双源CT前瞻性心电门控低剂量扫描在诊断儿童法洛四联症中的临床应用

目的 探讨超声造影检查评价外周血管疾病的临床应用价值,以期为外周血管疾病的诊治提供帮助。方法 应用超声造影观察不同部位血管疾病患者56例,其中颈部血管病变36例(包括颈动脉粥样硬化性32例,颈内动脉栓塞1例,颈内静脉栓子3例);肢体血管病变20例(包括下肢动脉硬化闭塞症16例,下肢动脉栓塞2例,上肢静脉血栓2例)。超声造影剂采用SonoVue,使用PhilipsCX50超声诊断仪,线阵探头,频率5~12 MHz。造影检查前应用常规超声观察动脉斑块数量、形态特征,测量动脉狭窄率;动脉或静脉存在栓子时,观察栓子回声,管腔通畅程度等,并存储图像。超声造影时记录靶血管造影剂出现、消退时间,观察动脉粥样硬化斑块内新生血管情况,栓子内增强及管腔通畅情况。诊断结果与DSA、CTA、MRA及手术结果等相对照。结果 ①动脉粥样硬化斑块:颈动脉及下肢动脉病变患者48例,超声造影均清晰显示动脉内-中膜厚度,勾勒出动脉斑块大小、形态,清晰显示动脉管腔狭窄程度。超声造影检测出斑块58个,常规超声检出50个(86.21%);斑块内新生血管的检出率为51.72%(30/58),提示为不稳定斑块;②动脉栓塞:3例患者中1例动脉管壁钙化明显,管腔内充满低回声,CDFI未见血流信号,超声造影检测到细窄的血流通过,其余2例诊断同造影前;③上肢静脉血栓:2例患者均显示静脉管腔内的充盈缺损,边缘处可见细小的血流束通过,常规超声检查时未显示血流通过;④颈内静脉栓子:2例患者各时相均未见增强;另1例患者超声造影动脉期见栓子内快速出现丰富紊乱的线条状增强,后经证实为甲状腺癌致颈内静脉癌栓形成。结论 超声造影检查能够检出常规超声显示为阴性的动脉斑块,对动脉狭窄程度判定准确率高,并能够弥补彩色多普勒超声检查的不足,可应用于体型肥胖、病变血管位置较深、动脉管壁钙化明显伴声影者,能清晰完整地显示狭窄段;可显示某些病理条件下(如流速缓慢)常规超声难以显示的血流信息。随着造影剂及超声检查技术的不断发展完善,超声造影在外周血管疾病诊断领域的应用前景将更为广阔。     

超声造影在颈动脉疾病诊断中的应用

目的探讨超声造影在颈动脉疾病诊断中的应用价值。方法超声造影检查72例（92个斑块）颈动脉粥样硬化伴斑块形成患者,了解超声造影时斑块回声有无增强及血管充盈情况,并与数字减影血管造影（DSA）结果对照。结果颈动脉超声造影可清晰显示动脉内-中膜厚度,发现造影前未发现的斑块24个,并能勾勒出动脉斑块大小及形态。与DSA对照,应用超声造影诊断动脉粥样硬化所致颈部动脉闭塞的敏感性为55．6％、特异性为94．7％、准确性为82．0％。92个颈动脉斑块超声造影后69个增强,低回声、等回声、混合回声、强回声斑块新生血管检出率分别为89％、75％、70％和25％;斑块内造影剂到达时间迟于颈动脉（P〈0．05）,达峰值时间较颈动脉延长（P〈0．05）。结论超声造影提高了颈动脉斑块的显示率,有助于判断动脉狭窄程度,并可显示斑块内新生血管,弥补了彩色多普勒超声的不足,为颈动脉疾病的诊断提供了一种安全、有效、无创的检查方法。     

超声造影定量分析颈动脉斑块内增强强度对照研究

目的利用超声造影定量分析计算颈动脉斑块内增强强度(EI),同时采用半定量分析对颈动脉斑块增强进行分级,比较这两种方法的结果是否一致.方法颈动脉粥样硬化患者135例,共167个颈动脉斑块,其中双侧颈动脉病变患者32例.超声造影观察斑块内有无增强并将斑块增强分为0~4级.随后用Qlab定量分析软件分别计算斑块内EI及斑块内EI与颈动脉管腔内EI比值Ratio.比较不同超声造影增强分级颈动脉斑块内 EI及Ratio值差异.结果0~4级不同超声造影增强分级的颈动脉斑块其超声造影定量分析的 EI分别为(1.42±2.15)、(2.60±2.64)、(3.77±2.37)、(4.63±3.32)、(5.99±3.10)dB,Ratio值分别为0.09±0.11、0.15±0.12、0.22±0.11、0.26±0.17、0.34±0.14,差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为13.534、18.647,P均<0.0001),相邻超声造影增强分级的颈动脉斑块EI及Ratio值差异无统计学意义.结论超声造影增强分级与定量分析EI两种方法评价劲动脉斑块内增强程度具有一定的一致性,实际应用中可根据不同需要及本身具备的条件选择合适的方法.     

颈动脉狭窄超声造影:与DSA相对照

目的 初步探讨超声造影检查在颈部动脉粥样硬化性狭窄疾病中的应用.方法 应用超声造影观察36例颈部动脉粥样硬化患者造影前、后动脉斑块数量、形态特征等.应用彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)、超声造影检查测量动脉狭窄率,并与DSA进行对照.结果 超声造影检查能发现更多造影前没有发现的动脉斑块、清晰显示动脉内中膜厚度、勾勒出动脉斑块大小及形态.与DSA对照,应用CDFI、USCA诊断动脉粥样硬化所致颈部动脉闭塞的敏感性分别为55.6%、55.6%,特异性84.2%、94.7%,准确率75.0%、82.0%.结论 超声造影检查为颈部血管疾病的诊断提供了一种安全、有效、创伤性小的诊断方法.     

不同回声类型颈动脉斑块超声造影增强强度的分析

目的分析超声造影显示斑块内增强的程度与常规超声斑块回声强度之间的关系。方法颈动脉粥样硬化患者135例,其中双侧颈动脉病变的患者32例,共167个颈动脉斑块。所有患者超声造影检查时仪器参数设置保持一致。常规超声上将颈动脉斑块的回声分为低、中、混合及强回声4种类型。超声造影观察斑块内有无增强并将斑块增强的程度人为分为0～4级。定量分析计算动脉斑块内增强强度及斑块内增强强度与颈动脉管腔内增强强度的比值。结果不同回声类型颈动脉斑块超声造影增强分级的强度间差异有统计学意义(χMH=47.4,P<0.0001),斑块回声越低超声造影增强越明显。低回声斑块中有75.6%(31/41)达2级以上增强,而部分中等回声及混合斑块超声造影也可表现为明显增强,2级以上增强分别占56.8%(25/44)及62.3%(38/61)。强回声斑块则只有1个(1/21,4.8%)表现为2级增强。低、中、混合、强回声颈动脉斑块的超声造影增强强度分别为(4.33±3.34)dB、(3.71±3.40)dB、(3.16±2.56)dB、(0.96±0.37)dB,增强强度比值分别为0.24±0.17、0.21±0.17、0.19±0.13、0.06±0.02。不同回声类型颈动脉斑块的超声造影定量分析参数增强强度(t=7.75,P<0.0001)及增强强度比值(t=4.49,P<0.0001)的差异均有统计学意义,斑块回声越低,超声造影定量分析增强越显著,呈线性相关。结论超声造影可在常规超声评价斑块回声强弱的基础上提供更多关于斑块稳定性的信息,有助于对患者的筛选,进而采取合适的干预措施。     

肝门静脉癌栓的灰阶超声造影检查

目的:探讨灰阶超声造影在肝门静脉癌栓诊断中的应用价值.方法:采用SonoVue造影剂对15例肝门静脉内癌栓,6例门静脉内血栓共21例患者行超声造影,观察造影后栓子的血流增强情况,并与病理诊断对比分析.结果:15例门静脉癌栓,动脉相或门脉相早期快速增强,其中12例整体均匀性高增强;2例周边高增强,中央无增强:1例仅部分高增强;6例门静脉血栓,无一例增强.以超声造影后栓子内有无增强作为诊断门静脉癌栓的指标,与病理结果对比分析,超声造影诊断门静脉癌栓的敏感性及特异性均为100%.结论:超声造影对于门静脉内癌栓的诊断具有重要临床价值.     

超声造影在门静脉栓子良恶性鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨超声造影在门静脉栓子良恶性鉴别诊断中的价值。 方法采用SonoVue超声造影剂及对比脉冲序列（CPS）技术对22例门静脉癌栓，8例门静脉血栓共30例门静脉栓子进行超声造影，观察造影后栓子内血流增强情况。结果22例门静脉癌栓中，17例动脉相整体均匀性增强，1例低回声增强，4例部分增强。8例门静脉血栓，无1例有增强。超声造影诊断门静脉癌栓的敏感性和特异性高达100％。 结论超声造影能非常准确地鉴别出门静脉栓子的良恶性，具有非常重要的临床价值。     

超声造影颈动脉斑块内增强强度与动脉狭窄程度的关系

目的 分析超声造影(CEUS)显示的患者颈动脉斑块内新生血管增生的程度与颈动脉狭窄程度之间的关系.方法 颈动脉狭窄患者92例,其中双侧病变者22例,共114条颈动脉.所有患者均在超声检查后1周内行DSA检查,以此判断动脉狭窄程度.CEUS观察斑块内有无增强并将斑块增强的程度分为0～4级.随后定量计算动脉斑块内增强强度EI及斑块内增强强度与颈动脉管腔内增强强度的比值ratio.结果 超过90％(包括闭塞)与90％以下狭窄的颈动脉斑块CEUS分级有显著性差异,而90％以下各组斑块的CEUS增强分级无显著性差异.不同颈动脉狭窄程度之间EI (P=0.864)及ratio无显著性差异.结论 超声造影显示的颈动脉斑块的增强程度与相应的颈动脉狭窄程度无明显相关性,对颈动脉狭窄程度不高的患者超声造影评价斑块内新生血管的形成可帮助进一步评估患者的风险程度.     

门静脉栓子实时超声造影研究

目的 探讨门静脉栓子的超声造影灌注特点;结合QontraXt定量分析软件,检测门静脉栓子的血流动力学特点.方法 应用CnTI技术和造影剂SonoVue对18例门静脉栓子患者进行超声造影检查,动态观察注射造影剂后门静脉栓子的灌注特点;并用QontraXt软件对18例门静脉栓子进行定量分析,分析评价以上各指标在门静脉栓子中鉴别诊断的意义.结果 14例门静脉癌栓中,10例呈整体均匀性增强,2例呈低增强,2例呈部分高增强;4例门静脉血栓无1例增强.结论 实时超声造影可以敏感地显示门静脉内栓子的动态增强过程,揭示门静脉栓子的血流动力学特点.     

多排CT对肺动脉栓塞和下肢深静脉血栓检出的研究

目的:评价运用CT肺动脉造影和下肢CT静脉造影(CTVPA)两种方法对肺动脉栓塞(PE)和下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)检出的应用价值。方法:对38例临床怀疑PE的患者行CTVPA检查,分析其影像表现,并探讨其应用价值。结果:38例患者中PE24例,下肢DVT11例。PE主要表现为血管腔内充盈缺损和同侧肺野内病变。下肢DVT主要表现为下肢深静脉管腔内充盈缺损、静脉增粗和患肢软组织肿胀。对于栓子的显示,多层面容积重建(MPVR)优于最大密度投影(MIP)和容积再现(VR)。结论:多排CT(MSCT)联合运用CT肺动脉造影和CTVPA两种方法对PE和下肢DVT检出有很大的应用价值,可作为临床怀疑PE的患者首选检查方法。     

彩色多普勒血流显像及超声造影鉴别诊断门静脉良恶性栓子

目的 探讨CDFI及CEUS鉴别诊断门静脉良恶性栓子的价值.方法 回顾性分析33例门静脉栓塞患者门静脉栓子的CDFI及CEUS灌注表现,包括门静脉癌栓23例,血栓10例.结果 23例癌栓中,完全填充17例,部分填充6例;10例血栓中,完全填充3例,部分填充7例.癌栓完全填充率高于血栓完全填充率(P=0.026),表明门静脉癌栓以完全填充为主,血栓以部分填充为主.CDFI显示癌栓自肝内向肝外生长多见,回声较强且不均匀;血栓则相反,且多见于脾切除后、肝硬化等患者.CEUS示门静脉癌栓均呈“快进快出”表现,而血栓内始终未见造影剂填充.结论 CDFI对定性诊断门静脉栓子具有一定价值;CEUS对鉴别门静脉血栓及癌栓有较高价值.     

实时灰阶超声造影评价肝移植术前门脉系统栓子的价值

目的探讨实时灰阶超声造影在肝移植术前门脉系统栓子诊断及良恶性鉴别诊断中的价值。方法应用SonoVue造影剂及对比脉冲序列（CPS）技术对37例肝移植术前门脉系统栓子患者,共84条血管进行低机械指数实时灰阶超声造影检查。结果经过肝移植手术或螺旋CT门静脉成像证实,78条血管栓子形成（瘤栓50个,血栓28个）,6条血管通畅。超声造影诊断门脉系统栓子的敏感性98.7%,特异性100%,以栓子内动脉相早期造影剂灌注为标准,诊断门脉系统瘤栓的敏感性100%,特异性100%。结论实时灰阶超声造影可评价肝移植术前门脉系统的通畅性,提高栓子的检出率,并可鉴别栓子的良恶性,为肝移植手术方案的确定提供重要准确的信息。     

Characterization of Malignant Portal Vein Thrombosis with Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography

We prospectively evaluated the effectiveness of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) for differentiation of benign versus malignant portal vein thrombosis (PVT). We studied a total of 43 patients with chronic liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma-suggestive nodules and confirmed PVT, in whom the nature of the PVT was confirmed by follow-up imaging (US, computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging) performed up to 6 mo after CEUS. PVT was assessed by US, Doppler US and CEUS with respect to vessel wall disruption and/or invasion, color Doppler vascularization, pulsed Doppler vascularization pattern and CEUS enhancement and vascularization pattern, and thrombi were classified as benign or malignant based on these findings. Follow-up studies revealed malignant PVT in 22 of the 43 patients (51%) and benign PVT in 21 patients (49%). CEUS findings were consistent with follow-up studies in 41 of the 43 patients (95%), with κ?=?0.903 (p < 0.0001), sensitivity?=?91% and specificity?=?100%, indicating that CEUS can be confidently used to differentiate benign from malignant portal vein thrombosis in the setting of chronic liver disease.     

Diagnosis of benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: color Doppler US, contrast-enhanced US, and fine-needle biopsy

Background We assessed the role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant portal vein thrombosis in patients who had cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Fifty-four consecutive patients who had cirrhosis, biopsy-proved HCC, and thrombosis of the main portal vein and/or left/right portal vein on US were prospectively studied with color Doppler US (CDUS) and CEUS. CEUS was performed at low mechanical index after intravenous administration of a second-generation contrast agent (SonoVue, Bracco, Milan, Italy). Presence or absence of CDUS signals or thrombus enhancement on CEUS were considered diagnostic for malignant or benign portal vein thrombosis. Twenty-eight patients also underwent percutaneous portal vein fine-needle biopsy (FNB) under US guidance. All patients were followed-up bimonthly by CDUS. Shrinkage of the thrombus and/or recanalization of the vessels on CDUS during follow-up were considered definitive evidence of the benign nature of the thrombosis, whereas enlargement of the thrombus, disruption of the vessel wall, and parenchymal infiltration over follow-up were considered consistent with malignancy. CDUS, CEUS, and FNB results were compared with those at follow-up. Results Follow-up (4 to 21 months) showed signs of malignant thrombosis in 34 of 54 patients. FNB produced a true-positive result for malignancy in 19 of 25 patients, a false-negative result in six of 25 patients, and a true-negative result in three of three patients. CDUS was positive in seven of 54 patients. CEUS showed enhancement of the thrombus in 30 of 54 patients. No false-positive result was observed at CDUS, CEUS, and FNB. Sensitivities of CDUS, CEUS, and FNB in detecting malignant thrombi were 20%, 88%, and 76% respectively. Three patients showed negative CDUS and CEUS and positive FNB results; follow-up confirmed malignant thrombosis in these patients. One patient showed negative CDUS, CEUS, and FNB findings. Howewer, follow-up of the thrombus showed US signs of malignancy. Another FNB confirmed HCC infiltration of the portal vein. Conclusion CEUS seems to be the most sensitive and specific test for diagnosing malignant portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis.     

肝移植术前门静脉系统栓子超声造影参数成像的临床应用

目的 探讨CEUS参数成像在诊断及鉴别诊断肝移植术前门脉系统栓子中的临床应用价值。方法 回顾性分析接受CEUS检查并经临床或病理证实的41例肝移植术前门脉系统栓子患者,观察造影剂灌注模式,并利用sonoliver CAP定量分析,以门静脉栓子与周围肝实质的增强水平差值为参数进行动态血管模型(DVP)参数成像构建。结果 门静脉瘤栓动脉期呈快速增强,门脉期及延迟期明显消退。门静脉瘤栓的上升时间、达峰时间、平均渡越时间分别快于周围肝实质,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.01);门静脉瘤栓的峰值强度高于周围肝实质,差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。门静脉血栓三期均无造影剂灌注,各参数值均为0。结论 CEUS参数成像能直观反映门脉系统栓子与周围肝实质间灌注差异,鉴别栓子性质。     

超声造影评估门静脉高压患者手术前后肝内血流动力学变化

目的 探讨应用CEUS评估门静脉高压患者术后肝内血流动力学变化的价值。方法 对接受手术治疗的17例门静脉高压症患者于手术前后均行CEUS检查, 记录肝动脉到达时间(HAAT)、门静脉到达时间(PVAT)及肝静脉到达时间(HVAT), 计算肝动静脉渡越时间(HAVTT)及门静脉-肝静脉渡越时间(PV-HVTT), 对手术前后各参数进行统计学比较。结果 门静脉高压症患者HAVTT及PV-HVTT在手术后较手术前明显延长, 差异有统计学意义(P均 <0.05)。HAAT、PVAT及HVAT手术前后的差异无统计学意义(P均 >0.05)。结论 CEUS参数中, HAVTT及PV-HVTT可用以较好地评估门静脉高压症患者肝内血流动力学变化, 为无创性评价门静脉高压患者术后近期疗效提供了新的方法。     

超声造影诊断及评估肢体假性动脉瘤

目的 探讨CEUS在肢体假性动脉瘤（PSA）诊断及评估中的应用。方法 收集27例肢体PSA患者,应用CEUS对PSA载瘤动脉瘤颈尺寸、瘤腔大小及附壁血栓情况进行评估,并与常规超声进行对比分析。结果 27例患者共检出33个PSA（残存假性瘤腔32个）,其中1个瘤腔闭塞。CEUS假性瘤腔附壁血栓显示率为96.87%（31/32）,常规超声附壁血栓显示率为75.00%（24/32）,二者差异有统计学意义（P=0.026）。CEUS血栓表面显示率为90.62%（29/32）,常规超声为46.87%（15/32）,二者差异有统计学差异（P=0.0001）。CEUS示残存瘤腔最大切面面积为（11.99±6.49）cm²,常规超声为（8.32±7.96）cm²,差异有统计学意义（P=0.024）。CEUS载瘤动脉显示率为100%（27/27）,常规超声为77.78%（21/27,P=0.023）。结论 CEUS在PSA的诊断及评估中具有其独特优势,应推荐广泛应用于临床。     

Differentiating malignant from benign thrombosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: contrast-enhanced ultrasound

Background

To determine the accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in differentiating malignant and benign venous thrombosis complicating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

Fifty patients (M:F = 41:9; age range 46–83 years) with HCC and venous thrombosis [portal vein (PV) in 45 and hepatic vein (HV) in 5] detected on CT or MR scan were evaluated with CEUS. Reference standard of malignant and benign thrombosis was based on serial clinicoradiologic follow-up (n = 43) or pathology (n = 7). Two independent, blinded readers retrospectively recorded the enhancement features of the venous thrombosis and diagnosed as benign or malignant thrombosis with a five-point confidence scale. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated to determine the diagnostic performance of CEUS in differentiating malignant from benign thrombosis. Confidence level ratings were also used to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for the diagnosis of malignant thrombosis. Inter-reader agreement was calculated using κ statistics in each assessed finding. Gray scale and Doppler characteristics of primary tumor and thrombosis were also assessed.

Results

Of the 50 patients, 37 were malignant (33 with PV thrombosis and 4 with HV thrombosis) and 13 were benign (12 with PV thrombosis and 1 with HV thrombosis). In ROC curve analysis for differentiating malignant from benign thrombosis, Az was 0.947 (CI 0.841–0.991) for reader 1 and 0.958 (CI 0.861–0.995) for reader 2 with excellent inter-reader agreement (κ = 0.86). When the confidence level ratings of 1 or 2 were considered malignant thrombosis, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV in differentiating malignant from benign thrombosis were 100%, 83%, 95%, and 100% for reader 1 and 100%, 92%, 97%, and 100% for reader 2.

Conclusion

CEUS is useful to differentiate malignant and benign venous thrombosis associated with HCC with high diagnostic accuracy.     

国产下腔静脉滤器在下肢深静脉血栓治疗中的应用

目的评价国产下腔静脉滤器(IVCF)在治疗下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)中的疗效和安全性。方法2002年1月-2006年8月,82例下肢DVT患者施行了国产IVCF置入术。IVCF置入后行经导管尿激酶溶栓、髂静脉球囊扩张或/和支架置入治疗,经右颈内静脉途径行IVCF取出术。结果共置入82个IVCF,技术成功率100%,无复发性肺栓塞,主要并发症发生率为2.4%。70例患者将国产IVCF取出,IVCF平均留置时间为(11.9±9.5)天;12例患者IVCF为永久性留置,随访3~48个月,IVCF无移位及血栓形成。结论国产IVCF能安全、有效预防肺栓塞,国产IVCF置入术是治疗下肢DVT的重要方法之一。