Initial Troponin Level as a Predictor of Prognosis in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Objective

It has been suggested that elevated cardiac troponin T (cTnT) level is a marker of increased risk of mortality in acute ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, the association of serum cTnT level and prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been sparsely investigated. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between cTnT level and the outcome in patients with spontaneous ICH.

Methods

We retrospectively investigated 253 patients identified by a database search from records of patients admitted in our department for ICH between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2007. The patients were divided into 2 groups; the patients in group 1 (n=225) with serum cTnT values of 0.01 ng/mL or less, and those in group 2 (n=28) with serum cTnT values greater than 0.01 ng/mL.

Results

The serum cTnT level was elevated in 28 patients. There were significant differences in sex, hypertension, creatine kinase-myocardial band, midline shift, side of hematoma, and presence of intraventricular hemorrhage between the 2 groups. Logistic regression analysis identified the level of consciousness on admission, cTnT and midline shift as independent predictors of hospital mortality.

Conclusion

Theses results suggest that increased serum cTnT level at admission is associated with in-hospital mortality and the addition of a serum cTnT assay to routine admission testing should be considered in patients with ICH.     

Advances in Therapeutic Approaches for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) results in high rates of morbidity and mortality, with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) being associated with even worse outcomes. Therapeutic interventions in acute ICH have continued to emerge with focus on arresting hemorrhage expansion, clot volume reduction of both intraventricular and parenchymal hematomas, and targeting perihematomal edema and inflammation. Large randomized controlled trials addressing the effectiveness of rapid blood pressure lowering, hemostatic therapy with platelet transfusion, and other clotting complexes and hematoma volume reduction using minimally invasive techniques have impacted clinical guidelines. We review the recent evolution in the management of acute spontaneous ICH, discussing which interventions have been shown to be safe and which may potentially improve outcomes.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13311-020-00902-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

The NAG scale: Noble Predictive Scale for Hematoma Expansion in Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose

Early hematoma expansion (HE) is not rare in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients, but detecting those patients with high risk of HE is challenging. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the factors associated with HE in acute ICH patients, and to develop a simple predictive scale for HE.

Association and Clinical Outcomes of Marijuana in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Objective

An epidemiological relationship between intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and marijuana use is not known. Data about the impact of marijuana on ICH patient's outcomes remain scarce.

Impact of Early Enteral Nutrition on In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Objective

We conducted this study to evaluate the clinical impact of early enteral nutrition (EN) on in-hospital mortality and outcome in patients with critical hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 123 ICH patients with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 3-12. We divided the subjects into two groups : early EN group (< 48 hours, n = 89) and delayed EN group (≥ 48 hours, n = 34). Body weight, total intake and output, serum albumin, C-reactive protein, infectious complications, morbidity at discharge and in-hospital mortality were compared with statistical analysis.

Results

The incidence of nosocomial pneumonia and length of intensive care unit stay were significantly lower in the early EN group than in the delayed EN group (p < 0.05). In-hospital mortality was less in the early EN group than in the delayed EN group (10.1% vs. 35.3%, respectively; p = 0.001). By multivariate analysis, early EN [odds ratio (OR) 0.229, 95% CI : 0.066-0.793], nosocomial pneumonia (OR = 5.381, 95% CI : 1.621-17.865) and initial GCS score (OR = 1.482 95% CI : 1.160-1.893) were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients with critical hypertensive ICH.

Conclusion

These findings indicate that early EN is an important predictor of outcome in patients with critical hypertensive ICH.     

急性幕上脑出血患者不同时期痫性发作与预后的关系研究

目的 分析脑出血后住院期间不同时期痫性发作患者临床特点,评价不同时间段卒中后痫性发作 与预后的关系。 方法 本研究为回顾性研究,入组人群选自中国卒中登记中既往无癫痫病史的2382例的自发性幕 上脑出血患者。根据患者住院期间脑出血后伴发痫性发作的时间将患者分为无痫性发作组,脑出血 发病同时（发病24 h内）出现的痫性发作（seizures at onset,SAO）组与发病后住院期间出现的痫性发作 （seizures during hospitalization,SDH）组。收集入组患者性别、年龄、既往病史、入院时GCS评分和出血 部位等临床特点及1年后是否死亡的随访信息,对不同时间段发生卒中后痫性发作与1年死亡率的关系 进行分析。 结果 入组患者中无痫性发作患者共2271例,SAO组61例,SDH组50例。SAO组（55.7%）及SDH组 （44％）患者入院时低GCS评分（3～8分）患者比例高于无痫性发作患者组（21.1%）,SAO及SDH组患者 出血部位多数集中在单纯脑叶或脑叶合并深部白质,而无痫性发作组患者出血部位多位于底节区或丘 脑的深部位置,差异有统计学差异（P <0.0001）。无痫性发作患者组1年死亡率最低（25.1%）,SDH组 死亡率最高（56.0%）,差异有统计学差异（P <0.0001）。多因素Logistic分析发现,与无痫性发作患者 相比,SDH是患者一年后死亡的独立危险因素（OR 2.145,95%CI 1.084～4.245,P＝0.029）。 结论 与脑出血后无痫性发作患者相比,发病后住院期间出现的痫性发作是影响患者1年死亡的独 立危险因素。     

高血压脑出血卒中后抑郁风险因素相关性研究

目的 探讨高血压脑出血患者卒中后抑郁相关影响因素。方法 前瞻性录入65例急性高血压脑出血患者临床和计算机断层扫描（computer tomography,CT）影像资料,评估患者发病14d和3个月卒中后抑郁发生情况及生存质量状况,对临床资料和CT影像特征与卒中后抑郁的关系进行单因素和多因素分析。结果 65例患者中有57例完成14d随访,53例完成3个月随访。脑出血发病14d和3个月卒中后抑郁的发生率分别为35.1%和38.9％。单因素分析显示入院后首次美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表评分（thenational institutes of health stroke scale, NIHSS）与高血压脑出血发病后14d卒中后抑郁相关（P =0.027）。性别、出血部位和出血量与脑出血发病后3个月卒中后抑郁相关：与非抑郁组比较,抑郁组患者男性比例较低（P =0.038）,基底节出血比例较高（P =0.031）,平均出血量大（P =0.046）。多因素分析显示出血量是高血压脑出血患者发病3个月卒中后抑郁的风险预测因素（P =0.049）。结论 NIHSS评分和CT影像特征可作为高血压脑出血卒中后抑郁的评价指标,将CT影像与神经功能缺损程度评分有机结合可为脑出血综合性治疗策略的建立提供客观依据。     

Hyperglycemia and Short-term Outcome in Patients with Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background  Hyperglycemia has a detrimental effect in several acute neurological critical illnesses. No consensus exists on the optimal management of hyperglycemia in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH). Our aim was to determine whether blood glucose (BG) would predict 30-day mortality in sICH. Methods  All patients with a well-defined diagnosis of sICH admitted into 24 h in three primary referred centers were included in this prospective observational follow-up study. Patients had extensive monitoring of BG values and those with BG values >8.29 mmol/l (150 mg/dl) received a variable intravenous insulin dose to maintain BG concentrations during the first 72 h after sICH between 3.32 and 8.29 mmol/l (60–150 mg/dl) using pre-specified insulin dosing schedule protocol. Results  Between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2003, 295 consecutive patients (mean ± SD age 66 ± 12 years) were prospectively included. A 1.0 mmol/l (18 mg/dl) increase in the BG concentration at admission was associated with a 33% mortality increase (OR: 1.33; 95%CI: 1.22–1.46; P < 0.0001). Adjusting for demographics, risk factors, stroke severity, and surgery there was no change in the increased risk. During the first 12 h after sICH, the insulin treatment protocol was enabling to reduce mortality (OR: 1.36, 95%CI: 1.14–1.61; P = 0.0005, per 1 IU increase) while thereafter this association was greatly attenuated and not more significant. Conclusions  Hyperglycemia is a common condition after sICH and may worsen prognosis. Very early insulin therapy apparently does not improve prognosis. These results raise concern about routine clinical practice implementation of this intervention without any evidence from randomized trials.     

急性脑出血患者下肢深静脉血栓形成的危险因素分析

目的 分析急性脑出血患者住院期间下肢深静脉血栓形成（deepvenousthrombosis,DVT）发生率、发生时间及危险因素。方法 选取首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院急性卒中入院后并发症队列研究中的脑出血患者,根据患者住院期间是否发生下肢DVT分为DVT组和无DVT组,比较两组患者的临床特征,采用多因素logistic回归分析脑出血患者发生DVT的危险因素。结果 研究最终纳入314例脑出血患者,其中18例（5.7%）住院期间发生了DVT,发生脑出血至DVT确诊的中位时间为7.5(4.0～9.0)d。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示：女性（OR 3.43,95%CI 1.04～11.37,P=0.0436）、既往冠心病病史（OR 6.89,95%CI 1.90～25.04,P=0.0034）、入院NIHSS评分高（OR 1.18,95%CI 1.06～1.23,P=0.0004）、住院时间长（OR 1.07,95%CI 1.01～1.13,P=0.0273）是脑出血患者发生DVT的独立危险因素。结论 急性脑出血患者发生下肢DVT时间在卒中后1周左右,女性、既往冠心病病史、入院时病...     

Pre-Existing Renal Failure Increases In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background

To determine the clinical outcome for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients with pre-existing renal failure in the United States.

改善血肿周围缺血对高血压性脑出血预后的初步报告

目的：观察改善血肿周围缺血对脑出血血肿和水肿及神经功能的影响。方法：２１例脑出血患者随机分组,观察血肿、水肿体积和神经功能缺失评分。结果：（１）低右、血栓通组第１０天血肿体积明显缩小;（２）低右组第４、１０、２１天水肿体积缩小;（３）ＥＳＳ／ＣＳＳ评分与血肿体积显著相关,与水肿体积中度相关;（４）低右组改善治疗后第４、１０、２１天的ＥＳＳ／ＣＳＳ;血栓通组的第２１天ＥＳＳ／ＣＳＳ改善。结论：低右和血栓通能改善血肿周围缺血、促进血肿吸收、促进水肿的消退,改善临床神经功能。     

Intracerebral Hemorrhage Following Evacuation of a Chronic Subdural Hematoma

Burr hole drainage has been widely used to treat chronic subdural hematomas (SDH), and most of them are easily treated by simple trephination and drainage. However, various complications, such as, hematoma recurrence, infection, seizure, cerebral edema, tension pneumocephalus and failure of the brain to expand due to cerebro-cranial disproportion may develop after chronic SDH drainage. Among them, intracerebral hemorrhage after evacuation of a recurrent chronic SDH is very rare. Here, we report a fatal case of delayed intracerebral hemorrhage caused by coagulopathy following evacuation of a chronic SDH. Possible pathogenic mechanisms of this unfavorable complication are discussed and a review of pertinent literature is included.     

Characteristics of Acute Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Patients Receiving Oral Anticoagulants

Objective

We investigated the precise clinical and radiologic characteristics of intracerebral hemorrhage associated with direct oral anticoagulant use.

微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术对幕上脑出血患者颅内压的影响

目的  观察微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术对幕上脑出血患者颅内压的影响,从而进一步评估该治疗方法的疗效。 方法  选择2013年4月～2014年12月行微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术治疗幕上脑出血患者,观察患者手术前后颅内压变化及早期预后情况。 结果  共入组53例患者,术后14?d/出院Glasgow意识障碍量表（Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS）评分显著高于术前［7（12（9,15） vs 7（5,11）,Z＝-5.057,P＜0.001］,美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）评分低于术前［14（11,18） vs 19（15,23）,Z＝-4.210,P＜0.001］。终点血肿体积较基线减小［17.2（11.8,25.8）ml vs 67.5（48.2,82.2）ml,Z＝-6.048,P＜0.001］。其中29例患者行颅内压监测,结果显示术后颅内压较术前颅内压降低［14（9.5,21.5）mmHg vs 30（21.5,40）mmHg,Z＝-4.705,P＜0.001］,但颅内压降低率与首次血肿抽吸率之间无相关性（r＝0.162,P＝0.401）。行颅内压监测的患者早期预后良好组与不良组的术前颅内压、术后颅内压、颅内压降低量、颅内压降低率无显著差异。 结论  微创颅内血肿抽吸引流术治疗幕上脑出血有效,可改善早期神经功能预后,减轻血肿占位效应,并显著降低颅内压。术前后颅内压及术中颅内压变化对于脑出血早期预后的影响不明显。     

Impact of Infection on Length of Intensive Care Unit Stay after Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Introduction  The vast majority of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). Patients admitted to ICUs have a high risk of developing nosocomial infections, while complicating infection appears to be associated with a longer ICU stay. An increased length of ICU stay translates directly into increased costs. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a complicating infection on the length of ICU stay in patients with ICH. Methods  We studied 148 consecutive patients who were admitted to the ICU and diagnosed with spontaneous ICH. Complicating infection was defined as when a patient was treated with antibiotics for the diagnosis of an infectious disease after admission. The impacts of clinical factors on the length of ICU stay were assessed, including complicating infection, sex, age, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at admission, and surgical intervention. Results  The median ICU stay was 8 days (interquartile range, 3–18 days). Complicating infection occurred in 75 patients (51%). A multiple regression model for predicting the length of ICU stay was performed. After controlling for sex, age, GCS score, and surgical intervention, complicating infection was significantly associated with a longer ICU stay (P < 0.001). Surgical intervention was also an independent predictor (P < 0.001). The length of the ICU stay was significantly longer for patients with GCS scores of 6–8, compared to those with GCS scores of 13–15 (P = 0.01). Conclusions  Complicating infection was an independent predictor of a prolonged ICU stay in patients with ICH.     

The Spot Sign Predicts Hematoma Expansion,Outcome, and Mortality in Patients with Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Objective

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively review cases of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) medically treated at our institution to determine if the CT angiography (CTA) ''spot sign'' predicts in-hospital mortality and clinical outcome at 3 months in patients with spontaneous ICH.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of all consecutive patients who were admitted to the department of neurosurgery. Clinical data of patients with ICH were collected by 2 neurosurgeons blinded to the radiological data and at the 90-day follow-up.

Results

Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified predictors of poor outcome; we found that hematoma location, spot sign, and intraventricular hemorrhage were independent predictors of poor outcome. In-hospital mortality was 57.4% (35 of 61) in the CTA spot-sign positive group versus 7.9% (10 of 126) in the CTA spot-sign negative group. In multivariate logistic analysis, we found that presence of spot sign and presence of volume expansion were independent predictors for the in-hospital mortality of ICH.

Conclusion

The spot sign is a strong independent predictor of hematoma expansion, mortality, and poor clinical outcome in primary ICH. In this study, we emphasized the importance of hematoma expansion as a therapeutic target in both clinical practice and research.