健康促进学校干预模式对学校和家庭控烟环境的影响

目的了解健康促进学校模式预防和控制青少年吸烟对学校和家庭环境的影响,为评价干预效果提供参考。方法在广州市4所中学开展为期1a的初中生吸烟干预试验,评价指标为与吸烟相关的学校物质环境和社会环境、对学生家庭的辐射作用和父母参与学生控烟的积极性。结果52.7%的学生能感觉到拒烟的校风在过去1a中增加,46.1%报告教师当面吸烟的情况减少,40.2%报告厕所内烟蒂减少,39.2%报告后勤人员吸烟减少,38.4%报告校道操场烟蒂减少,35.5%报告来访人员在校内吸烟减少,而报告班上吸烟同学减少和学校吸烟同学减少的分别为35.0%和32.7%。62.2%的学生家长报告“孩子在家提及了学校控烟工作”,71.5%报告“孩子携带控烟资料回家”,68.4%“阅读了孩子带回的资料”,69.8%和孩子“签订了无烟家庭协议书”。干预后,家长“教育孩子不要吸烟”的比例有所上升,“向孩子讲述吸烟危害健康知识”的也有所增加。家长“自己参与控烟的意愿”在干预后有明显的上升(P<0.05)。结论干预项目的实施对吸烟相关的学校环境产生了积极的作用,还部分辐射到学生家庭,一定程度上提高了父母参与控烟的积极性。     

家长参与预防和控制初中生吸烟的影响因素分析

目的探索家长参与青少年控烟积极性的影响因素。方法设计自填式问卷对初中生及其家长进行横断面调查,Ordinal回归法筛选家长参与的影响因素。结果2617套有效问卷中,家长参与程度Ⅰ~Ⅴ级的构成比分别为1.9%、4.9%、13.4%和33.4%和46.4%,母亲的参与程度显著高于父亲(P<0.05)。筛选出10个有统计学意义的影响家长参与的变量,其中8个为促进因素(按OR值排序)较高的家长文化程度>尝试过戒烟>对“吸烟的形象与心理作用”的正确态度>“吸烟引起的呼吸系统疾病和癌症”的认知水平>对“禁烟相关的措施”的正确态度>学生为男性>对“吸烟与人际交往”的正确态度>对“吸烟对健康的危害”的正确态度;而2个阻碍因素为家长现在吸烟>家长年龄。结论文化程度低、年龄较大的、女生的以及现在吸烟的家长参与学生控烟的积极性较差,健康促进家庭可提高其参与积极性,从而预防和控制青少年吸烟。     

Predictors of the transition to regular smoking during adolescence and young adulthood.

PURPOSE: To identify predictors of the transition from experimentation to regular smoking in middle adolescence, late adolescence, and young adulthood. METHODS: California and Oregon students completed self-report surveys assessing the following potential predictors of the transition to regular smoking from grades 8 to 10 (n = 2,496), grades 10 to 12 (n = 2,149), and grade 12 to age 23 years (n = 1,534): demographic characteristics; smoking-related attitudes, behaviors and environment; other problem behaviors; academic orientation; parental bonding; and mental health. Huberized regression techniques, which adjust for weighting and clustering of observations, were used to determine the independent associations of the predictor variables on subsequent smoking status. RESULTS: Risk factors for the transition to regular smoking during middle adolescence included being white, prosmoking attitudes, friend smoking, weak academic orientation, and less parental support. During late adolescence, being African-American was protective, whereas risk factors included prosmoking attitudes, drinking, non-intact nuclear family, and less parental support. Risk factors in young adulthood included younger age and prosmoking attitudes. CONCLUSIONS: Results point to several smoking-related attitudes, social influences, and behaviors that prevention efforts may target to curb the escalation of smoking.     

Family characteristics and smoking among urban and rural adolescents living in China

BACKGROUND: Adolescent smoking is a public health concern in China. Although the family is an important social influence in China, few associations among family characteristics and adolescent smoking have been examined using Chinese samples. METHODS: Survey data on psychosocial variables and smoking were collected from a sample of 3629 7th grade adolescents (46% female; 54% male; mean age 12.7 years) in Wuhan, China. For adolescents, past 30-day smoking, family relationships, parents' negative sanctioning of smoking, parents' agreement with smoking, and parents' smoking behaviors are assessed. To account for the clustered data structure, hierarchical logistic regression analyses controlling for demographics (urbanization, age) examined the independent and multivariate effects of family characteristics for each gender. RESULTS: Girls are less likely than boys to report smoking and are more likely to report positive family relationships, and having parents with negative attitudes toward them smoking. Positive family relationships and age were strongly associated with smoking for both genders. No significant differences exist by gender. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the quality of family relationships are important for adolescent female and male smoking in China.     

Perceived legitimacy of parental authority and tobacco and alcohol use during early adolescence.

PURPOSE: To assess the likelihood that young adolescents perceive that parents have legitimate authority regarding cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption; to test whether perceived parental authority predicts adolescents' use of tobacco and alcohol, and to test the association between parenting style and the legitimacy of parental authority regarding tobacco and alcohol. METHODS: Survey data were obtained in 1997 from 1220 sixth and eighth grade adolescents enrolled in a central North Carolina school district. The sample comprised 72.3% of 1687 eligible students and 92.3% of 1321 students with parental consent; 83.8% of the sample was European-American and 16.2% African-American. Students completed self-report questionnaires administered in classrooms. Logistic regression models were used to test the study hypotheses. RESULTS: Adolescents were significantly more likely to legitimize parental authority regarding tobacco and alcohol than parental authority regarding conventional or contemporary issues. Failure to legitimize parental authority was associated with significantly greater odds of current smoking (OR = 4.06; p <.000) or drinking (OR = 3.81; p <.000) among all respondents, and significantly greater odds of intending to smoke (OR = 3.38; p <.000) or drink (OR = 3.38; p <.000) among abstinent respondents. Adolescents' perceptions of parental authority regarding tobacco and alcohol varied significantly by parenting style. CONCLUSIONS: The results discredit the myth that adolescents uniformly disregard parental values and rules regarding tobacco and alcohol. The results also showed that general parenting style covaried strongly with adolescents' perceptions of parental authority regarding substance use. Additional research is warranted to test for causal relations between general parenting style, adolescents' perceptions of parental authority regarding substance use, and adolescents' risk of substance use.     

Differences in students' smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among public, factory, and private secondary schools in Guangzhou, China

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of smoking among Chinese adolescents has dramatically increased in recent years. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among Chinese students in 3 types of secondary schools. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 3,957 students of seventh, eighth, and ninth grades and 2,870 student parents from 3 public, 1 factory, and 2 general-paid private secondary schools at Guangzhou in 2004. Participants were asked to complete self-administered questionnaires about sociodemographic characteristics, smoking-related family and school environments, smoking-related knowledge and attitudes, and smoking behaviors. RESULTS: The average scores of students' smoking-related knowledge and attitudes (higher score, more against smoking) were highest in the factory school, followed by public schools and private schools. The differences among them were statistically significantly (P < .05). The lifetime smoking prevalence was also significantly different (P < .001) among 3 types of schools: 35.4% in private schools, 17.4% in public schools, and 13.2% in the factory school. The prevalence of students' weekly smoking was also higher in private schools (6.2%) than in public schools (4.9%) or the factory school (4.0%). Similar disparity was observed in the prevalence of daily smoking (3.9% private, 3.5% public, and 2.7% factory). However, differences in weekly and daily smoking were not statistically significant (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with students in public and factory schools, those in general-paid private schools had poorer smoking-related knowledge, more supportive attitudes toward smoking, and more popular smoking behaviors. Therefore, more intensive smoking prevention programs should be implemented among them.     

Exposure to alcohol among adolescent students and associated factors

OBJECTIVE

To describe the prevalence of alcohol consumption among adolescent school students and identify its individual and contextual associated factors.

METHODS

The present research used data from the 2009 National School Health Survey (PeNSE), which included a sample of 59,699 9^th grade students in Brazilian capitals and the Federal District. The association between regular alcohol consumption and independent explanatory variables was measured by means of the Pearson’s Chi-square test, with a 0.05 significance level. The explanatory variables were divided into four groups based on affinity (sociodemographic; school and family context; risk factors; and protection factors). A multivariate analysis was carried out for each group, always adjusting for age and sex. Variables with p < 0.10 were used in the final multivariate analysis model.

RESULTS

The highest alcohol consumption in the preceding 30 days was independently associated with pupils aged 15 years (OR = 1.46) and over, female (OR = 1.72), white, children of mothers with higher education, studying in private school, students who had tried smoking (OR = 1.72) and drug use (OR = 1.81), with regular tobacco consumption (OR = 2.16) and those who have had sexual intercourse (OR = 2.37). The factors related to family were skipping school without parental knowledge (OR = 1.49), parents not knowing what children do in their free time (OR = 1.34), having fewer meals with their parents (OR = 1.22), reporting that parents do not care (OR = 3.05), or care little (OR = 3.39) if they go home drunk, and having suffered domestic violence (OR = 1.36).

CONCLUSIONS

The results reinforce the importance of viewing alcohol consumption among adolescents as a complex, multifactorial and socially determined phenomenon.     

Household smoking bans and adolescents' perceived prevalence of smoking and social acceptability of smoking

OBJECTIVES: Household smoking bans might decrease the visibility of cigarette smoking and communicate nonsmoking social norms and parental attitudes to youths, which may serve as mediators to reduce smoking initiation. Whether they have these effects even if parents smoke or do not otherwise communicate strong disapproval of smoking to their children is not clear. We tested these hypotheses in multi-level analyses. METHODS: A telephone survey of a random sample of 3831 Massachusetts adolescents (12-17 years) assessed respondents' perceptions of smoking prevalence and attitudes about the social acceptability of smoking in their community. The association of these outcomes with the presence of a smoking ban in the youths' home was tested in multivariate analyses that adjusted for town-level clustering and individual and environmental characteristics. RESULTS: A household smoking ban was reported by 71% of all youths and 49% of youths who lived with smokers. In multivariate models, youths who had a household smoking ban were more likely to perceive a lower adult smoking prevalence (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.7-2.5; P < 0.001), greater adult disapproval of adult smoking (OR 2.0; 1.5-2.6; P < 0.001) and of teen smoking (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.2-1.9; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Among adolescents, a household smoking ban was associated with a lower perceived prevalence of adult smoking in their communities and more negative attitudes about the social acceptability of smoking, two factors that affect the likelihood of smoking initiation. Household smoking bans had these effects even in the presence of two parental factors known to encourage adolescent smoking initiation (parental smoking and lack of perceived parental disapproval of youth tobacco use). This provides an additional rationale for promoting household smoking bans to parents.     

Home smoking bans in Finland and the association with child smoking

BACKGROUND: Few studies in Europe have investigated home smoking bans and their association with child smoking. METHODS: A nationwide survey of 12 to 18-year olds in 2005 (n = 6503, response rate 66%) was used to study home smoking bans in Finland. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to study association of home smoking bans and child smoking. RESULTS: Of the respondents, 58% reported a total ban, 27% a partial ban, 4% reported no ban and 10% chose the option 'I cannot say'. The lack of total ban was strongly associated with living in non-intact families, parents' lower educational level, parental smoking and parents' permissive attitude towards child smoking. Moreover, partial or no ban increased the likelihood of being a daily smoker. In the multinomial logistic regression model, the odds ratios (ORs) for children's daily smoking, adjusted for sociodemographic factors, parental smoking and their permissive attitude, were OR 2.9 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.3-3.6] for partial ban and OR 14.3 (8.6-23.7) for no ban. In families where both parents smoked, the adjusted ORs were correspondingly 1.5 (95% CI 0.7-3.0) and 2.9 (95% CI 1.1-7.8). CONCLUSIONS: Home smoking bans will contribute towards a reduced risk of child smoking even when parents smoke. Tobacco control legislation needs to be enhanced with measures promoting awareness of the benefits achievable through strict home smoking bans. Families characterized by lower socioeconomic status and smoking parents are particular target groups.     

Smoking among adolescents in Northern Greece: a large cross-sectional study about risk and preventive factors

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to investigate epidemiological data about cigarette smoking in relation with risk and preventive factors among Greek adolescents. METHODS: We randomly selected 10% of the whole number of schools in Northern Greece (133 schools, 18,904 participants were included). Two anonymous questionnaires (smoker's and non-smoker's) were both distributed to all students so they selected and filled in only one. A parental signed informed consent was obtained using an informative leaflet about adolescent smoking RESULTS: The main findings of the study were: a) 14.2% of the adolescents (mean age+/-SD: 15.3+/-1.7 years) reported regular smoking (24.1% in the age group 16--18 years), b) 84.2% of the current smokers reported daily use, c) students who live in urban and semirural areas smoke more frequently than those in rural areas, d) students in technically oriented schools smoke twice as frequent compared to those in general education, e) risk factors for smoking: male gender, low educational level of parents, friends who smoke (OR: 10.01, 95%CI: 8.53-11.74, p<0.001), frequent visits to internet cafes (OR:1.53, 95%CI: 1.35-1.74, p<0.001), parents, siblings (OR:2.24, 95%CI: 1.99-2.51, p<0.001) and favorite artist (OR:1.18, 95%CI: 1.04-1.33, p=0.009) who smoke, f) protective factors against smoking: participation in sports (OR:0.59, 95%CI: 0.53-0.67, p<0.001), watching television (OR:0.74, 95%CI 0.66-0.84, p<0.001) and influence by health warning messages on cigarette packets (OR:0.42, 95%CI: 0.37, 0.48, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Even though prevalence of cigarette smoking is not too high among Greek adolescents, frequency of everyday cigarette use is alarming. We identified many social and lifestyle risk and preventive factors that should be incorporated in a national smoking prevention program among Greek adolescents.     

湖南省中职学生吸烟行为与家庭社会经济地位的关系

目的 了解湖南省娄底市、常德市中职学生吸烟行为现状及家庭社会经济地位对中职学生吸烟行为的影响,为预防和减少中职学生吸烟行为提供科学依据。方法 采用家庭社会经济地位问卷、中学生吸烟行为调查问卷对湖南省娄底市与常德市两所中等职业学校的1 086名学生进行调查。结果 中职学生吸烟率为32.1%,其中每周吸烟40支以上中职学生占吸烟中职学生总数的23.8%;吸烟中职学生与不吸烟中职学生在父母职业、主观家庭社会地位、主观学校社会地位维度上差异均有统计学意义（均有P<0.05）;家庭月收入高（OR=1.129,95%CI：1.024~1.245,P=0.015）、主观学校社会地位低（OR=0.895,95%CI：0.820~0.976,P=0.012）是中职学生吸烟的危险因素;家庭月收入高（OR=1.062,95%CI：1.010~1.122,P=0.047）、父母职业得分低（OR=0.951,95%CI：0.908~0.996,P=0.034）、主观学校社会地位低（OR=0.932,95%CI：0.890~0.984,P=0.010）是中职学生的吸烟量大的危险因素。结论 湖南省中职学生吸烟现象严重,家庭月收入高、主观家庭社会经济地位低的中职学生吸烟的可能性更高。     

Attitudes and knowledge about naloxone and overdose prevention among detained drug users in Ningbo, China

Background

The aim of the present study was to investigate epidemiological data about cigarette smoking in relation with risk and preventive factors among Greek adolescents.

Methods

We randomly selected 10% of the whole number of schools in Northern Greece (133 schools, 18,904 participants were included). Two anonymous questionnaires (smoker's and non-smoker's) were both distributed to all students so they selected and filled in only one. A parental signed informed consent was obtained using an informative leaflet about adolescent smoking.

Results

The main findings of the study were: a) 14.2% of the adolescents (mean age+/?SD: 15.3+/?1.7 years) reported regular smoking (24.1% in the age group 16–18 years), b) 84.2% of the current smokers reported daily use, c) students who live in urban and semirural areas smoke more frequently than those in rural areas, d) students in technically oriented schools smoke twice as frequent compared to those in general education, e) risk factors for smoking: male gender, low educational level of parents, friends who smoke (OR: 10.01, 95%CI: 8.53-11.74, p<0.001), frequent visits to internet cafes (OR:1.53, 95%CI: 1.35-1.74, p<0.001), parents, siblings (OR:2.24, 95%CI: 1.99-2.51, p<0.001) and favorite artist (OR:1.18, 95%CI: 1.04-1.33, p=0.009) who smoke, f) protective factors against smoking: participation in sports (OR:0.59, 95%CI: 0.53-0.67, p<0.001), watching television (OR:0.74, 95%CI 0.66-0.84, p<0.001) and influence by health warning messages on cigarette packets (OR:0.42, 95%CI: 0.37, 0.48, p<0.001).

Conclusions

Even though prevalence of cigarette smoking is not too high among Greek adolescents, frequency of everyday cigarette use is alarming. We identified many social and lifestyle risk and preventive factors that should be incorporated in a national smoking prevention program among Greek adolescents.     

Nine-year prospective association between older siblings' smoking and children's daily smoking.

PURPOSE: To explore the hypothesis that older siblings' smoking, after controlling for parents' smoking, influences children's smoking. METHODS: Study participants were 2981 students in the control cohort of a school-based smoking prevention randomized trial for whom parents' smoking and older siblings' smoking data were collected at 3rd grade and daily smoking data was assessed 9 years later through a self-report questionnaire at the 12th grade. Data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression and likelihood ratio tests. RESULTS: For families in which no parent smoked, the 12th grade prevalence of daily smoking was 31% when at least one older sibling smoked compared to 18% when no older sibling smoked. For families in which at least one parent smoked, the 12th grade prevalence of daily smoking was 41% when at least one older sibling smoked compared to 29% when no older sibling smoked. There was a substantial increase in the odds (OR = 1.60, p =.004) of children's daily smoking at 12th grade when their older siblings smoked, even after adjusting for parents' smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Older siblings' smoking is associated with increased risk of children's smoking after adjusting for parents smoking. Furthermore, there was no evidence to suggest that the influence of older siblings' smoking was different in families where no parent smoked compared to those where at least one parent smoked. Also, there was no evidence that the influence of older siblings' smoking was different in boys vs. girls.     

家长参与家庭控烟程度对初中生吸烟行为影响

目的探讨家长参与家庭控烟程度对初中生吸烟行为的影响。方法采用随机抽样方法从广州市黄埔区20所中学中抽取3所学校,对在校初中生的家长以自填式结构问卷进行调查,内容包括家长的一般情况、家长参与家庭控烟程度以及其子女吸烟行为等。采用多元协方差分析法分析家长参与家庭控烟的程度对子女吸烟行为的影响。结果2 019份有效问卷中,初中生尝试吸烟率为5.60%（男生10.05%,女生2.25%）;偶尔吸烟率为4.41%（男生8.47%,女生1.32%）;规律吸烟率为1.19%（男生1.58%,女生0.93%）。母亲参与家庭控烟程度高于父亲,男生家长参与程度高于女生家长。家长参与控烟的程度越高,其子女吸烟越少。结论家长在家庭内进行烟草控制可减少和（或）延缓青少年吸烟。     

The Association Among Adolescents' Tobacco Use,Their Beliefs and Attitudes,and Friends' and Parents' Opinions of Smoking

Objective: To examine adolescents' attitudes toward smoking, the presence of a false consensus effect, and the influence of peer and parental attitudes about smoking choices on being a susceptible, never smoker; an experimenter; and a current smoker. Methods: Data from The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's 1996 National Study of Tobacco Price Sensitivity, Behavior, and Attitudes Among Teenagers and Young Adults (RWJF survey) were used to produce national estimates of the tobacco use behaviors and attitudes of adolescents enrolled in high school. Three logistic regression models were estimated to examine which psychosocial variables were associated with three different stages of smoking uptake. Results: Positive attitudes toward tobacco use were associated with a greater likelihood of being a susceptible, never smoker (OR = 1.50), an experimenter (OR = 1.27), and a current smoker (OR = 2.96). Those respondents who believed that 50% or more of all adolescents smoked were more likely to be current smokers (OR = 1.45). The importance of the opinions of one's friends and parents about his/her choice to smoke was also found to be associated with smoking behavior. Conclusions: Preventing the initiation and continuation of smoking among adolescents will require interventions that address individual attitudes with respect to tobacco and will also need to present a clear picture of adolescent smoking. In addition, prevention and intervention messages should emphasize the importance of parental opinions on youth tobacco use regardless of parental tobacco use behavior.     

Communication about smoking in Dutch families: associations between anti-smoking socialization and adolescent smoking-related cognitions

Parents play an important role in the development of young people's smoking behavior, through the modeling effects of their own smoking status, through the ways they raise their children and through the ways they deal with smoking at home. The present study focused on anti-smoking socialization by, first, comparing the perspectives of both parents and an adolescent on eight indicators of anti-smoking socialization. In addition, we aimed to examine how these indicators of anti-smoking socialization are related to adolescent smoking-related cognitions (e.g. attitudes, self-efficacy, intentions to smoke). Data were collected from 116 Dutch families with fathers, mothers and adolescents (10-19 years old) included. Self-reports of these family members were used by means of questionnaires that were sent through the Internet. The findings showed that parents and adolescents differ in their reports on anti-smoking socialization. In general, mothers are more positive about anti-smoking socialization than adolescents and fathers. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that aspects of anti-smoking socialization, such as parental monitoring, norms on adolescents smoking and reactions on adolescent smoking, are related to smoking-related cognitions, such as negative attitudes to smoking, lower intentions to start smoking and higher self-efficacy. These findings are a first step in research on smoking-specific socialization that is considered to be of importance for the development of effective smoking prevention programmes focusing on parents. Nonetheless, longitudinal studies on large samples of families are needed to replicate the findings in this study.     

Parent–Child Acculturation Patterns and Substance Use among Hispanic Adolescents: A Longitudinal Analysis

Acculturation discrepancy theory predicts that conflicting cultural preferences between adolescents and their parents will increase the adolescents’ risk for behavior problems such as substance use. This study evaluated this hypothesis in a sample of 1683 Hispanic students in Southern California who completed surveys in 9th and 10th grade. Measures included the students’ own cultural orientations and their perceptions of their parents’ preference for their cultural orientations (“Perceived Parental Cultural Expectations”—PPCE). Hispanic PPCE in 9th grade was a risk factor for lifetime, but not past-month, cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use in 10th grade. The adolescents’ own Hispanic orientation in 9th grade was protective against lifetime and past-month smoking and marijuana use and lifetime alcohol use in 10th grade. The effects of the acculturation variables did not vary according to generation in the U.S. Change in acculturation between 9th and 10th grade was statistically significant but small in magnitude. Increases in parent–child Hispanic acculturation discrepancy (i.e., the difference between the adolescents’ own cultural orientations and their PPCE, with adolescents perceiving that their parents wanted them to be more Hispanic oriented than they actually were) from 9th to 10th grade were associated with an increased risk of substance use. Family-based interventions for acculturating Hispanic families may be useful in decreasing the likelihood of substance use among Hispanic adolescents.     

影响初中生家长签署无烟家庭协议的相关因素分析

目的探讨影响家长签署无烟家庭协议书的因素。方法采用自填式问卷对2019名初中生家长进行问卷调查,内容包括家长人口学特征、家长吸烟行为、家长对家庭控烟的认识以及孩子的相关资料等;同时要求签署《共创＂无烟家庭＂的协议书》。以家长是否签署协议（0=否,1=是）为因变量,家长的年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度等为自变量,进行多因素logistic回归分析,得出与家长签署协议有统计学意义的变量。结果1047名（51．86%）家长签署协议,其中父亲签署率为49．25%,母亲签署率为55．73%。影响父亲签署协议的因素为：履行协议的意愿（OR=3．37）、向子女讲述吸烟危害（OR=2．10）、知晓学校控烟活动（OR=1．38）和阅读过学校控烟资料（OR=1．38）、现在吸烟（OR=0．53）。影响母亲签署协议的影响因素为：履行协议的意愿（OR=2．36）、教育子女不要吸烟（OR=2．22）、阅读过学校控烟资料（OR=1．57）。结论转变家长对烟草的认识和态度,可提高家长参与家庭控烟的程度,推动无烟家庭的创建。     

家庭社会经济地位对医学生吸烟行为影响

目的了解医学院校大学生吸烟行为发生状况、烟草危害知识知晓程度和相关态度,探讨家庭社会地位和其他相关因素对其吸烟行为的影响。方法整群抽取长沙市2所综合性院校中所有医学类专业2 892名二、三年级学生进行一般人口学资料和吸烟相关的知识、态度和行为调查。结果在2 814名医学生中,尝试吸烟率为30.6%（男生53.3%,女生18.3%）,现在吸烟率为3.8%（男生10.3%,女生0.3%）,每日吸烟率为0.6%（男生1.5%,女生0.1%）;首次尝试吸烟行为主要发生在小学阶段（65.5%）;农村学生尝试吸烟率高于城市学生（32.8% vs.28.1%）,但每日吸烟率低于城市学生（0.3% vs.0.9%）,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;非吸烟者烟草危害知识知晓程度和拒绝吸烟的意愿均高于吸烟者（P<0.01）;Spearman相关分析结果显示,家庭社会经济地位与医学生尝试吸烟率呈负相关（r=-0.64,P<0.01）,与烟草危害知识和吸烟态度得分均呈正相关（r=0.071、0.077,P<0.01）;多因素分析结果显示,男性、父母均吸烟、室友吸烟、亲密朋友吸烟、家庭社会地位较低和拒绝吸烟态度较弱是医学生尝试吸烟行为的危险因素;男性、室友吸烟、亲密朋友吸烟和拒绝吸烟态度较弱是医学生现在吸烟行为的危险因素。结论医学生吸烟行为受家庭社会经济地位影响,在医学院校大学生中开展的控烟行动应结合家庭和同伴的参与。     

Family Composition, Parental Involvement and Young Children's Academic Achievement

This study examined whether first-, second-, and third-grade students' achievement in language and mathematics was affected by factors from both the family context, including family size, number of adult caregivers, and parents' educational level, and the type of school related activities practised by parents. Participants in the study were 333 students (grades 1-3) whose parents had completed and returned a questionnaire designed to measure parents' attitude toward school and the extent of their involvement in school related activities. Academic achievement was related to measures of family composition (family size, number of adult caregivers, and parents' educational level). After controlling for race and gender, parents' educational level was associated with the students' scores on achievement tests. Furthermore, students whose parents engaged in learning activities at home were more likely to obtain higher achievement (language) scores. The study lends support to current practices commonly found in early childhood programs for involving parents in their children's schooling.