Intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Thrombolysis in a Patient with Acute Ischemic Stroke Secondary to Aortic Dissection

Background

Acute ischemic stroke secondary to aortic dissection (AoD) is challenging in the era of thrombolysis owing to the diagnostic difficulty within a narrow time window and the high risk of complications.

Case Report

A 64-year-old woman with middle cerebral artery occlusion syndrome admitted to the emergency room within intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) time window. Her neurological symptoms improved during thrombolysis, but chest and abdominal pain developed. Repeated history-taking, physical examination, and imaging studies led to the timely diagnosis and surgical treatment of AoD, which produced a successful outcome.

Conclusions

Clinical suspicion is invaluable for the diagnosis of this rare cause of stroke. Considering the stroke mechanism and complications, the risks of thrombolysis might outweigh its benefits.     

Baseline Computed Tomography Changes and Clinical Outcome After Thrombolysis With Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Acute Ischemic Stroke

OBJECTIVE: Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is the only therapy of proven value for patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Controversy exists with regard to the prognostic significance of early computed tomography (CT) changes in patients receiving rt-PA for AIS. The authors retrospectively reviewed all cases of AIS who received intravenous rt-PA for AIS in University of South Alabama hospitals between January 1996 and May 1999. A neuroradiologist, blinded to clinical outcomes, reviewed all baseline CT scans for the presence of the following signs: hyperdense middle cerebral artery (HMCA), loss of gray-white differentiation (LGWD), insular ribbon sign (IRS), parenchymal hypodensity (PH), and sulcal effacement (SE). Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was recorded 90 days after thrombolysis, and clinical outcome was dichotomized as favorable (0-1) or unfavorable (2-6). The authors performed both univariate and multivariate analyses to investigate the relationship between early CT signs, baseline clinical variables, and functional outcome as measured by the 90-day mRS scores. Any one early CT finding was detected in 23(64%) patients. The frequency of specific findings were as follows: SE in 13 patients (36%), LGWD in 12 patients (33%), PH in 9 patients (25%), HMCA in 4 patients (11%), and IRS in 3 patients (8%) patients. There was no statistically significant association between the occurrence of these imaging findings and subsequent functional outcome after thrombolysis. The data suggest that the presence of subtle acute CT changes in AIS patients is not predictive of clinical outcome following administration of rt-PA as per National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke protocol.     

Real-World Outcomes of Acute Ischemic Stroke Treatment with Intravenous Thrombolysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

Evidence from outside the typical clinical research setting, such as the real-world setting, complements evidence coming from randomized controlled trials. The purpose of this study was to evaluate all available evidence from the real-world observational trials about long-term outcomes of treatment with intravenous (IV) recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) compared with not treated with IV rt-PA (non-rt-PA) in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

Poor Prognosis of Acute Stroke Patients Denied Thrombolysis Due to Early CT Findings

OBJECTIVES: Whether acute stroke patients with major early infarct signs on computed tomography (CT) should be treated with intravenous (i.v.) thrombolysis remains controversial. The authors sought to define the outcomes in 5 consecutive patients who were not treated with i.v. thrombolysis, according to established guidelines. METHODS: The authors retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of a consecutive series of 5 patients evaluated by an acute stroke team at a university medical center and who were denied i.v. tissue plasminogen activator due to early CT changes. RESULTS: Five patients with a median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 22 (range 20-28) were evaluated. Despite aggressive care (e.g., hemicraniectomy), 2 patients died owing to herniation, 1 patient died of cardiac causes, and neither of the 2 surviving patients achieved a 3-month Rankin score below 4 (moderately severe disability). CONCLUSIONS: Given the poor prognosis of patients with hemispheric stroke and early CT changes, alternative treatment modalities such as intra-arterial thrombolysis, early hemicraniectomy, and neuroprotective therapy should be vigorously pursued.     

急性缺血性卒中静脉溶栓桥接血管内治疗的疗效和安全性

目的 观察rt-PA静脉溶栓桥接血管内治疗急性缺血性卒中的临床疗效和安全性。 方法 回顾性纳入2017年1-12月郑州市第一人民医院神经重症科收治的前循环急性缺血性卒中患 者,按rt-PA静脉溶栓后是否桥接血管内治疗分为单纯静脉溶栓组和桥接治疗组。主要疗效结局为治 疗后3个月mRS评分,次要疗效结局为24 h、3 d和30 d的NI HSS评分。安全性结局为2 d症状性颅内出血及 其他部位出血、10 d全因死亡。 结果 共入组56例患者,平均年龄60.77±12.72岁,男性35例（62.5%）。单纯静脉溶栓组39例,桥接 治疗组17例。桥接治疗组3个月mRS评分≤2分比例高于单纯静脉溶栓组（88.2% vs 56.4%,P =0.021）。 两组治疗后24 h、3 d和30 d NIHSS评分差异无统计学意义。两组2 d症状性颅内出血率及其他部位出血 率、10 d全因死亡率差异无统计学意义。 结论 rt-PA静脉溶栓桥接血管内治疗可改善急性缺血性卒中患者3个月预后。     

红细胞分布宽度与急性缺血性卒中静脉溶栓患者发病严重程度及预后的关系研究

目的 探讨红细胞分布宽度（red blood cell distribution width,RDW）与急性缺血性卒中（acute ischemic stroke,AIS）静脉溶栓患者发病严重程度及预后的关系。 方法 回顾性分析2016年1月-2019年5月于同济大学附属杨浦医院神经内科接受阿替普酶静脉溶 栓治疗的急性缺血性卒中患者的临床资料。将发病后3个月的mRS评分≥2分定义为预后不良。根据 RDW四分位数将患者分为四组,分析RDW与患者入院时NIHSS评分的相关性,多因素Logistic回归分析预 后不良的独立影响因素,绘制ROC曲线分析RDW对溶栓患者预后不良的预测价值。 结果 最终共纳入363例患者,男性232例（63.9%）,年龄34～95岁,平均71.15±12.42岁。207 例（57.0%）预后良好,156例（43.0%）预后不良。①RDW与入院时NI HSS评分呈正相关（ρ=0.224, P <0.001）;②多因素Logi sti c回归分析显示既往卒中史（OR 2.257,95%CI 1.302～3.914,P =0.004）, 入院时NI HSS评分较高（OR 1.145,95%CI 1.084～1.209,P ＜0.001）,基线收缩压高（OR 1.015, 95%CI 1.005～1.024,P =0.002）,高龄（OR 1.023,95%CI 1.002～1.044,P =0.030）和RDW较高（OR 1.308,95%CI 1.072～1.694,P =0.011）是溶栓患者3个月预后不良的独立危险因素;③RDW预测溶栓 患者预后不良的ROC曲线下面积是0.618（95%CI 0.561～0.676,P＜0.001）,最佳界值为12.75%,敏感 度为65.4%,特异度为55.1%。 结论 RDW与AIS溶栓患者入院时的卒中严重程度呈正相关,是3个月预后不良的独立危险因素,对 预后具有一定的预测价值。     

Life-Threatening Anaphylactoid Reaction in an Acute Ischemic Stroke Patient With Intravenous rt-PA Thrombolysis, Followed by Successful Intra-Arterial Thrombolysis

An anaphylactoid reaction to recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is an uncommon but fatal complication. A 39-year-old man was admitted within 1 hour of the onset of a right hemispheric stroke. He was not taking any specific medication, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. A systemic anaphylactoid reaction developed immediately after rt-PA infusion. However, the symptoms were improved after treatment with a steroid and antihistamine. Subsequent intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy resulted in complete recanalization and clinical improvement. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a life-threatening anaphylactoid reaction after rt-PA treatment followed by successful intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy in a patient who had not taken an ACE inhibitor.     

急性缺血性卒中患者脑小血管病总负荷与静脉溶栓治疗转归的关系研究

目的 探讨急性缺血性卒中（acute ischemic stroke,AIS）患者脑小血管病（cerebral small vessel disease,CSVD）总体负荷与静脉溶栓治疗转归的关系。 方法 回顾性纳入2012年3月-2018年1月于同济大学附属同济医院神经内科接受静脉溶栓治疗的 AIS患者,根据头颅MRI评估CSVD总体负荷（CSVD总负荷评分）,在发病后90 d时采用mRS量表评估患 者预后,良好预后定义为mRS评分≤2分。使用多因素Logistic回归分析AIS静脉溶栓患者90 d预后不良 （mRS评分≥3分）及住院期间并发症（住院期间新发的肺部感染、消化道出血和泌尿道感染）的独立 影响因素。 结果 最终纳入178例患者,平均年龄62.3±10.5岁,其中男性125例（70.2%）。90 d预后良好患者 共128例（71.9%）。多因素分析显示：糖尿病（OR 2.919,95%CI 1.044～8.162,P =0.041）,吸烟（OR 7.752,95%CI 2.300～26.192,P =0.001）,心房颤动（OR 6.553,95%CI 1.733～24.785,P =0.006）,基线 NIHSS评分（每增加1分：OR 1.354,95%CI 1.224～1.497,P＜0.001）,CSVD总负荷评分≥3分（OR 3.787, 95%CI 1.127～12.728,P =0.031）是AIS患者静脉溶栓90 d预后不良的独立危险因素。基线NIHSS评分 （每增加1分：OR 1.266,95%CI 1.163～1.377,P＜0.001）及CSVD总负荷评分≥3分（OR 4.643,95%CI 1.562～13.801,P =0.006）是AIS静脉溶栓患者住院期间并发症的独立危险因素。 结论 CSVD总负荷评分≥3分是静脉溶栓患者90 d不良预后的独立危险因素。     

急性脑梗死重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂静脉溶栓后症状性颅内出血临床特点及预后

目的分析急性缺血性脑卒中重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)静脉溶栓治疗后症状性颅内出血(sICH)患者的临床特点及预后。方法收集22例rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗后出血转化出现的sICH患者临床资料,分析其临床特点及预后。结果22例患者中(男17例、女5例),既往抗血小板聚集药物服用史7例,脑卒中病史7例,高血压病史17例,心脏病10例,长期吸烟史9例。12例sICH在溶栓后6h内发生,4例伴有消化道大出血。12/22例患者1周内死亡;余10例中,8例1个月后生活不能自理,2例生活可自理。结论rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗后出现sICH临床症状重、预后差、病死率高。     

急性缺血性卒中静脉溶栓治疗研究新进展

随着静脉溶栓时间窗从3 h扩展到了9 h，研究重点也从时间窗理念扩展至组织窗理念。对
于发病时间不明、醒后卒中或者一定时间内的超时间窗患者，需完善相关神经影像学检查，权衡利弊
后决定是否静脉溶栓治疗。本文重点梳理了近年来根据组织窗寻找静脉溶栓获益患者的各种不同
筛选方法及静脉溶栓的药物选择，希望能为临床提供参考。     

急性缺血性卒中静脉溶栓治疗研究新进展

随着静脉溶栓时间窗从3 h扩展到了9 h,研究重点也从时间窗理念扩展至组织窗理念。对 于发病时间不明、醒后卒中或者一定时间内的超时间窗患者,需完善相关神经影像学检查,权衡利弊 后决定是否静脉溶栓治疗。本文重点梳理了近年来根据组织窗寻找静脉溶栓获益患者的各种不同 筛选方法及静脉溶栓的药物选择,希望能为临床提供参考。     

医疗保险状态对急性缺血性脑卒中患者选择静脉内溶栓治疗的影响

目的探索医疗保险状态对急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)患者选择静脉内溶栓治疗的影响。方法回顾性收集2012年5月至2016年1月收治的符合静脉内溶栓治疗指征的AIS患者293例,根据患者的医疗保险状态分为医保组256例和非医保组37例,比较两组的临床基线资料,并采用Logistic回归分析医疗保险状态与选择静脉内溶栓治疗的相关因素。结果医保组静脉内溶栓177/256例(69.1%);非医保组静脉内溶栓30/37例(81.1%),两组间比较差异无显著性(P=0.136)。医保组患者年龄更大(P0.001),合并有高血压病史(P=0.040)、冠心病史(P=0.008)和既往脑卒中史的比例更高(P=0.002),住院天数明显延长(P0.001),住院总费用增高(P=0.077)。多因素Logistic回归分析提示:高龄(P0.001)、血脂异常(P=0.005)、入院时美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分高(P0.001)、发病至来院时间长(P=0.006)是AIS患者选择接受静脉内溶栓治疗的独立预测因素。在接受静脉内溶栓治疗的患者中,医保组与非医保组的溶栓开始时间差异无显著性(P=0.612)。结论年龄轻、高NIHSS评分、发病时间短且伴有血脂异常的AIS患者更倾向于接受静脉内溶栓治疗,是否有医疗保险不影响患者对静脉内溶栓治疗的选择;无论是否有医疗保险,患者接受静脉内溶栓治疗的开始时间相似;有医疗保险患者住院时间更长,住院总费用更高。     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者神经源性丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂的表达与其预后的关系

目的探讨急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)患者神经源性丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂(NSP)的表达与其预后的关系。方法选择发病72 h之内的119例AIS住院患者(AIS组)作为研究对象,用双抗体夹心酶联免疫分析法测定其入院时血清NSP含量,并以改良Rankin量表(mRS)作为脑卒中3个月后的预后评判标准,将mRS≥2分者为预后不良(45例),mRS2分为预后良好(74例)。同时选择104例老年体检者为对照组。结果 AIS组NSP水平较对照组升高(P=0.000);预后良好患者其入院时梗死灶体积和美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表评分(NIHSS)明显小于预后不良患者(P0.05);且预后良好患者入院时NSP水平高于预后不良患者(P0.05)。对预后有影响且差异有统计学意义的各项指标经Logistic回归分析,NSP水平与预后有明显关系(OR=0.497 9,95%CI:0.269 8~0.918 8,P0.05)。结论 AIS患者的NSP表达可能与其预后有关。     

Intravenous Thrombolysis Is Safe and Effective for the Cryptogenic Stroke in China: Data From the Thrombolysis Implementation and Monitor of Acute Ischemic Stroke in China (TIMS-China)

Background

The intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) therapy is safe and efficient during the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Nonetheless, the different outcomes among various stroke subgroups have limited data with regard to the safety and efficacy of cryptogenic stroke (CS). The present study compared the safety and efficacy when IVT with rt-PA was used for the treatment of CS and the other stroke subtypes.

急性脑梗死超早期重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物溶栓治疗的临床研究

目的:探讨发病6h内急性脑梗死给予重组组织型纤溶酶原激活物(rt-PA)溶栓治疗的疗效及并发症,并分析预后相关因素。方法:共收集本院2001-2005年70例溶栓治疗的急性脑梗死病例,其中52例静脉溶栓,18例动脉溶栓,分析比较两组病例溶栓前后及3个月随访的ESS评分及Barthel指数结果;同时分析与预后相关的因素。结果:静脉和动脉溶栓组溶栓前及溶栓30min后ESS评分及Barthel指数迅速增加,溶栓前后分值有显著差异。1个月内颅内出血率为5.77%(静脉组)和16.67%(动脉组)。3个月时ESS评分及Barthel指数较溶栓后30min的评分有显著改善。结论:6h内动脉、静脉溶栓治疗均安全有效。