芪参降脂饮对高胆固醇血症大鼠早期动脉粥样硬化的干预

目的观察芪参降脂饮对高胆固醇血症大鼠早期动脉粥样硬化(AS)形成的影响。方法24只SD大鼠随机分为对照组,模型组和芪参降脂饮组,分别喂以普通饲料、高脂饲料和高脂饲料 芪参降脂饮;每组8只。6w后采血,测血清胆固醇(TC)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)水平,观察主动脉壁组织形态学变化,用免疫组化检测主动脉血管壁细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)蛋白表达。结果芪参降脂饮组大鼠血清TC水平明显低于模型组(P<0.05),主动脉内皮损伤明显轻于模型组,中膜平滑肌排列亦较模型组整齐。模型组大鼠主动脉壁ICAM-1蛋白表达量明显高于芪参降脂饮组(P<0.01)。结论芪参降脂饮能降低血脂,抑制ICAM-1在血管壁表达和单核细胞浸润,抑制平滑肌细胞增生,防止早期AS形成。     

芪参降脂饮对高胆固醇血症大鼠主动脉ICAM-1表达量的影响

目的观察芪参降脂饮对高胆固醇血症大鼠主动脉ICAM-1的表达的影响.方法 24只SD大鼠随机分为3组:对照组8只,喂普通饲料;模型组8只,喂高脂饲料;中药组8只,喂高脂饲料,同时给予芪参降脂饮灌胃.6周后急性处死.取血测血脂;用免疫组织化学检测主动脉血管壁细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)蛋白表达水平.结果中药组大鼠血清胆固醇水平明显低于模型组(P<0.05),模型组大鼠主动脉血管壁ICAM-1蛋白表达量明显高于中药组(P<0.01).结论芪参降脂饮能够降低实验性高胆固醇血症大鼠血脂,抑制ICAM-1在主动脉血管壁的表达.     

芪参降脂饮预防动脉粥样硬化发生的可能机制

目的:探讨芪参降脂饮防治动脉粥样硬化发生的作用机制。方法:24只SD大鼠随机分为3组:对照组8只,喂以普通饲料;模型组8只,喂以高脂饲料;中药组8只,喂以高脂饲料,同时给以芪参降脂饮灌胃。8周后急性处死大鼠。取血测血脂、血清丙二醛水平及超氧化物歧化酶活性;用免疫组化和Westernblot检测主动脉壁细胞间黏附分子1(ICAM1)蛋白表达水平。苏木素伊红染色观察主动脉组织形态学变化。结果:中药组主动脉内皮损伤明显轻于模型组,中膜平滑肌排列亦较模型组整齐。中药组血脂和丙二醛水平明显低于模型组(P<0.01),而超氧化物歧化酶活性则明显高于模型组(P<0.05)。模型组大鼠主动脉壁ICAM1蛋白表达量明显高于中药组(P<0.01)。结论:芪参降脂饮能够抑制实验大鼠动脉粥样硬化的发生发展,其作用可能是通过降低血脂,清除氧自由基来保护血管内皮免受损伤,同时下调ICAM1在主动脉壁的表达来实现的。     

芪脂饮对动脉粥样硬化家兔超氧化物歧化酶及丙二醛含量的影响

目的 探讨益气活血复方芪脂饮对动脉粥样硬化(AS)家兔血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.方法 将健康雄性新西兰家兔,随机分为正常组、模型组、实验组和对照组.对各组采取不同干预因素,取材后观察各组家兔血清中SOD和MDA的含量.结果 与模型组比较,实验组血清MDA含量明显减少(P<0.01),SOD含量显著增加(P<0.01).结论 芪脂饮可增加SOD的活力和减少MDA的含量,抑制脂质过氧化过程对血管内皮的损害,从而延缓和阻止AS斑块的形成和发展,减少冠心病的发生.     

CD40L及MMP-9在动脉粥样硬化模型大鼠腹主动脉斑块中的表达

目的观察白细胞分化抗原40(CD40L)及金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)在动脉粥样硬化(AS)模型大鼠腹主动脉斑块中的表达。方法利用高脂、高胆固醇饲料诱发动脉粥样硬化大鼠模型,免疫组化检测腹主动脉中CD40L和MMP-9的表达,并对CD40L和MMP-9作线性相关分析。结果模型组大鼠腹主动脉中CD40L和MMP-9的表达显著高于正常组(P<0.01)。免疫组化显示,模型大鼠腹主动脉斑块中CD40L和MMP-9阳性表达,正常大鼠阴性表达。对两组大鼠CD40L和MMP-9作皮尔逊相关分析,CD40L和MMP-9之间有直线相关关系。结论AS模型大鼠腹主动脉斑块中有CD40L和MMP-9的高表达,二者的高表达可能加速大鼠AS进展。     

刺五加注射液对脑出血大鼠血肿周围组织含水量、SOD、MDA水平的影响

目的 观察刺五加注射液(AS)对脑出血(ICH)大鼠血肿周围组织含水量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)水平的影响.探讨AS治疗ICH机制,为AS临床应用提供实验依据.方法 定量胶原酶注入大鼠尾状核建立大鼠ICH模型.126只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组(6只)、假手术组(30只)、模型组(30只)和AS治疗组(60只).治疗组又分为AS大剂量组(30只)和AS小剂量组(30只),分别采用AS干预.假手术组、模型组和AS治疗组分别于术后不同时间点处死大鼠,检测脑匀浆中SOD活性、MDA水平和脑组织含水量.结果 AS治疗组于1 d,3 d、7 d时SOD活性明显高于模型组(P<0.01);AS治疗组于12 h、1 d、3d、7d时MDA水平明显低于模型组(P<0.05或P<0.01);治疗组于12h、1d、3d、7d脑组织含水量明低于模型组(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 AS干预可降低ICH大鼠脑组织中MDA含量,提高SOD活性,减少自由基产生,减轻脑水肿.可能是AS发挥脑保护作用、治疗ICH的作用机制之一.     

氯沙坦抑制高胆固醇血症大鼠动脉核转录因子活化和细胞间粘附分子表达

目的 :观察氯沙坦 (Los)对高胆固醇血症大鼠血管壁核转录因子 (NFkB)活化和细胞间粘附分子 (ICAM 1)表达的影响。方法 :3 0只雄性成年SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组 (NC组 ) ,高脂组 (HL组 )和Los组。 10周后 ,酶法测血清总胆固醇 ,硝酸还原酶法测胸主动脉组织中一氧化氮 (NO)、硫代巴比妥酸法测丙二醛 (MDA)含量及用黄嘌呤氧化酶法测超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性 ;用免疫组化法测主动脉壁NFkB活化程度及ICAM 1蛋白表达水平 ;HE染色高倍视野下计数浸润于内膜的单核细胞数。结果 :Los组胸主动脉NO含量和SOD活力显著高于HL组 ,而MDA水平低于HL组 ;血管壁NFkB活化和ICAM 1表达水平及血管内膜中单核细胞数明显低于HL组 ;这 2组血清胆固醇浓度显著高于NC组 ,但它们之间无差异。结论 :Los能缓解自由基损伤 ,抑制高胆固醇血症大鼠主动脉NFkB活化和ICAM 1表达 ,它可通过该机制防止动脉粥样硬化形成和发展     

雷米普利和氯沙坦对高胆固醇血症大鼠早期动脉粥样硬化形成的影响

目的 :观察血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 (ACEI)雷米普利和血管紧张素Ⅱ (AngⅡ ) 1型受体拮抗剂氯沙坦对高胆固醇血症大鼠早期动脉粥样硬化 (AS)形成的影响 ,探讨肾素 血管紧张素系统 (RAS)致早期AS的机制。方法 :4 0只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照 (NC)组 ,高脂 (HL)组 ,雷米普利 (Ram )组和氯沙坦 (Los)组。每组 10只 ,10周后比色法测血清一氧化氮 (NO)、丙二醛 (MDA)水平及超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活力 ,酶法测血胆固醇浓度 ;用免疫组化法检测主动脉血管壁增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA)和核转录因子 (NFκB)及细胞间粘附分子 1(I CAM 1)表达水平 ;透射电镜观察主动脉形态结构 ,苏木精 伊红染色高倍视野下计数浸润于内膜的单核细胞数。结果 :Ram组和Los组血清NO浓度和SOD活力显著高于HL组 (P <0 .0 1) ,而MDA水平低于HL组 (P <0 .0 1) ,NFκB活化及ICAM 1表达水平 ,PCNA阳性细胞数和浸润的单核细胞数明显少于HL组 (P <0 .0 1) ,但这三组间血胆固醇浓度差异无显著性意义。Ram组和Los组主动脉内皮损伤明显轻于HL组。结论 :Ram和Los能缓解自由基损伤 ,抑制高胆固醇血症大鼠ICAM 1表达和单核细胞浸润 ,防止早期AS形成。     

保肝降脂饮对脂肪肝大鼠护肝作用的实验研究

目的探讨保肝降脂饮治疗脂肪肝的药学机制。方法采用高脂饮食诱导大鼠脂肪肝模型,实验分组为脂肪肝模型组、保肝降脂饮大、中、小剂量组、东宝肝泰对照组和正常对照组共6组。观察大、中、小剂量保肝降脂饮和东宝肝泰对大鼠血清中胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)的含量和肝组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响,以及肝组织形态学的变化。结果模型组大鼠血清中TC、TG明显高于正常组和各治疗组(P<005),而其SOD的活性较正常组和各治疗组明显降低。肝组织切片脂滴明显堆积,正常组没有脂滴堆积,各治疗组肝组织切片显示脂滴堆积较模型组轻。结论保肝降脂饮可显著降低脂肪肝大鼠血清TC、TG含量,减轻肝细胞脂滴堆积,提高肝组织SOD活性,从而发挥降脂保肝的作用。     

降脂护肝胶囊治疗非酒精性脂肪性肝病的实验研究

目的:探讨降脂护肝胶囊对非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的疗效.方法:采用高胆固醇高脂饮食喂养,复制NAFLD大鼠模型,设降脂护肝胶囊治疗组(Z组)、模型组(M组)及空白对照组(K组),检测各组大鼠血清ALT、AST、TG、TC、TNF-α、IFN-γ水平及肝组织SOD活性、MDA浓度,观察肝脏组织病理学变化.结果:M组大鼠ALT、AST、TG、TC、MDA、TNF-α、IFN-γ水平明显升高,而SOD表达下降,与K组比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01或P<0.05);Z组大鼠的8次指标检测结果均得到明显改善,与M组比较,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01或P<0.05).M组大鼠肝脏脂肪变明显,且有散在坏死灶及炎性细胞浸润;Z组大鼠肝脏脂肪变比M组明显减轻,肝窦基本正常,无炎性细胞浸润.结论:降脂护肝胶囊能显著改善非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠的肝功能,降低血脂,提高肝细胞SOD活性,降低MDA含量,抑制炎症反应中细胞因子TNF-α、IFN-γ,改善肝组织学病理情况,对非酒精性脂肪性肝病有较好的治疗效果.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.