ｓ 统计软件进行分析。结果：钙是中国居民膳食中缺乏最明显的营养素,有５１ ．０ ％ ～６７ ．６ ％ 的城乡个体每日钙摄入量不足１／２ Ｒ Ｄ Ａ; 全国平均视黄醇当量的摄入量占 Ｒ Ｄ Ａ 的６１７ ％ ;核黄素的摄入量占 Ｒ Ｄ Ａ 的５８ ．４ ％ ;铁的摄入量并不低,然而缺铁性贫血是我国居民中普遍存在的营养缺乏病;居民膳食中锌、硒、硫胺素摄入量在８０ ％ ～９０ ％ Ｒ Ｄ Ａ;烟酸、抗坏血酸、维生素 Ｅ 比较充足。结论：对于钙和铁的缺乏应调整膳食结构或适当使用强化食品加以改善。     

中国居民微量营养素的摄入

目的：依据１９９２年第三次全国营养调查的结果,分析全国各年龄居民１００２０１人的微量营养素摄入情况。方法：以中国的食物成分表为计算依据,用１９８８年修订的“推荐每日膳食中营养素供给量（ＲＤＡ）”作为评价指标,用ＳＡＳ统计软件进行分析。结果：钙是中国居民膳食中缺乏最明显的营养素,有５１．０％～６７．６％的城乡个体每日钙摄入量不足１／２ＲＤＡ;全国平均视黄醇当量的摄入量占ＲＤＡ的６１．７％;核黄素的摄入量占ＲＤＡ的５８．４％;铁的摄入量并不低,然而缺铁性贫血是我国居民中普遍存在的营养缺乏病;居民膳食中锌、硒、硫胺素摄入量在８０％～９０％ＲＤＡ;烟酸、抗坏血酸、维生素Ｅ比较充足。结论：对于钙和铁的缺乏应调整膳食结构或适当使用强化食品加以改善。     

Selenium intakes in 18-64-y-old Irish adults

OBJECTIVE: To measure the intake of selenium (Se) and the contribution of different food groups to Se intake in adults aged 18-64 y in Ireland. The adequacy of Se intake in the population is also assessed. DESIGN: Food consumption was estimated using a 7 day food diary for a representative sample (n=1379; men=662, women=717) of 18-64-y-old Irish adults selected randomly from the electoral register. Se intake was estimated using updated tables of food composition. RESULTS: Mean daily Se intakes (+/-s.d.) from all sources (ie food plus supplements), and from food sources alone, for the group of Irish adults aged 18-64 y were 52 (+/-23) and 50 (+/-21) microg, respectively. Mean daily Se intake (from all sources) was significantly higher in men of all ages than women of all ages at levels of 60 and 44 microg, respectively (P<0.001). Meat/meat products (30%), bread and rolls (24%), fish/fish products (approximately 11%), and milk and yoghurt (9%) were the main contributors to mean daily Se intake. Adequacy of Se intake in population groups was estimated as the percentage of the population with mean daily Se intakes that were lower than the average requirement of 40 microg. Using this measure, 45.6% of women and 17.1% of men had inadequate Se intakes. CONCLUSION: A significant prevalence of inadequate Se intakes was observed in Irish adults. Therefore, it would seem prudent that the Se status of the Irish population be investigated at this time.     

A study of dietary practices of pre-school children attending anganwadies in urban slum of Patiala (Punjab)

In India, interviews with mothers of 3-5 year old children living in the Badungarh slum of Patiala City in the Punjab were conducted at 4 anganwadies of the Integrated Child Development Services. The aim of the study was to determine the children's nutritional status. Anganwadies provided the same food supplement daily to 3-5 years old children. The amount provided was less than the recommended amount, however. 75% of the children were not vegetarians. Many children did not like pumpkin brinjal, spinach, and other leafy vegetables. Children's intake of cereals, pulses, green leafy vegetables, milk and milk products, meat, fish and eggs, sugar and jaggery, and fats and oils was lower than recommended allowances. The low intake of meat, fish, and eggs was likely due to the families low income. Consumption of cereals and pulses together resulted in adequate protein intake, but the low intake of leafy vegetables, milk, egg, meat, fish, and fruits resulted in insufficient intake of calcium and bete-carotene. Caloric intake was lower among the 4-5 year olds than among the 3-4 year olds (831.7 vs. 858.9 Kcal). Mothers tended to take the food supplements home to share with all the children in the households. These findings led the researchers to recommend that children eat different and more tastier types of food supplements at the anganwadies. Other recommendations include more frequent checks of food supplement stocks and better supervision.     

Evaluation of dietary fibre, soluble and insoluble fibre food intake in Polish households in years 1996-2005

The aim of the study was food intake of dietary fibre and soluble and insoluble fibre intake in years 1996-2005 in six types of households. According to the households budget data, and literature mean values of dietary fiber and its fraction in food products food intakes of these compounds were calculated and compared to recommendations taking into consideration main sources of them. The obtained results indicated that the mean dietary fibre intake was 23.7 g/per person/day (19.9-28.5 g/per person/day). Dietary food intake depended on type of household, and was less dependent on year. The mean soluble fibre intake was 8.8 g/per person/day (7.2-10.5 g/per person/day) and insoluble fibre was 14.9 g/day/person (12.1-18.0 g/per person/day). In researched period we observed small increase soluble fibre intake, however decline insoluble fibre intake. The main food sources of dietary fibre were cereals, especially bakery, but in case of soluble fibre vegetables and fruit and their products.     

Dietary sources of iron in English adolescents

Adolescents have been identified as a group in which iron intake may be inadequate. Previous studies have reported values for total iron intake but few have reported iron intake from different dietary sources. Information on the proportion of dietary iron provided by different food groups provides a clearer insight into the adequacy of the diet and assists health education.
This paper reports the contribution of different food groups to total iron intake in 379, 11 to 12-year-old, adolescents. Each child completed two 3-day dietary records between January and July 1990, and was interviewed by one dietitian to clarify information recorded. Food tables were used to calculate nutrient intake.
Total iron intake was 11.7 mg/day in boys and 11.2 mg/day in girls. The four most important sources of iron were meat and meat products (18.7%), breakfast cereals (14.8%), bread (11.9%) and potatoes (11.1%). Vegetables contributed only 3.4%. An appreciable amount of iron was derived from chocolate (4.1%). Less 'desirable' foods i.e. crisps, chips and chocolate together accounted for 13% of the total iron intake. The contribution to total iron intake by each source was similar for boys and girls.     

Seasonal variation of food consumption and selected nutrient intake in Linxian,a high risk area for esophageal cancer in China

Linxian, China, is a region with high incidence of esophageal cancer and a history of poor nutritional status. Nutrition Intervention Trials were conducted in this area from 1985 through 1991 and found a reduction in total cancer mortality in the group receiving supplementation of beta-carotene/selenium/alpha-tocopherol. The positive results of those trials have, in part, been ascribed to the poor nutritional status of this population. To investigate more recent food patterns, nutrient intakes, and seasonal variations in the diet, dietary surveys were conducted among the residents of Linxian in 1996. Food consumption data were collected among 104 households in spring and 106 households in autumn using a method of food inventory changes. Intake of nutrients was estimated and compared to the Chinese Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). In both seasons, the five most common food groups consumed were cereals, fresh vegetables, yams, seasoning, and eggs. Low nutrient intakes were found for selenium (79% RDA and 66% RDA), zinc (72% RDA and 62% RDA), vitamin B2 (64% RDA and 52% RDA), and calcium (53% RDA and 39% RDA) in both spring and autumn. A large seasonal variation was seen in the consumption of leafy vegetables, root vegetables and eggs, all of which might have contributed to the lower intake of vitamin A (25% RDA), vitamin C (75% RDA), protein (76% RDA), and vitamin E (78% RDA) in autumn. These indicate that the nutrient intake in Linxian is inadequate for a number of vitamins and minerals including those shown to be associated with esophageal cancer.     

山东省中西部地区农村居民膳食结构和营养状况调查

目的了解山东省中西部农村居民的膳食营养状况，为改善农村居民膳食结构，提高居民健康水平提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样的方法，抽取山东省中西部8个县（市、区），每个县（市、区）随机抽取2个乡镇，每个乡镇随机抽取2个村，每个村按系统抽样方法共调查11987人。膳食调查采用食物频率法收集调查对象过去一年中各种食物消费频率及消费量。结果山东省中西部地区农村居民平均每标准人日粮谷类食物摄入量为553．9g，新鲜蔬菜为310．6g，水果为58．2g，畜禽肉类为36．3g，蛋类为50．1g，奶类为16．7g，豆类34．4g，油脂为44．8g，食盐为12．3g；每标准人日能量摄人量为12095．6kJ，碳水化合物为451．8g，蛋白质为85．6g，脂肪为78．8g，膳食纤维为18．7g；粮谷类食物供能占总能量的66．1％，动物性食物供能占6．6％；碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪供能分别占总能量的63．2％，12．0％，24．8％；来源于动物性食物的脂肪占24．o％，来源于植物性脂肪占76．0％。结论山东省中西部地区农村居民能量、蛋白质、脂肪摄入量充足，蔬菜水果、豆类、动物性食品摄入量偏低，而植物油、食盐的摄入量偏高。     

Gender differences in food and energy intake among adult villagers in northwestern Bangladesh: a food frequency questionnaire survey

This study aimed to elucidate gender differences in dietary intake of rural Bangladeshi adults. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) survey using 15 food/dish items, together with anthropometric measurements, was conducted for 230 adults and adolescents (95 males and 135 females). To estimate the portion sizes of these foods/dishes, the samples consumed by 25 subjects were weighed. The FFQ revealed that rice was eaten two to three times (or more) per day by 98% of the subjects, providing nearly 60% of energy for both sexes. Puri (fried bread), meats, eggs, pulses, milk, fresh vegetables, fruits, tea with milk and sugar, and soft drinks were consumed more frequently by males. Males' larger portion sizes of rice, fish dish, potato dish, and vegetable dish resulted in larger daily energy intake per body weight in males (235 +/- 41 kJ/kg) than in females (161 +/- 28 kJ/kg). Despite males' larger energy intake, the proportion of chronically energy deficient persons (<18.5 kg/m2 in body mass index) was similar between males (35.8%) and females (37.8%), attributing to males' larger energy expenditure. Females' less-frequent consumption of nutritious foods and smaller energy intake were considered vulnerable to micronutrient deficiency.     

Health and dietary patterns of the elderly in Botswana

OBJECTIVE: To describe associations among socioeconomic conditions and dietary patterns of Botswana elderly. DESIGN: Secondary analysis from a cross-sectional nationwide survey. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects (N = 1086, 60-99 years old) were selected after multistage sampling. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dietary patterns were dependent variables; health and socioeconomic variables were independent variables. ANALYSIS: Factor analysis with varimax rotation; least squares regression. RESULTS: The most widely consumed food items were tea (91%), sorghum (82%), and maize-meal (63%). Five dietary patterns emerged: beer; meat/fruit; vegetable/bread; seasonal produce; and milk/tea/candy patterns. Elderly women, those attending church, and those living with grandchildren were less associated with the Beer Pattern. The Vegetable and Bread Pattern was more common among grandparents living with children and those living in towns (urban). Widowed elders were less likely to consume meat/fruit (P < .005). Half had a large family size (6 to 10 children), with about 30% supporting 1 to 5 children. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Dietary patterns suggested both food to be emphasized in nutrition education programs and those who may benefit most. Nutrition education efforts in Botswana should focus on improving food diversity, with particular targeting of widowed elderly and those in rural areas, and on increasing vegetable, fruit, meat, and milk intake.     

Trends in dietary sources of nutrients among middle-aged men in southern Germany. Results of the MONICA Project Augsburg: dietary surveys 1984/1985 and 1994/1995. MONItoring trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease

The study analyses 10-year trends (1984/1985-1994/1995) in southern Germany in the food sources of nutrients. In two phases of the MONICA Project in Augsburg, dietary surveys were conducted in subsamples of 45 to 64 year-old men. Responses in 1984/1985 and 1994/1995 were 69.8% and 70.8% with eligible samples of 603 and 607, respectively. Seven-day records were collected and coded with the German food composition database. Percentage contribution of food groups to selected nutrient intakes were calculated. Meat and meat products and eggs decreased in importance as contributors to the intake of energy and several nutrients, whereas fish and fish products, milk and milk products and various food groups of plant origin became more important. In 1984/1985, for instance, meat and meat products delivered 23.4% of energy, 47.5% of protein and 38.1% of fat, whereas in 1994/1995 the respective contributions declined to 21.4%, 44.0% and 34.5%. The new product group of supplements has already become an important contributor to the intake of vitamin C. Both static intakes and changes in intake of certain nutrients can be explained by corresponding fluctuations in patterns of intake of the underlying food sources. Therefore it is recommended that dietary assessments use food source lists derived from the most recent dietary surveys.     

Effect of household size on nutritional patterns among the Dutch elderly

Elderly persons are vulnerable to nutritional risks. Factors such as living alone make the elderly prone to poor nutritional status as a result of inadequate diets. The results of a Dutch national nutrition survey of food consumption and nutritional status among 539 independently living, apparently healthy elderly persons, aged 65 to 79 years, show that in general the intake of macronutrients deviates from the Dutch recommendations. In particular, saturated fat intake and P:S ratio were unfavorable, especially for the solitary elderly persons (saturated fat intake 19.0 +/- 3.2% and 17.7 +/- 3.3% total energy for men and women, respectively). Except for vitamin B-6 (about 92% of the recommendation on a group level for men and 78% for women), the intake of micronutrients studied is considered to be adequate. Elderly women living alone had a higher calcium:phosphorus ratio (0.76 +/- 0.12), lower meat consumption (90 +/- 31 gm), and a lower mean HDL-cholesterol concentration (1.22 +/- 0.28 mmol/L) in serum than non-solitary elderly women (Ca:P ratio 0.73 +/- 0.12, meat consumption 100 +/- 36 gm, HDL-cholesterol concentration 1.45 +/- 0.38 mmol/L). Potatoes, vegetables, and meat were more often prepared for more than one day at a time by elderly persons living alone than by the non-solitary elderly.     

Food security, selection, and healthy eating in a Pacific Community in Auckland New Zealand

When an infant is brought home to the family, it is often a time of emotional, economic and physical stress due to the extra demands placed on parents. Household food security means "access at all times to enough and nutritionally appropriate food to provide the energy and nutrients needed to maintain an active and healthy life". Questions about food security were asked of 1376 Pacific Island mothers (as part of the Pacific Island Family Study) approximately six weeks after the birth of their baby. Due to lack of money food sometimes ran out in 39.8% of households and in a further 3.8% food often ran out. Variety of foods was limited by lack of money in 39.3%. Foods that were still bought when money was limited included bread (97%), milk (95%), meat and chicken (91%), vegetables and fruit (83%), rice or pasta (82%), breakfast cereals (69%), fish or shellfish (50%) and biscuits or chips (44%). Alcohol (1%), soft drinks (11%), ice cream (12%) and fruit juice (21%) were the least often bought. Energy density (MJ/kg) and nutrient-density of typical foods limited by lack of money were analysed. Rice, bread and fatty meats provided the most calories per dollar and fruit and vegetables the least. The best protein-value for money was from minced beef, chicken and tinned tuna and the most fibre-rich foods included baked beans and mixed vegetables. Food security is a major problem for Pacific families. The environment of food availability, choice and cost requires attention to help close the health gap.