海绵窦造影在颈动脉-海绵窦瘘及其并发症中的诊断和治疗意义

目的 了解颈动脉一海绵窦瘘(carotid-cavernous fistula,CCF)的血流动力学变化和颈内动脉海绵窦段及其周围静脉窦和静脉的病理改变,为制定更为合理的治疗方案提供依据。方法 1990年4月～1999年4月共收治CCF患者124例,28例施行眼上静脉(superior ophthalmic vein,SOV)海绵窦造影,其中A型17例,B型1例,D型10例。结果 海绵窦造影显示,海绵窦接近正常者12例(42.86％),其中海绵窦狭窄3例,网状海绵窦9例。海绵窦扩大者16例(57.14％),包括局限性扩张呈静脉湖状14例,其中海绵窦囊性占位者5例,即囊中囊表现,提示存在外伤性动脉瘤;海绵窦分隔2例。辅助动脉造影检查发现,CCF合并同侧颈动脉闭塞者2例,颈动脉狭窄3例,合并外伤性动脉瘤5例,其中2例发生严重鼻出血。28例均经眼上静脉入路或眼上静脉+动脉入路闭塞CCF及假性动脉瘤,治疗效果良好。结论 眼上静脉-海绵窦造影与颈动脉造影结合,于动脉外闭塞CCF瘘口或闭塞海绵窦瘘,可提高CCF治疗的成功率并保持载瘘动脉的通畅率,有助于CCF合并颈内动脉海绵窦段损伤及外伤性动脉瘤的诊断与治疗。     

Bilateral carotid cavernous sinus fistula: a case report and review of the literature

Carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal vascular shunt from the carotid artery to the cavernous sinus. They are commonly classified based on hemodynamics, etiology or anatomically. Hemodynamic classification refers to whether the fistula is high or low flow. Etiology is commonly secondary to trauma or can occur spontaneously in the setting of aneurysm or medical conditions predisposing to arterial wall defects. Bilateral carotid cavernous fistulas are rare. We present a case of bilateral CCF secondary to trauma. Ophthalmology was urgently consulted to assess the patient in the intensive care unit (ICU) for red eye. The patient was found to have decreased vision, increased intraocular pressure, an afferent pupillary defect, proptosis, chemosis, and ophthalmoplegia. Subsequent neuro-imaging confirmed a bilateral CCF. The patient underwent two endovascular embolization procedures. Trauma is the most common cause of CCF and accounts for up to 75% of cases. Most common signs of CCF depend on whether it is high or low flow. High-flow CCF may present with chemosis, proptosis, cranial nerve palsy, increased intraocular pressure, diplopia, and decreased vision. Cerebral angiography is the gold standard diagnostic modality. First-line treatment consists of endovascular embolization with either a metallic coil, endovascular balloon or embolic agent. It is unclear in the literature if bilateral cases are more difficult to treat or have a different prognosis. Our patient required two endovascular procedures suggesting that endovascular intervention may have reduced efficacy in bilateral cases.     

覆膜支架治疗颈内动脉假性动脉瘤合并海绵窦瘘一例报告并文献复习

目的 报告1例使用覆膜支架治愈颈内动脉假性动脉瘤合并颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF).方法 患者因外伤后右侧上睑下垂、眼肌麻痹、眼球突出、结膜水肿2周来院,血管造影显示:右侧颈内动脉海绵窦假性动脉瘤合并CCF,患者接受覆膜支架介入治疗.结果 Jostent球囊扩张支架置于动脉瘤颈部,经反复扩张后动脉瘤和CCF均不显影.术后患者恢复良好.结论 尽管Jostent覆膜支架用于颅内血管病的治疗仍然存在一些问题,但为颈内动脉海绵窦动脉瘤和CCF的介入治疗提供了一种有效的方法 .     

应用水膨胀式微弹簧圈栓塞治疗外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘

目的总结水膨胀式微弹簧圈（HydroCoil）栓塞治疗颈动脉海绵窦瘘（CCF）的初步体会，对HydroCoil治疗CCF的有效性作出评价。方法选取我院2006年1月以来应用HydroCoil栓塞系统治疗14例外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘（CCF）病人，男9例，女5例，平均26．5岁。脑血管造影显示6例瘘口位于右侧颈内动脉海绵窦段，8例位于左侧颈内动脉海绵窦段。结果14例病人CCF术后均不再显影，患侧颈内动脉通畅，所有病人术前的颅内杂音、突眼和球结膜充血等症状在1周内恢复正常，视力也有不同程度的恢复。8例病人术后获得1—3个月脑血管造影随访，CCF均未见复发。没有神经系统并发症发生。结论血管内介入治疗已经广泛应用于颈动脉海绵窦瘘，可脱球囊栓塞仍为首选方法。当病人不能耐受或不允许闭塞患侧颈内动脉时，可以选用HydroCoil。HydroCoil治疗CCF安全、有效、稳定，颈动脉保持通畅率高，长期临床效果仍有待于进一步研究。     

动脉瘤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内治疗

目的总结应用血管内技术治疗颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤破裂导致颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)的经验体会。方法回顾性分析8例颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤破裂致CCF患者的临床资料以及应用的血管内技术,其中单纯应用可脱球囊治疗1例,弹簧圈结合可脱球囊进行治疗2例,球囊辅助弹簧圈栓塞治疗2例,覆膜支架治疗1例。结果8例患者中6例治疗成功,无技术相关性并发症;1例治疗前突然死亡;1例放弃治疗。结论血管内技术是治疗颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤破裂致CCF的安全、有效方法。     

Endovascular management of carotid cavernous fistulae: observation on angiographic and clinical results

Twenty-five patients with carotid cavernous fistulae (CCFs) were managed at our institute during a five-year period. Transarterial and transvenous treatment of traumatic carotid cavernous fistuale using the detachable balloon technique was performed in 21 patients resulting in angiographic and clinical cure in 20 patients and fatal outcome in one patient following venous rerouting. Surgical ligation of the infraclinoid internal carotid artery was needed in one patient. Preservation of the carotid artery was possible in 16 patients. Four patients with spontaneous CCFs were advised digital compression of carotid arteries resulting in complete closure of the fistula in one and considerable clinical improvement in two patients. One patient required transarterial obliteration of the fistula via the middle meningeal artery by means of a platinum coil and normal butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) resulting in total radio anatomical cure.     

Combined transarterial,transvenous, and direct puncture of the cavernous sinus to cure a traumatic carotid cavernous fistula

Direct carotid cavernous fistulas (CCF) are generally well managed by simple endovascular treatment. We report an 8-year-old boy who required subsequent direct puncture of the cavernous sinus to completely obliterate the residual fistula after both transarterial and transvenous embolization had been performed. He presented with a mild right frontal headache, congestion of the right conjunctiva, blurred vision, and photophobia. Cerebral angiography demonstrated a right direct CCF. The patient underwent transarterial and transvenous embolization of the cavernous sinus (CS) with Gugliemi detached coils (GDCs), but a residual shunt persisted. Two days later, another session of embolization by direct puncture of the CS with GDCs was performed after failure to navigate through the superior ophthalmic vein which was partially occupied by previously deployed coils. Immediate control angiography showed complete obliteration of the fistula and the patient’s symptoms rapidly resolved. This is the first report of a patient with a CCF who required three combined approaches – transarterial, transvenous, and direct puncture of the CS – to achieve complete closure of the complexed shunt.     

Clinical aspects and treatment of spontaneous carotid artery-cavernous sinus fistula

21 patients, who fulfilled the clinical and angiographic criteria of a spontaneous carotid cavernous fistula (CCF), were studied at the Alfried Krupp Hospital, Essen, Germany, between 1980 and 1988. Of these patients, 4 had direct shunts between the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus and 17 patients had unilateral or bilateral dural shunts between meningeal branches of the internal and/or external carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. The most common initial symptoms were eye redness, bruit and headache. 6 of 12 patients with double vision had mechanical disorders of eye movement. A rapid irreversible loss of vision occurred in 2 patients. In 9 of 21 patients either progressive visual deterioration, proptosis or severe orbital pain necessitated prompt institution of treatment. All direct fistulas could be occluded by the use of the detachable balloon technique. 5 patients with dural CCF were successfully treated with particle embolization of the external carotid artery blood supply. In dural CCF not requiring emergent treatment, combined carotid artery and jugular vein compression was preferred and resulted in complete cure or sufficient improvement in all but one patient. We recommend this method as the first stage of treatment in dural CCF with uncomplicated course.     

外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内治疗

目的 探讨外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内治疗的技术特点。方法 对于不同的病例采用了不同的方法．包括海绵窦瘘口球囊栓塞，保持颈内动脉通畅，以及连同瘘口闭塞的颈内动脉闭塞术。对于动脉途径难以进行的病例采取了经静脉途径弹簧圈的栓塞结果 53例球囊闭塞瘘口且保持颈内动脉通畅。14例连同瘘口闭塞颈内动脉。3例通过静脉途径栓塞满意。结论 外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘应首选血管内栓塞治疗。一般情况下海绵窦瘘均表现为良性过程．应力争解剖治愈，不可轻易牺牲颈内动脉。     

平板DSA新技术在介入治疗颈内动脉海绵窦瘘中应用初探

目的 探讨平板DSA新技术在介入治疗颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)中的应用价值.方法 12例CCF患者术前行3DDSA检查,应用多平面重建技术定位瘘口并对瘘口进行测量.治疗中利用可调控实时透视路途技术(Landscap技术)制作路径图,以3D图像所示瘘口及周围骨性标志作为对照进行封堵治疗.结果 12例CCF均可清晰定位瘘口,瘘口直径平均3.7 mm.利用Landscap技术使颈内动脉路径及海绵窦骨性标志同时可见.球囊栓塞10例,弹簧圈栓塞1例,支架封堵瘘口1例.颈内动脉通畅11例,1例行颈内动脉闭塞.结论 平板DSA 3D技术提供了瘘口的丰富信息,Landscap技术为治疗增加了骨性标志,其联合应用为治疗CCF提供了安全保障.     

Bacterial cavernous sinus aneurysm treated by detachable balloon technique

We describe a patient who developed bilateral cavernous sinus septic thrombosis secondary to a suppurative lesion on the left cheek. Despite clinical improvement, left oculomotor symptoms recurred suddenly. A carotid artery aneurysm within the cavernous sinus was diagnosed by means of magnetic resonance imaging and confirmed by digital angiography. Follow-up angiograms showed an initial decrease in the aneurysm size, with subsequent enlargement. A latex contrast-filled balloon was successfully placed within the aneurysm, preserving the carotid parent artery blood flow. Our case illustrates the usefulness of the detachable balloon technique in the treatment of bacterial aneurysms of the cavernous sinus as an alternative treatment to carotid artery ligation.     

520例外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内栓塞治疗

目的　回顾５２０ 例外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的血管内栓塞治疗。方法　治疗中主要应用球囊导管, 对较为复杂的病例还使用了氰酯类胶及弹簧圈栓塞等栓塞材料。５ 例病人采用了静脉入路。结果　４４３ 例成功闭塞瘘口且保留载瘤动脉通畅, ７７ 例闭塞载瘤动脉。结论　外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘应首选血管内栓塞治疗。一般情况下海绵窦瘘均表现为良性过程, 应力争解剖治愈, 不可轻易牺牲颈内动脉。     

Carotid cavernous fistula due to a ruptured intracavernous aneurysm of the internal carotid artery: treatment with selective endovascular occlusion of the aneurysm

Intracavernous carotid artery aneurysms causing a carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) are rare. These aneurysms usually cause neurological symptoms due to gradual expansion without rupture. If they do rupture they most often lead to a CCF instead of bleeding into the subarachnoid space. A patient is described with a ruptured intracavernous aneurysm causing a CCF resulting in acute onset of unilateral ophthalmoplegia. Selective coil embolisation of the aneurysm led to complete occlusion of the CCF with preservation of the internal carotid artery; symptoms resolved completely.     

A novel technique for identifying the fistulous point in a direct carotid-cavernous fistula

The fistulous point in a direct carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) can often be difficult to identify because of high-flow shunting. A novel technique that is useful for identifying the fistulous point is reported. A 71-year-old woman underwent endovascular therapy for a left direct CCF that presented with sudden diplopia and tinnitus. To identify the fistulous point, vertebral angiography with manual compression of the left carotid artery was attempted, as was slow injection of a contrast agent from a balloon guiding catheter, closing off the left internal carotid artery; however, the shunt flow was very rapid, and identification was not possible. Therefore, three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography of the vertebral artery was performed while also performing manual aspiration from the balloon guiding catheter, closing off the left internal carotid artery. This reduced early visualization of the cavernous sinus and enabled an aneurysm in the cavernous sinus to be clearly visualized. Embolization was performed transarterially and transvenously, and the shunt flow disappeared completely. Vertebral angiography combined with manual aspiration from a balloon guiding catheter closing off the internal carotid artery is useful for identifying the fistulous point in a direct CCF.     

头颈部少见类型动-静脉瘘的血管内栓塞治疗

目的探讨头颈部少见类型动-静脉瘘血管内栓塞治疗的方法及临床价值。方法创伤性伴有基底动脉动脉瘤的基底动脉-基底静脉丛瘘、原始三叉动脉动脉瘤破裂臻致三叉动脉-海绵窦瘘、自发性和创伤性颈外动脉-海绵窦瘘、创伤性颈内动脉-海绵窦瘘伴有椎动-静脉瘘及创伤性颈内动脉-海绵间窦瘘各1例，对此6例少见类型动-静脉瘘患分别采用机械解脱弹簧圈、电解脱弹簧圈以及可脱性球囊技术进行血管内栓塞治疗。结果创伤性伴有基底动脉动脉瘤的基底动脉-基底静脉丛瘘和创伤性颈内动脉-海绵窦瘘伴有椎动-静脉瘘患分两次伶塞，而原始三叉动脉动脉瘤破裂致三叉动脉-海绵窦瘘、自发性和刨伤性颈外动脉-海绵窦瘘、刨伤性颈内动脉-海绵间窦瘘患均一次完成栓塞治疗。手术后临床症状和体征完全消失。无并发症发生。结论血管内栓塞是治疗头颈部少见类型动-静脉瘘的最佳方法，其操作简单．安全可靠，疗效好，并发症发生率低。应作为首选。     

Stent-assisted Guglielmi detachable coils embolisation for the treatment of a traumatic carotid cavernous fistula.

Embolisation of a carotid cavernous fistula by means of a detachable balloon is a well-established method for treating carotid cavernous fistulas while preserving a patent internal carotid artery. However, failure to embolise the carotid cavernous fistula may occur. Herein we describe a stent-assisted Guglielmi detachable coil embolisation that completely occludes the fistulous opening rather than fills the cavernous sinus. By applying this technique, we successfully treated a carotid cavernous fistula, without compromise of the parent internal carotid artery when the balloon technique failed.     

微弹簧圈和NBCA栓塞难治性外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘

目的 探讨微弹簧圈和α－氰基丙烯酸正丁酯（NBCA）栓塞外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的适应证和方法。方法 回顾14例外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘，包括球囊不能完全闭塞瘘口，颈动脉已经结扎，或瘘口过小球囊不能进入瘘口的病例。12例因为球囊栓塞失败的病例以微弹簧圈栓塞海绵窦瘘，2例球囊和弹簧圈不能完全闭塞瘘口的病例以NBCA栓塞。结果 12例选择弹簧圈栓塞海绵窦，8例完全闭塞瘘口，复查无复发，4例大部分闭塞并残余小的瘘口，有1例合并鼻衄，术后仍有小量鼻衄发生，由耳鼻喉科永久性填塞蝶窦防止鼻衄，2例NBCA栓塞的病例，栓塞后部分闭塞瘘口，复查瘘口缩小继而闭塞。结论 在球囊栓塞失败或难度大的病例，弹簧圈和NBCA在一定程度上可以弥补球囊的不足，取得较好的临床效果。     

Embolization of carotid-cavernous fistulas: A technical note on simultaneous balloon protection of the internal carotid artery

A carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal connection between the carotid circulation and the cavernous sinus. Treatment of CCFs often consists of obliteration of the fistula by a transarterial or transvenous endovascular approach using embolic agents. However, fistula embolization is often halted due to the potential embolic complications that may arise from the retrograde flow of the embolic agents into the arterial circulation, which often leads to the development of fistula recurrence. Moreover, retreatment of a CCF recurrence is challenging and more complex approaches may be required. In this technical note, we describe our experience with CCF embolization in 25 patients treated at a single center. We utilized a transvenous approach for CCF embolization with simultaneous balloon occlusion of the internal carotid artery during the infusion of the embolic material into the fistula. In our series, this simultaneous protection of the internal carotid artery showed to be a safe technique to prevent embolic complications and to achieve successful obliteration of the fistula. On follow-up, 2 cases presented a recurrence, one due to technical difficulties and the other related to an undetected vascular injury. In conclusion, this technique provides a safe approach in the treatment of CCFs by decreasing the risk of embolic complications and increasing the effectiveness of the embolic agents in accomplishing the obliteration of the CCF.     

Carotid cavernous fistula associated with persistent primitive trigeminal artery.

A patient with diplopia had a carotid cavernous fistula associated with a persistent primitive trigeminal artery that was seen with angiography. Balloon occlusion of the carotid cavernous fistula resulted in flow stasis of the persistent primitive trigeminal artery and resolution of the symptoms. Persistent primitive trigeminal artery may be associated with a carotid cavernous fistula.     

Endovascular Treatment of a Ruptured Dual Aperture Cavernous Aneurysm

The authors describe the diagnosis and endovascular management of a multiaperture, ruptured cavernous internal carotid artery aneurysm causing a carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) using both transarterial and transvenous techniques. Although uncommon, recognition of the imaging characteristics of such a lesion will aide in successful management and improve treatment outcome. To the authors' knowledge, CCF due to a ruptured cavernous aneurysm with multiple shunts has not been previously reported.