Low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in Turkish children: An important risk factor

In Turkish adults, the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) has been found to be high. However, no detailed lipid, or lipoprotein data of children are available from Turkey. The present study was designed to define the borderline lipid and lipoprotein levels of sera in 397 healthy children (aged5–14 years; 206 boys and 191 girls). Mean levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C, respectively) were found to be 150, 79, 46.7, and 87.6 mg/dL, respectively, for boys, and 152, 77.5, 46.3 and 90.5 mg/dL, respectively, for girls. Lipids and lipoproteins did not show any significant correlation with age and body mass index (BMI), except for TG in boys in whom TG levels were positively correlated with age and BMI. There were no significant differences in lipid and lipoprotein levels between boys and girls. As in the Turkish adult population, serum HDL-C levels of Turkish children were profoundly low on international comparison. Twenty-three (53%) of 43 children with low HDL-C level ( 35 mg/dL) had abnormal ratios of TC/HDL-C ( 5) and/or LDL-C/HDL-C ( 4.5), whereas only 13 (3.7%) of the remaining 354 children with a HDL-C level less than 35 mg/dL had abnormal ratios of TC/HDL-C (5) and/or LDL-C/HDL-C ( 4.5). The low levels of HDL-C in Turkish children may be associated with the high incidence of CAD in the Turkish adult population.     

��������7~18��������Ѫ֬��״����

目的通过最新一轮的北京地区儿童青少年血脂调查,建立新的正常参考值。方法于2004-09,随机选取7~18岁北京市中小学生共971人,均来自北京市区及郊区各县。根据年龄(每3岁为一年龄段)及性别分为8组(7~9岁男、女组;~12岁男、女组;~15岁男、女组;~18岁男、女组),应用日立7060型全自动生化分析仪检测其空腹血浆总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)浓度,分别取TC、LDL-C第75百分位及第90百分位点作为临界高限及高胆固醇血症浓度,取TG第90百分位点作为高甘油三酯血症浓度,取HDL-C第5百分位点作为低高密度脂蛋白浓度,建立北京地区儿童血脂参考值。结果971名儿童的血浆脂蛋白含量值呈正偏态分布,7~9岁男女性别组间血脂4项浓度;~12岁性别组间TG含量女高于男,余3项无统计学差异;~15岁性别组间TC及LDL-C含量女高于男,余2项无统计学差异;~18岁性别组间TC及HDL-C女高于男,余2项无统计学差异。结论通过对971名北京市中小学生的血脂调查,建立了北京地区不同年龄性别儿童青少年的血脂正常值,确立了临界高胆固醇和高胆固醇血症浓度、高甘油三酯血症浓度和低高密度脂蛋白浓度。     

High Density Lipoprotein Particle Size Distribution in Cord Blood

ABSTRACT. Cord blood from 73 full term healthy newborns and blood from adults were analysed for the protein content of high density lipoprotein subclasses separated by gradient gel electrophoresis. Cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations of very low (VLDL), low (LDL) and high (HDL) density lipoproteins were also analysed and newborns had lower concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides in VLDL, LDL and HDL ( p < 0.001) than adults. The HDL_3c subclass, comprising the smallest particles of the HDL particle spectrum, was the major component for newborns and the minor one for adults and was the only lipoprotein fraction with a higher concentration in cord than in adult blood. No sex differences were present for any of the lipoprotein levels of the newborns. Serum cholesterol concentrations were positively correlated to HDL_2b r = 0.49, p < 0.001) and HD_2a levels (0.42, p < 0.001), correlations confined to the cholesterol contents of HDL ( r = 0.72 and r = 0.67 respectively, both p < 0.001). Serum triglycerides were inversely correlated to HD_2b and HD_2a, levels in male newborns only ( r = 0.38 and r = 0.34 respectively, both p < 0.05). Irrespective of sex, gestational age and birthweight the newborns had 2 typical HDL subclass distributions, characterized by high or low levels of HDL_2b and HDL_2a. The newborns with high HDL_2b and HDL_2a levels also had low VLDL lipid levels and high HDL cholesterol concentrations.     

Serum cholesterol levels in school-aged Japanese children: The Hisayama study

Hypercholesterolemia has been known to be an important factor in the development of atherosclelosis. Blood cholesterol screening and related health education in children, however, have not yet been widely practiced in Japan. From 1985 to 1990, blood samples were obtained from 5825 school children aged 6 to 14 years residing in Hisayama, Japan. The mean total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were determined. The mean TC levels ranged from 155 to 172 mg/dL for boys and from 156 to 170 mg/dL for girls, peaking at 9 years for both sexes. The TG levels also tended to increase gradually and to peak at 11 years for both sexes. The tendency for TG levels to be higher was much clearer than in US children and adolescents. The HDL-C levels were highest at 9 years of age for both sexes and the LDL-C levels also tended to peak at 9 years of age for boys and at 8 years of age for girls. Atherogenic Indices [(TC-HDL-C)/HDL-C] ranged from 1.7 to 1.9 for boys and 1.8 to 2.0 for girls. As the cholesterol level of Japanese children would be expected to rise steadily reflecting their westernized lifestyle, preventive programes on a nationwide base including health education at school environments should be emphasized.     

原发性肾病综合征患儿血浆脂质及脂蛋白的变化

为了解小儿原发性肾病综合征（ＮＳ）时脂代谢的特点，观察了２０例原发性单纯型ＮＳ患儿的血脂、脂蛋白及载脂蛋白的变化。结果：（１）全部ＮＳ患儿血浆总胆固醇（ＴＣ）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）和脂蛋白（ａ）［Ｌｐ（ａ）］均明显升高；兼有ＴＣ、甘油三酯（ＴＧ）升高者，其极低密度脂蛋白胆固醇明显升高，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇明显降低。（２）ＮＳ患儿２４小时尿蛋白定量与血浆ＴＣ、ＴＧ和ＬＤＬ－Ｃ呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示：（１）ＮＳ患儿存在脂代谢异常，兼有ＴＣ、ＴＧ同时升高者，伴有更严重的脂蛋白及载脂蛋白的紊乱，存在着多种致动脉硬化及肾损伤的因素。（２）ＮＳ患儿脂代谢异常的程度与蛋白尿严重程度高度正相关。     

Blood pressure, lipids, lipoproteins, body fat and physical activity of Singapore children

Objective: To determine body composition, coronary risk factors and physical activity and the inter-relationships of these variables in Singaporean school children.
Methodology: This study examined 1681 children (784 boys and 897 girls) from eight primary and seven secondary schools to determine percentiles for body stature and composition, blood pressure, lipids/lipoproteins and blood glucose by gender for three age divisions. An exercise and leisure pursuit questionnaire was administered to ascertain self-reported physical activity patterns. Anthropometric data and blood pressure readings were taken. Capillary blood was drawn from each child via finger prick sampling following an overnight fast. The concentrations of total cholesterol (TCHOL), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and glucose (GLU) were determined from plasma using a dry chemistry analyser. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) and the TCHOL/HDL-C ratio were determined by calculation.
Results: While 47.7% of boys and 22.0% of girls disclosed active lifestyles, differences between the active and non-active children were found in coronary risk factors TCHOL, LDL-C, TG, TCHOL/HDL-C and per cent body fat. No differences were shown between the two groups in HDL-C, GLU and blood pressure. There was a high correlation between the various measures of body composition with the highest correlation ( r =0.806, P < 0.001) found between body mass index (BMI) and waist measurements.
Conclusions: Children in this study who reported no activity or relatively little activity were found to have TCHOL, LDL-C, TG, TCHOL/HDL-C and per cent body fat that were higher than those who reported moderately high or vigorous physical activity patterns.     

Apolipoproteins and Lipoproteins in Children with Type I Diabetes: Relation to Glycosylated Serum Protein and HbA1

ABSTRACT. Serum levels of cholesterol (C), triglycerides (TG), lipoprotein-C and apolipoproteins (apo) A-I, A-II and B were measured in 30 children with type I diabetes mellitus (16 boys, 14 girls, aged 11–14 years) and in 26 healthy controls (15 boys, 11 girls, aged 10–13 years). For 19 diabetics controls matched for age, sex and relative body weight were selected. The diabetic patients were considered to be in fair metabolic control according to HbA₁ levels and glycosylated serum protein concentrations. Mean serum apo A-I, A-II and B, C, TG, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) did not differ significantly between diabetic and nondiabetic children. Very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) was significantly higher in diabetic children than in controls. Serum C and LDL-C levels showed close univariate linear correlations with glycosylated serum protein (LDL-C: r =0.53, p <0.01, C: r =0.58, p <0.01) in diabetics. The ratio LDL/HDL-C was significantly correlated to HbA₁ levels ( r =0.47, p <0.01). By canonical and multiple linear correlation analysis significant relations of a selected set of variables concerning the control and therapy of diabetes (serum glucose, HbA₁, glycosylated serum protein, insulin dose) with a set of lipoprotein variables (C, TG, VLDL-C, HDL-C, LDL-C, apo A-I, A-II, B) could be demonstrated. From these data we conclude that significant relations between atherogenic serum lipids and lipoproteins (C, LDL-C) and the degree of metabolic control exist in diabetic children, even in the absence of marked dyslipoproteinemia. The close relation of LDL-C and total C with glycosylated serum protein in the diabetics might be due to glycosylation of LDL .     

GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN (HbAtc) AND PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS IN JUVENILE ONSET DIABETES MELLITUS

Abstract. Pollak, A., Widhalm, K., Havelec, L., Frisch, H. and Schober, E. (Division of Neonatology and Congenital Disorders, Department of Paediatrics and Institute for Medical Statistics and Documentation, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria). Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA_1c) and plasma lipoproteins in juvenile onset diabetes mellitus. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69:475, 1980.—Plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels and hemoglobin A_1c. estimates of diabetic control were measured in 19 juvenile-onset diabetics (8 girls and 11 boys) upon admission (day 1) and at the end (day 25) of a 4-week summer camp, where the patients were put on a controlled diet with a daily linoleic acid intake of about 16 g. Lipoproteins were also measured in 64 healthy controls. When values on day 25 were compared with those of day one, a slight but significant decrease in mean hemoglobin Ate (10.4±0.3 vs. 9.8±0.4% of total Hb; M±S.E.M.; p < 0.05) was noted, as well as an increase in mean high density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.0±0.07 vs. 1.3±0.1 mmol/l; M±S.E.M.; p < 0.02) and a decrease in mean triglycerides (1.2±0.1 vs. 0.7±0.04 mmol/l; M±S.E.M.; p < 0.001). A linear correlation was found between hemoglobin A_1c on day 25 and urine glucose excretion during the camping period ( p < 0.01). However, no relationship was noted between hemoglobin A_1c and either lipids or lipoproteins. Other factors, e.g. the controlled intake of saturated fat or physical activity could have been responsible for the changes in triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels noted by the end of the camp     

天津市7123名学龄期儿童腰围、臀围及相关指标特征分析

目的 了解天津市学龄期儿童腰围、臀围、腰臀比(WHR)水平及年龄、性别特征,分析其与身高、体质量及体质量指数(BMI)的关系,并探讨腰围与三酰甘油(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)及尿酸(UA)的关系.方法 测量7123名天津市学龄期儿童的身高、体质量、腰围、臀围,计算其WHR、BMI,记录各个年龄组男童和女童的腰围、臀围和WHR,通过两组独立样本资料的t检验分析各年龄组腰围、臀围和WHR的性别差异,并对各指标进行相关性分析.其中1 811名留取静脉血行TG、TC、HDL、LDL、UA检测.结果 儿童的腰围和臀围均随年龄的增长而增长,且男童大于女童(Pa<0.05);男童WHR无明显变化,女童WHR随年龄增长而呈下降趋势,各年龄组男童大于女童(Pa<0.05);BMI均随年龄的增长而增长,各年龄组男童大于女童(Pa<0.05);腰围和臀围分别与年龄、身高和体质量呈正相关,WHR与体质量呈正相关(男童r=0.419,P<0.05;女童r=0 241,Pa<0.05),BMI与年龄、身高和体质量均呈正相关.腰围与TG、TC、LDL、UA呈正相关(r=0.076、0.098、0.137、0.401,Pa<0 05),与HDL呈负相关(r=-0.319,P<0.05).结论 天津市学龄期儿童腰围、臀围和BMI均与身高、体质量有关,WHR与体质量有关,腰围与TG、TC、HDL、LDL、UA有关.腰围及相关指标可作为儿童肥胖及相关疾病的预测指标.     

Lipid profiles in Polish adolescents from high- and low-risk families: tracking unfavourable lipid levels over a one-year period

In a country with a high cardiovascular mortality rate, lipid profiles were studied in 929 adolescents (440 from affected and 489 from non-affected families for cardiovascular disease and hypercholesterolaemia). In 334 children with elevated or borderline total cholesterol level, lipid profiles were re-measured after a 1-y period. In boys from affected families, in contrast to boys from non-affected families, significantly higher total cholesterol levels (4.36 +/- 0.81 vs 4.19 +/- 0.78 mmol/L, p < 0.05) and LDL-C level (2.1 +/- 0.72 vs 1.89 +/- 0.79 mmol/L, p < 0.05) and significantly lower HDL-cholesterol levels (1.81 +/- 0.34 vs 1.93 +/- 0.38 mmol/L, p < 0.05) were found. The odds ratio for being in the most unfavourable decile for LDL-cholesterol was significantly higher for girls from affected families (2.17, p = 0.02). A relatively high HDL-C level as well as a favourable TC/HDL-C ratio was demonstrated in all groups, being lowest in boys from affected families. A significant correlation was found between baseline lipids and their values re-measured after 1 y. It is concluded that (1) adolescents with a positive family history are at increased risk for unfavourable lipid profile, (2) adolescents with elevated total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels remain hypercholesterolaemic after a 1-y period and are therefore candidates for further biochemical and clinical monitoring, and (3) children with elevated total cholesterol may not be at high risk for cardiovascular disease owing to the favourable TC/HDL-C ratio. The study results do not indicate that general cholesterol screening in Polish adolescents is necessary, as the proportion of children with elevated LDL-cholesterol is relatively low.     

Cord Blood Lipid Profile in a Population of Iranian Term Newborns

Premature coronary artery disease (CAD) and its risk factors are highly prevalent in Iran. It is well documented that atherosclerosis starts in childhood and there is evidence that this association with adult levels may originate at birth, so assessment of serum lipid levels in neonates might be of importance. In this study we aimed to measure serum lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels in a representative sample of Iranian newborns. Cord blood lipid profile, apolipoprotein A, apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein a (LPa) were analyzed in 378 full-term, Iranian newborns. The mean values of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein A, apolipoprotein B, and Lpa in girls were 81.4 ± 28.3, 35.9 ± 22.4, 31.1 ± 9.9, 87.9 ± 20.2, 34.2 ± 18.2, and 21.0 ± 2.8 mg/dL, respectively; these values in boys were 75.2 ± 21.1, 32.1 ± 16.3, 28.8 ± 8.7, 84.3 ± 16.0, 32.6 ± 14.2, and 19.5 ± 2.7 mg/dL, respectively. Median values of triglycerides (TGs) in boys and girls were 61 and 62 mg/dL, respectively. Female neonates had significantly higher concentrations of TC and HDL-C than males (81.4 ± 28.3 vs. 75.2 ± 21.1, p = 0.02, and 31.18 ± 9.97 vs. 28.8 ± 8.7, p = 0.02, respectively). Other biochemical factors were not significantly different between genders. The mean and median concentrations of LPa were 20.3 and 18.7 mg/dL, respectively, which are almost five times higher than those reported in some other studies. The TG concentration was 1.5–2 times higher than those previously reported. Our findings indicate that serum concentrations of LPa and TG in Iranian neonates are higher than those in previous studies; this disorder, which is likely placing Iranians at increased risk for future CADs, needs to be assessed in longitudinal studies.     

Study on the reference values of serum lipids in children aged 3–18 years old in Beijing,China

Background: The present study was designed to explore the reference values of serum lipids in children in Beijing. Methods: A total of 1071 healthy children from Beijing between 3 and 18 years of age were enrolled and divided into four groups: A, 3–5‐year‐old group; B, 6–9‐year‐old group; C, 10–14‐year‐old group; and D, 15–18‐year‐old group. Blood samples were obtained from the cubital veins of the participants under a fasting condition. A Hitachi 7600 Automatic Biochemistry Analyzer was used to determine the serum levels. The cut‐off points of reference values were the 75th and 95th percentiles for total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) while the 25th and 5th percentiles were used for high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) concentrations. Results: The highest 95th percentiles of TC among the four groups were 5.34 mmol/L for boys and 5.11 mmol/L for girls. Compared with those of boys, female TG levels were obviously higher in the 10–14‐year‐old group (P < 0.05) and HDL‐C levels were significantly higher in the 15–18‐year‐old group (P < 0.05). The serum TC, HDL‐C, and LDL‐C all peaked during the 6–9‐year‐old period and then declined during the adolescent stage. Also, the serum TG continuously increased with a relative plateau during the 6–14‐year‐old period. Obese and overweight children had higher TG and LDL‐C levels but lower HDL‐C levels. Conclusion: This study showed a picture of the serum lipids distribution in Chinese children and found that their TC levels were lower than those of children in Japan, Iran, and France, but were higher than those of Italian children.     

冠心病家族史儿童脂质三角的研究

目的：了解有冠心病(CHD)家族史儿童脂质三角［低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(LDL-C),高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇(HDL-C)和甘油三脂(TG)］有无异常。方法：对83例有冠心病家族史的儿童检测血浆TG,LDL-C和HDL-C浓度,计算LDL-C/HDL-C,以无CHD家族史的健康儿童作为对照。结果：与对照组比较,有CHD家族史的儿童血TG,LDL-C浓度明显增高［(1.46±0.63) mmol/L vs (0.84±0.43) mmol/L,(2.09±1.13) mmol/L vs (0.96±0.87) mmol/L］,HDL-C水平降低［(1.48±0.48) mmol/L vs (1.72±0.53) mmol/L］,LDL-C/HDL-C升高(1.71±1.29 vs 0.96±0.68)(P1.7 mmol/L及LDL-C/HDL-C>2.5的发生率明显增高(20.5% vs 1.2%)(P均0.05)。有早发CHD家族史的儿童血TG,LDL-C水平［(1.86±0.63),(3.12±1.32) mmol/L］高于无早发CHD家族史儿童［(1.34±0.58),(1.79±0.87) mmol/L］及对照组［(0.84±0.43),(0.96±0.87) mmol/L］。有早发CHD家族史者LDL-C/HDL-C(2.85±1.21)高于无早发家族史组(1.37±1.11)和对照组(0.96±0.68)(P均<0.01),HDL-C水平［(1.11±0.26) mmol/L］低于无早发家族史者［(1.59±0.47) mmol/L］和对照组［(1.72±0.53) mmol/L］。脂质三角异常发生率(52.6%)高于无早发家族史组(10.9%)和对照组(1.2%)(P<0.01)。结论：有CHD家族史的儿童存在脂质三角异常,以有早发CHD家族史儿童明显。提示儿童期脂质三角异常与CHD家族史关系密切,有CHD家族史儿童成年后发生CHD的危险性显著增高。     

Atherogenic diet and blood lipid profile in children and adolescents from Galicia, NW Spain. The Galinut Study

We studied serum levels of total cholesterol, lipoproteins and triglycerides in venous blood samples and the intake of nutrients using the subject's daily record of food eaten during a period of 7 d. The material comprised 7367 children and adolescents. The overall average lipid levels (4.55 +/- 0.91 mmol/L for TC, 1.42 +/- 0.47 mmol/L for HDL-C, 2.74 +/- 0.96 mmol/L for LDL-C) are high and similar to those found in other regions of Spain in the 1990s. The proportion of children with TC > or = 5.17 mmol/L (200 mg/dl) was 19%; that of children with HDL-C < or = 0.91 mmol/L (35 mg/dL) 6.5%. There is a striking and statistically significant difference between the proportions of boys and girls aged 15-20 y who have HDL-C levels in this range (15.8% for boys and only 4.2% for girls). We also demonstrate a high total fat (44% of TCV), saturated fat (16% TCV) and cholesterol (387 mg) intake. Because of the elevated fat and saturated fat intake and the increment of a more atherogenic lipid profile in our children, preventive nutritional measures are necessary, and life habits such as physical exercise and actively reducing fat and saturated fat intake have to be applied and inculcated in children from an early age.     

SERUM LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS AT BIRTH BASED ON A STUDY OF 2815 NEWBORN INFANTS

Abstract. In a consecutive series of 2 815 newborn infants the triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (CHOL) concentrations were determined in total cord serum and in high density lipoprotein (HDL) containing serum after precipitation of very low (VLDL) and low density lipo proteins (LDL) with heparin manganese chloride. The serum concentrations of TG and CHOL in VLDL+LDL were calculated as the differences between the concentrations in total serum and HDL. The serum concentration of TG totally, in VLDL+LDL and HDL were 0.48, 0.33 and 0.14 mmol/l, respectively, in boys and 0.47, 0.32 and 0.15 mmol/l in girls and of CHOL 1.75, 0.94 and 0.80 mmol/l in boys and 1.88, 1.00 and 0.87 mmol/l in girls. The concentrations of CHOL were significantly higher (p<0.001) in girls than in boys. The distributions of all lipid parameters were skewed to the right, that is towards higher values. Lipoprotein electrophoresis in agarose gel was performed on all serum samples. Patterns compatible with hyperbeta and/or hyperprebeta lipoproteinaemia were observed but no cbylomicrons, broad beta, late prebeta or sinking prebeta lipoprotein bands. The skew distributions of TG and CHOL may be due to primary of secondary hyperlipidaemias.     

Favourable levels of cardio-vascular health and risk indicators during childhood and adolescence

This paper is concerned with favourable levels of constitutional cardio-vascular health indicators during childhood and adolescence. A cross-sectional randomised sample of healthy Czechoslovakian children was investigated, because this population is habituated to a favourable life style. Twenty girls and 20 boys at ages 8, 12 and 16 years were recruited to the study.Statistical data for means and standard deviations are presented with regard to maximal aerobic power, haemodynamic variables such as arterial blood pressure, heart rate at submaximal and maximal muscular exercise, body fat content, blood lipids including total cholesterol and its fractions, high- and low-density lipo-proteins, fasting triglycerides and the apo-lipo-protein profile.The maximal oxygen uptake in absolute values increased with age in both sexes and the boys appeared to average higher than the girls at each age. When maximal aerobic power was expressed on a total body weight basis, boys appeared to average higher at age 16 years (56 ml·min^-1·kg^-1) than girls (45.8 ml·min^-1·kg^-1). The highest recorded heart rate for ergometric work averaged close to 200 min^-1 in both sexes with no significant age differences. The diastolic blood pressure at rest did not change significantly with age or sex.Serum cholesterol levels were found to decrease significantly after puberty in boys (post-pubertal dip), but in the girls there was found no systematic change in mean values with age. When HDL was expressed as a percentage of total cholesterol there appeared to be no differences related to age and sex. Neither the apo-lipo-proteins, nor the fasting serum triglycerides changed significantly with age and sex.The inter-relationship between the different health indicators as well the influences of life style on risk factors are discussed.Abbreviations HDL high density lipo-protein - LDL low density lipo-protein - TC total cholesterol Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. Th. Hellbrügge on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

Familial history of cardiovascular disease and blood lipid pattern in newborn infants

The levels of atherogenic lipid fractions are higher in children with a family history of ischemic cardiovascular disease (CD). This study was designed to examine this relationship in neonates. A total of 1276 newborns were investigated; 400 cord blood samples were collected for measurement of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C); on day 4, 1200 capillary samples were taken for TC and TG measurements. Male newborns with a positive history of CD had higher concentrations of cord blood TC (P less than 0.04) and LDL-C (P less than 0.02). On day 4 this difference in TC was no longer detectable (LDL-C not determined). A coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factor family history is sensitive (0.87) in predicting high cord blood concentrations of LDL-C, the specificity being 0.46 and the positive predicting value 0.08.     

High-density lipoprotein subclass distribution and human cord blood lipid levels

The high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subclass distribution was examined by gradient gel electrophoresis (gge) in 154 human cord blood samples, and determinations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol levels were performed. Three distinct gge patterns were recognizable. The first pattern, termed the normal (gge) pattern, was distinguished by a prominent double peak in the (HDL2a)gge region and a pronounced peak in the (HDL3b)gge region. Minor peaks, or shoulders, were also seen in the (HDL2b)gge and (HDL3c)gge regions, and a valley was present in the (HDL3a)gge region. This pattern was associated with normal lipid levels for cord blood plasma (mean triglycerides: 30-42 mg/dl; mean total cholesterol 62-85 mg/dl; mean HDL-cholesterol: 34-41 mg/dl). The second pattern, termed the 2b(gge) pattern, contained a major peak in the (HDL2b)gge region rather than the shoulder seen in the normal (gge) pattern, while the (HDL2a)gge, (HDL3b)gge, and (HDL3c)gge regions were less pronounced. This pattern was associated with elevated total cholesterol and HDL-C levels (means 85-102 and 49-56 mg/dl, respectively). The third pattern, termed the 3b(gge) pattern, was characterized by a paucity of material in the (HDL2b)gge region, a single peak in the (HDL2a)gge region, and either a relative increase in the (HDL3b)gge region, or a simultaneous increase in both (HDL3b)gge and (HDL3c)gge. This pattern was associated with elevated triglyceride levels (means 78-88 mg/dl) and decreased HDL-C levels (means 20-30 mg/dl). Only two infants had a simultaneous elevation of triglycerides and total cholesterol and both cases exhibited the 3b(gge) pattern. Our study demonstrates that although the triglyceride and cholesterol levels in the newborn are much lower than those in adults, they are the important factors associated with the HDL subclass distribution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

新生儿脐血血脂水平的检测

目的　了解正常足月新生儿脐血血脂水平 ,确定筛查家族性高胆固醇血症患儿的血脂上界。方法　采用全自动生化分析仪 ,分别采用酶法和一步法检测 2 42例正常足月新生儿脐血的总胆固醇 (TC)、甘油三酯 (TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (LDL C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL C)的含量。结果正常足月新生儿脐血TC、TG、LDL C和HDL C分别为 ( 1 69± 0 40 )mmol/L、( 0 2 3± 0 12 )mmol/L、( 0 81± 0 2 1)mmol/L和 ( 0 5 8± 0 16)mmol/L ,除女婴的HDL C值高于男婴外 (P <0 0 5 ) ,其余指标男女差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　筛查家族性高胆固醇血症患儿的脐血血脂上界值推荐为TC≥2 47mmol/L和LDL C≥ 0 89mmol/L。     

Apolipoproteins and lipoproteins in children with type I diabetes: relation to glycosylated serum protein and HbA1

Serum levels of cholesterol (C), triglycerides (TG), lipoprotein-C and apolipoproteins (apo) A-I, A-II and B were measured in 30 children with type I diabetes mellitus (16 boys, 14 girls, aged 11-14 years) and in 26 healthy controls (15 boys, 11 girls, aged 10-13 years). For 19 diabetics controls matched for age, sex and relative body weight were selected. The diabetic patients were considered to be in fair metabolic control according to HbA1 levels and glycosylated serum protein concentrations. Mean serum apo A-I, A-II and B, C, TG, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) did not differ significantly between diabetic nondiabetic children. Very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) was significantly higher in diabetic children than in controls. Serum C and LDL-C levels showed close univariate linear correlations with glycosylated serum protein (LDL-C: r = 0.53, p less than 0.01, C: r = 0.58, p less than 0.01) in diabetics. The ratio LDL/HDL-C was significantly correlated to HbA1 levels (r = 0.47, p less than 0.01). By canonical and multiple linear correlation analysis significant relations of a selected set of variables concerning the control and therapy of diabetes (serum glucose, HbA1, glycosylated serum protein, insulin dose) with a set of lipoprotein variables (C, TG, VLDL-C, HDL-C, LDL-C, apo A-I, A-II, B) could be demonstrated. From these data we conclude that significant relations between atherogenic serum lipids and lipoproteins (C, LDL-C) and the degree of metabolic control exist in diabetic children, even in the absence of marked dyslipoproteinemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)