睾丸穿刺取精术对非梗阻性无精子症患者性功能的影响

<正>非梗阻性无精子症(NOA)是排除了梗阻性因素的一类生精功能低下性疾病,这类患者不能产生精子或只产生极少量精子,导致精液中找不到精子。睾丸穿刺取精术(TESA)是诊断和治疗无精子症的重要手段,符合睾丸穿刺指征的NOA患者精子获取率约60%。随着卵细胞胞质内单精子注射(IC-SI)的应用,这部分NOA患者可获取睾丸精子治疗     

经皮附睾穿刺取精术在无精子症诊断中的应用

目的:介绍经皮附睾穿刺取精术(PESA)在梗阻性和非梗阻性无精子症诊断中的应用,并探讨睾丸体积和血清卵泡刺激素(FSH)水平对其结果的影响。方法:对118例临床诊断为无精子症的患者,用模型法测量睾丸体积,化学发光法测定血清性激素水平,用7号蝶形针头穿刺附睾头,同时抽吸附睾液。结果:118例无精子症患者中,60例附睾液中可见精子,其中睾丸体积正常者为56例,睾丸体积偏小者为4例;血清FSH水平正常者为55例,血清FSH水平增高者为5例。58例未见精子,其中睾丸体积正常者为34例,睾丸体积偏小者为24例;血清FSH正常者为38例,血清FSH增高者为20例。结果显示睾丸体积正常的患者PESA成功率明显高于睾丸体积偏小者,差异有显著性(P<0.05);血清FSH水平正常的患者PESA成功率明显高于FSH水平增高者,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论:PESA简便、快速,是无精子症诊断的一种可行方法。     

睾丸显微取精术在非梗阻性无精子症中的应用

睾丸取精技术的发展和卵细胞胞质内单精子注射技术的成熟使无精子症患者生育有血缘关系子代成为可能。然而,传统取精术只能为少部分的患者成功取精,因此如何提高取精术的精子获得率成为目前研究的重点。近年来研究显示,睾丸显微取精术可能比传统取精术更具优势,但也存在一定的局限性。本文就睾丸显微取精术的特点、取精前预测指标、精子获得率、术后并发症以及需要进行改进和探索的问题等进行综述。     

非梗阻性无精子症患者睾丸穿刺获精子结局的预测因素研究

目的探讨非梗阻性无精子症(NOA)患者睾丸体积、血清抑制素B(INHB)及性激素水平对预测睾丸穿刺(TESA)获精子结局的意义。方法实验组为162例NOA患者,按TESA获精子结局分为有精子组(TESA⁺,n=74)和无精子组(TESA^-,n=88);正常组为60例同期精液常规参数正常者。比较各组的睾丸体积、血清INHB及性激素水平,筛选有显著性差异的指标,应用ROC曲线评价其对预测TESA获精子结局的意义。结果睾丸体积、血清INHB及FSH三项指标在TESA⁺组和TESA^-组间存在显著性差异(P<0.05),因此为优选的预测指标。三者的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.816、0.861、0.777,且后两者间有显著性差异(P<0.05),最佳切点值分别为8.15 ml、70.15 pg/ml、5.52 U/L,对应的诊断灵敏度分别为93.2%、87.8%、74.3%,特异度分别为65.9%、81.8%、77.3%。结论睾丸体积、血清INHB及FSH对预测NOA患者TESA获精子结局...     

非梗阻性无精子症患者血清及精浆生殖激素水平对显微取精的预测价值研究

无精子症是指射精中完全没有精子,在不育人群中大约占10%~15%,约占总的生育人群的1%[1]。无精子症分为梗阻性无精子症(obstructive azoospermia,OA)与非梗阻性无精子症(non-obstructive azoospermia,NOA)。NOA患者如果睾丸内有精子,可通过显微手术取精(microdissection testicular sperm extraction,mTESE)等外科手术取到精子并接受通过辅助生殖技术获得自己血缘关系的后代。OA患者通过睾丸切开取精等获取精子成功率接近100%,但NOA患者精子成功获得率仅为50%左右[2-3]。所以,如何有效的评估NOA患者群体精子获得成功率具有重要临床意义。睾丸精子的发生主要受到下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴的调节和睾丸周围局部微环境分泌的激素调节,目前,国内外研究都集中于检测血清生殖激素水平,对于精浆生殖激素的研究较少,已有的研究大多集中在正常精液或者少弱精子症。对于无精子症特别是非梗阻性无精子症能否通过精浆生殖激素检测预测其睾丸生精情况,尚未见相关报道。同血清生殖激素相比,精浆生殖激素更能直观的体现睾丸附睾等生殖系统的内分泌情况。     

睾丸主要血管或睾丸网旁取精点与取精成功率不具显著相关性：以220例非梗阻性无精子症患者行传统或显微睾丸取精术为例

采用传统与显微睾丸取精术相结合方式对220例梗阻性无精症患者行精子提取术,如果传统手术方式未见精子即为阴性取精位点,然后选取2—3个阴性取精位点行显微睾丸取精术。术中通过手术显微镜评价睾丸血管系统,同时记录阳性取精位点与睾丸血供的关系。总的精子获取率为58-2％,早期应用传统手术方式精子获取率为46．8％,而后行显微睾丸取精术则精子获取率增加11．7％。故显微睾丸取精术的应用可显著增加精子获取率（P=0．017）,且在睾丸网或睾丸主要血管处并不能显著增加阳性取精位点。     

睾丸穿刺取精术睾丸标本病理学检查的价值

目的:探讨睾丸穿刺取精术(TESA)睾丸标本病理学检查的价值。方法:分析96例TESA睾丸组织倒置显微镜下检查和病理学检查结果,比较两种方法对睾丸组织是否存在精子的诊断价值。结果:11例镜检有精子患者中病理检查9例有精子,2例无精子;57例镜检未见精子患者中,病理检查发现11例有精子(19.30%)。镜检未见精子的睾丸病理类型分别为唯支持细胞综合征34例,精子成熟停滞12例,生精功能低下11例。结论:TESA睾丸组织镜下未见精子者,病理学检查可能发现精子,并为再次睾丸取精提供参考。     

非梗阻性无精子症三步法取精术及其临床意义(附73例报告)

目的:探讨非梗阻性无精子症应用三步法取精术获取睾丸精子的方法及其临床意义。方法:73例非梗阻性无精子症患者按步骤依次行睾丸细针抽吸术、睾丸活检术、睾丸显微取精术,并将每次获取的睾丸组织在倒置显微镜(×400)下寻找精子,如该步操作查见精子则终止手术,若未查找到则依次进行。同时取睾丸组织送病理行组织学检查。结果:73例患者行睾丸细针抽吸术,28例(38.4%)获得精子;行至睾丸活检术时,38例(52.1%)获得精子;行至睾丸显微取精术时,47例(64.4%)获得精子。病理学检查结果为唯支持细胞综合征型25例,其中10例查到精子,精子成熟阻滞型21例,其中14例查找到精子,精子发生低下型27例,其中23例查到精子。结论:三步法取精术能够有效地提高患者精子获得率;其精子获得率与睾丸组织学类型相关,其中精子发生低下型精子获得率较高。     

显微取精术治疗非梗阻性无精子症的疗效分析(附196例报告)

目的:探讨显微镜下睾丸切开取精术应用于非梗阻性无精子症患者的疗效,以及显微取精术的手术适应症。方法:回顾性分析自2014年9月至2017年3月在我院接受显微镜下睾丸切开取精术的196例非梗阻性无精子症病例,统计取精成功率及其与年龄、睾丸体积、FSH、病因的相关性。结果:共87例(44.4%)患者成功手术取精;按手术成功取精与否分为阳性组与阴性组比较,患者年龄、睾丸大小及血FSH无统计学差异(P0.05);按病因分类,取精成功率分别为睾丸炎29例(100%)、隐睾下降术后16例(66.7%)、其他各种继发损害10例(55.6%)、AZFc区缺失3例(60.0%)、严重睾丸发育不良9例(40.9%)、特发性无精子症12例(21.4%)、Klinerfelter综合征8例(20.5%)、其他Y染色体异常0例(0%)。结论:显微镜下睾丸切开取精术是非梗阻性无精子症患者获取精子助孕的有效手段,其取精成功率与睾丸大小及FSH高低无关,存在明确病因的患者获精率高。     

睾丸切开显微取精辅助非阻塞性无精子症患者生育

目的:探讨睾丸切开显微取精术在辅助男性非阻塞性无精子症患者生育的效果。方法:采用睾丸切开显微取精术获取精子,结合卵浆内单精子显微注射技术,辅助1例非阻塞性无精子症不育患者人工受精。结果:精子获取成功,结合卵浆内单精子显微注射技术使患者妻子获得妊娠,并成功分娩1健康女婴。结论:睾丸切开显微取精术为非阻塞性无精子症患者生育,提供了一种新的方法。     

Outcome of repeated micro-surgical testicular sperm extraction in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia

Aim： To evaluate the outcome of repetitive micro-surgical testicular sperm extraction （mTESE） attempts in non-obstructive azoospermia （NOA） cases, in relation to patients＇ initial testicular histology results. Methods： A total of 68 patients with NOA in whom mTESE had been performed in previous intracytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI） attempts were reviewed. Results： Among the 68 patients with NOA, the first mTESE yielded mature sperm for ICSI in 44 （64%） （Sp^＋）, and failed in the remaining 24 （36%） （Sp^-）. Following their first trial, 24 patients decided to undergo a second mTESE. Of these 24 patients, no spermatozoa were obtained in 5 patients, and Sp^＋ but no fertilization/pregnancy were achieved in 19. In these 24 cases, mTESE was successively repeated for two （n = 24）, three （n = 4） and four （n = 1） times. The second attempt yielded mature sperm in 3/5 patients from the Sp group and 16/19 patients from the Sp^＋ group. At the third and fourth trials, 4/4 and 1/1 of the original Sp^＋ patients were Sp^＋ again, respectively. Distribution of main testicular histology included Sertoli cell-only syndrome （16%）, maturation arrest （22%）, hypospermatogenesis （21%） and focal spermatogenesis （41%）. Overall, in repetitive mTESE, 24/29 （82%） of the attempts were finally Sp^＋. Conclusion： Repeated mTESE in patients with NOA is a feasible option, yielding considerably high sperm recovery rate. In patients with NOA, mTESE may safely be repeated one or more times to increase sperm retrieval rate, as well as to increase the chance of retrieving fresh spermatozoa to enable ICSI.     

显微切割睾丸活检在非梗阻性无精子症中的应用

一直以来,学者们认为非梗阻性无精子症因睾丸生精功能受损,导致精液中无精子,而无法生育自己的后代。但随着卵胞质内单精子注射技术的问世,近十几年来涌现出多种睾丸取精术(包括开放性睾丸活检、细针穿刺抽吸、显微切割睾丸活检等)。之后,大量研究表明非梗阻性无精子症患者睾丸中仍存有局部的生精灶,即使是Klinefelter综合征,也可成功取出精子。2010年欧洲泌尿外科学会(EAU)指南明确推荐非梗阻性无精子症采用开放性睾丸活检或显微切割睾丸活检取精。与开放性睾丸活检相比,显微切割睾丸活检的取精成功率高且并发症少,本文就其取精前预测指标、手术操作方法、取精成功率及术后并发症进行综述。     

Testicular fine needle aspiration for sperm retrieval in non-obstructive azoospermia

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of obtaining mature spermatozoa for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) by testicular fine needle aspiration (TEFNA) in men diagnosed non-obstructive azoospermia. Methods: TEFNA was performed in 121 patients with a mean of 15 punctures and aspirations from each testis with a #23 butterfly needle connected to a 20 mL syringe with an aspiration handle. Results: One hundred and twenty-one patients underwent 176 TEFNA cycles. Testicular sperm were recovered in 56.3 % (99/176) cycles from 57 % (69/121) of patients. The sperm recovery rate was 46.7 % (21/45) in patients with Sertoli cell-only syndrome, 45.7 % (16/35) in patients with maturation arrest, 96.1 % (25/26) in patients with hypospermatogenesis and 63.6 % (7/11) in patients of non-mosaic Klinefelter's syndrome as judged by testicular histology. No sperm were found in 3 cases with post-irradiation fibrosis and one, after resection and chemotherapy of unilateral testicular cancer. In 87 cycles of ICSI using     

Predictive factors of successful testicular sperm recovery in non-obstructive azoospermia patients

Recovery of testicular spermatozoa from non-obstructive azoospermic patients for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a recent advance in the treatment of male infertility. The purpose of this study is to identify predictive factors for sperm recovery in non-obstructive azoospermic patients. A total of 178 men with non-obstructive azoospermia had multiple testicular sperm extraction (TESE) procedures to recover spermatozoa for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) from June 1996 to February 1999. Testicular volume, serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level and testicular histology were examined as positive predictive factors for sperm recovery. Testis biopsies were categorized as severe hypospermatogenesis, maturation arrest and Sertoli cell-only syndrome based on the most advanced pattern of spermatogenesis seen on histology. Sperm retrieval success rates for the patients in three histopathological categories were compared. Spermatozoa were successfully recovered in 94 of 178 (52.8%) men. Sperm were retrieved in 13 of 80 (16.3%) with Sertoli cell-only syndrome, 15 of 24 (62.5%) with maturation arrest, and 66 out of 74 (89.2%) with severe hypospermatogenesis. Spermatozoa recovery has no correlation with testicular volume or serum FSH level. When compared against Sertoli cell-only syndrome, the odds of sperm retrieval success rate was 44.3 times higher in severe hypospermatogenesis and 8.4 times in maturation arrest. These results demonstrate meaningful correlation between successful testicular sperm recovery and testis histopathology. Only testicular histopathology can be used as a predictor of successful sperm recovery.     

The expression of Beclin-1 in testicular tissues of non-obstructive azoospermia patients and its predictive value in sperm retrieval rate

BackgroundBeclin-1 is an autophagy gene and higher levels suggest mammalian testicular damage. Our study aims at exploring the role of Beclin-1 in non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients and clarifying the predictive value of Beclin-1for sperm retrieval in microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE).MethodsIn the present study, 62 NOA patients were finally recruited. Serum hormone including luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol II (E2), testosterone (T) and prolactin (PRL), as well as testicular volume were measured. Testicular histopathology was diagnosed by two independent pathologists. The expression of Beclin-1 was detected by real-time PCR in testicular tissue.ResultsOur study illustrated that Beclin-1 was differently expressed in three pathological types of NOA. Compared with hypospermatogenesis (HS, P=0.002) or maturation arrest (MA, P=0.049), Beclin-1 showed significantly up-regulated in Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCOS) group. Moreover, Beclin-1 expression was obviously positive related with serum LH (rho =0.269, P=0.036), meanwhile significantly negative correlation with testicular volume (rho =−0.370, P=0.003), serum T (rho =−0.326, P=0.010), Johnsen score (rho =−0.318, P=0.012), and pathologic type (rho =−0.452, P<0.001). Furthermore, a logistic regression model demonstrated that Beclin-1 is an important predictor of failed sperm retrieval (OR =0.001, P=0.007), which exhibited a pretty AUC =78.6 (P=0.001).ConclusionsBeclin-1 may play a critical role in spermatogenesis. Elevated Beclin-1 may be obviously associated with lower chances of positive sperm retrieval.     

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes with cryopreserved testicular sperm aspiration samples

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) may be performed with testicular frozen–thawed spermatozoa in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). Sperm retrieval can be performed in advance of oocyte aspiration, as it may avoid the possibility of no recovery of spermatozoa on the day of oocyte pickup. There are few studies available in the literature concerning the use of frozen–thawed spermatozoa obtained from testicular sperm aspiration (TESA). To evaluate the effects and the outcomes of ICSI with frozen–thawed spermatozoa obtained by TESA, we performed a retrospective analysis of 43 ICSI cycles using frozen–thawed TESA. We obtained acceptable results with a fertilisation rate of 67.9%, an implantation rate (IR) of 17.1%, and clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates of 41.9% and 37.2% respectively. The results of this study suggest that performing ICSI using cryopreserved frozen–thawed testicular spermatozoa with TESA as a first option is a viable, safe, economic and effective method for patients with NOA.     

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection using surgically retrieved epididymal and testicular spermatozoa in cases of obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia

This was a retrospective study of 115 patients who underwent 124 cycles of ICSI using surgically retrieved spermatozoa. The objective was to compare the results of ICSI in patients with obstructive azoospermia using epididymal spermatozoa (36 cycles) or testicular spermatozoa (58 cycles) with ICSI in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia using testicular spermatozoa (30 cycles). When epididymal spermatozoa were used for ICSI, the fertilization rate per injected metaphase-II oocyte and the clinical pregnancy rate per ICSI cycle were 60.4 and 25%, respectively. When testicular spermatozoa were used in obstructive cases, the fertilization rate and pregnancy rate were 57.9 and 34.5%. In non-obstructive cases the fertilization and pregnancy rates were 41.2 and 16.6%. When patients with obstructive azoospermia were regrouped according to the cause of obstruction, the fertilization and pregnancy rates were 59.1 and 35.1% in acquired obstruction and 58.7 and 24.3% in congenital obstruction. The fertilization and pregnancy rates were not statistically different ( p  > 0.05) when testicular or epididymal spermatozoa were used in obstructive cases; neither was statistically different ( p  > 0.05) when compared in patients with congenital and acquired obstruction. On the other hand, the fertilization and pregnancy rates in cases with non-obstructive azoospermia were significantly lower ( p  < 0.05) than in obstructive cases.     

非梗阻性无精子症患者睾丸活检组织细胞悬液检查与病理组织学检查精子检出率的差异性研究

目的:比较非梗阻性无精子症(NOA)患者睾丸活检组织细胞悬液检查与病理组织学检查精子检出率的差异,探讨两种检查方法结果不一致时获取精子的可靠性及临床治疗方案的选择。方法:1 112例NOA患者接受睾丸精子抽吸术(testicular sperm extraction,TESE),睾丸活检组织分别进行细胞悬液检查和病理组织学检查。结果:两种检查方法结果一致率为92.63%,一致精子检出率为41.82%,一致精子未检出率为50.81%。Kappa分析表明两种检查方法的一致性强度属于最强。25例进入辅助生殖周期的细胞悬液检查发现精子而组织学检查未发现精子患者中,24例患者取卵日成功获取精子(取精成功率为96.0%)并实施卵胞质内单精子注射(ICSI),其治疗结局为8例临床妊娠(33.33%)、4例流产(16.67%)、12例未妊娠(50.0%)。结论:实施诊断性TESE时,采用睾丸活检组织的细胞悬液检查与组织病理学检查双重评估精子检出率的方法,结果一致率高并且迅捷、准确、可靠,为NOA患者进入辅助生殖周期时成功取到精子提供了保障。当两种检查方法结果不一致时,细胞悬液检查对临床治疗方案的选择指导意义更大。