Trends in Suicide by Poisoning in China 2000-2006： Age, Gender, Method, and Geography

Objective This study analyzed patterns of suicide and suicide attempts by poisoning as reported through a national poison control system for the purpose of improving intervention and prevention. Methods During the period of 2000 to 2006, 6440 cases of poisoning suicide were reported to the telephone consultation service system of The National Center for Poisoning Control （Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention）. Among these records, 4728 cases had completed data for this analysis in terms of age, sex, trend of time and location, and type of poisons. Results There were 60.6% female cases with the age from 10 to 90 years old. The age of cases from 20 to 39 years accounted for 54.5% of all age groups. Both the numbers and percentage in record related to poisoning consultation of oral poisoning suicide showed an increasing tendency during the 7 years. In particular, there was a drastic increase from 2004 to 2006. In addition, the high frequency of cases occurred from May to October. Hebei, Shandong, Henan, and Anhui Provinces had the highest number of cases. Pesticide poisonings were the most common method in these cases of consultation for suicide and suicide attempts. Conclusion This study describes epidemiological characteristics in the oral poisoning suicide cases and provides scientific basis for suicide prevention interventions.     

Prevention of hepatitis B in China: achievements and challenges

Hepatitis B virus （HBV） infection has been an .important public health problem in China.According to the Chinese Health Statistical Digest published by the Ministry of Health of the People＇s Republic of China, the morbidity and mortality of viral hepatitis are the highest among the infectious diseases compulsorily reported to the authorities of public health. The average incidence rate of viral hepatitis is 50-100 per 100 000, i.e. 0.6-1.2 million acute viral hepatitis cases occur every year in the country. Among them, 25% are hepatitis B. There are estimated 93 million of chronic HBV carriers among its 1.3 billion population,     

An Implanted Closed-loop Chip System for Heart Rate Control: System Design and Effects in Conscious Rats

Objective： To evaluate the efficiency of an implanted chip system for the control of heart rate （HR）. Methods： The HR was recorded in six conscious Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats. An implanted chip system was designed to regulate the HR by stimulating the right cervical vagus nerve according to the feedback of real time HR. Each rat was subjected to 30-min regulation and 30-min recovery. The change of HR during the regulation period was compared with the control. The ECG was recorded during the experiment for 24 h. Results： The ECG signals were successfully recorded during the experiment. The HR was significantly decreased during the period of regulation compared with control （-79.3 ± 34.5, P 〈 0.01, n = 6） and then recovered to normal after regulation. Conclusion： The described implanted chip system can regulate the HR to a designated set point.     

Epidemiologic investigation on an outbreak of hepatitis C.

An outbreak of hepatitis in plasma donors occurred in a village of Hebei Province in the period of September to October 1985. The morbidity rate was 40.0% (26/65) in the plasma donors, which was significantly higher than that in whole blood donors (1/88) and in persons who were not blood donors (1/400). One to one paired survey was carried out, and the incidence was 46.4% (26/56) in the plasma donors, while there were no such outbreak in the control group. The distribution of cases showed positive correlation with the number of plasma donors from the production brigade. No secondary infection was found in their families. The peak of outbreak was about 2 months later than the peak of plasma donation. 26 cases of hepatitis in plasma donors all showed negative results for anti-HAV IgM, HBsAg, anti-HBC IgM, anti-CMV IgM and anti-EBV IgM. Sera of 25 cases were selected and sent to CDC, USA to confirm with Chiron C100 reagent. 24 cases were anti-HCV positive. This outbreak of hepatitis was demonstrated to be related to cross contamination during plasma donation.

     

Epidemiology of stroke in urban and rural areas of the People''''s Republic of China:an analysis of stroke incidence rates in 1986

This paper reports the stroke incidence rates in the People's Republic of China(PRC)in 1986.A total of 5790864 people from 199 locations sampled from all parts of the PRC(Taiwanprovince excluded)were investigated and among them 6367 complete stroke cases were found.Theincidence rate was 109.95 per 100000 people and its 95% CI was 107.25～112.65/100000.The inci-dence rate adjusted using the population composition of the urban and rural areas of the PRCin 1986 was 110.58/100000.The incidence rate standardized by the direct method using thePRC population in 1982 was 84.07/100000,and the incidence rate standardized using theworld standard population was 115.87/100000.The incidence rates of the various provinces werecounted respectively,and the relationship between the incidence rates and the geographical locationswas analysed correlatively and regressively.Positive correlation and linear regression were found be-tween the incidence rotes and the latitudes and the longitudes,that is to say,the incidence rates in-creased gradually from the south to the north and decreased progressively from the east to the westin the PRC.The stroke incidence rates were higher in urban districts than in outskirts inbig cities.When the distribution of case number in months was analysed using the methods of thetest for trend and circular distribution,a peak significant in statistics was found in January althoughit was not very high.The stroke incidence rates rose gradualy with age,and the relationship be-tween the incidence rates and age could he fitted with the Logistic curve.     

Changes in Notified Incidence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in China, 2005–2020

Objective To evaluate the trend of notified incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB) in China at different periods by population and region and to explore the effect of TB prevention and control in recent years.Methods Using pooled data on TB cases reported by the TB Information Management Reporting System(TBIMS) from 2005 to 2020, we calculated the annual percentage change(APC) using the Joinpoint regression model.Results From 2005 to 2020, a total of 16.2 million cases of PTB were reported in ...     

Trends of incidence and mortality rates of stroke from 1983 to 2000 in Hanzhong rural population

Objective: To explore the trends of incidence and mortality rates of stroke in Hanzhong rural population. Methods: Acting as the WHO MONICA project. Results: The incidence rate of stroke was 152. 9/100 000. There was decline trend in male(P <0. 05). The mortality rate of stroke was 115.9/100 000. There was no significant decline trend during 18-year period (P < 0. 05). The incidence and mortality rates of stroke of male were higher than those of female(P<0. 05). The incidence and mortality rates were all increased with age(P <0. 01 ). Conclusion: It must stick to the long- term prevention measures to decrease incidence rate, and improve the condition of medical treatment to reduce the mortality rate in rural population.     

Distribution of Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes and Its Clinical Significance in Hubei Province, China

The distribution of hepatitis B virus genotype in Hubei province and its clinical signifi- cance were investigated. HBV genotypes of 276 patients were detected by PCR-microplate sandwich hybrization-ELISA technique. The level of HBV DNA was detected by using PCR-fluorescence quantification test. Among 276 patients, there were 78 cases of HBV asymptomatic carriers, 110 cases of chronic hepatitis B (CHB), 62 cases of severe hepatitis (SH) or liver cirrhosis (LC) and 26 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The genotypes of HBV included C, B, mixtures (B C, B D, C D) and D, accounting for 55.8%, 25.4%, 16.7% and 2.1% respectively. The average level of HBV DNA in genotypes C, B, mixtures and D was 1.20×106, 7.81×104, 3.26×105 and 5.01×104 cop- ies/mL respectively. The ratio of SH, LC and HCC in genotype B, C and mixtures was 20%, 30% and 48% respectively. Statistical analysis revealed the percentage of genotype mixtures infection was sig- nificantly higher than that of genotype B infection. There was no significant difference in the per- centage between genotype B and genotype C or between genotype C and mixtures. The distribution of genotype B, C and mixtures in SH, LC and HCC was significantly different. The frequency of HCC was zero in patients with co-infection. Genotype D was only related with SH and LC. The in- creased ALT could be converted to categorical grades of severity. From mild, moderate to severity, the prevalence of genotype C showed an opposite trend, although no statistically significant differ- ence was observed. The HBeAg positive rate was higher in patients with genotype C infection than in those with genotype B, especially in the patients whose ages were from 31 to 40 years old. Compared with genotype B, genotype C showed a higher HBeAg positive rate in patients with SH and LC. The percentage of SH, LC and HCC was higher in patients with genotype C and mixtures infection. On the contrary, the percentage of genotype B was lower. The HBeAg positive rate in patients with genotype C infection was higher than those with genotype B infection. Genotype C and mixtures may be associated with development of severe liver disease.     

Clinical analysis of different periods of liver transplantation at an organ transplantation centre

Objective To summarize our clinical experience in liver transplantation while considering the background in this filed in China. Methods Ninety-five patients who had received liver transplantation from April 1993 to March 2002 were analyzed retrospectively. Three periods were defined objectively as period Ⅰ(1993-1997),Ⅱ(1999) and Ⅲ(2000 -2002). Operative techniques, recipients, original diseases, complications and survival rates were compared among the three periods. Results Malignant liver lesions were the main cause for liver transplantation in period Ⅰ and Ⅱ. The ratio of number of malignant disease to total recipients decreased gradually from period Ⅰ to Ⅱ (100%, 53% and 35%, respectively). The 1-year survival rate in patients with benign liver disease was 85 % and the total operative mortality was 5% in period Ⅲ. The incidence of hepatitis B virus reactivation or reinfection was 24% twelve months after liver transplantation. Vascular complication decreased but biliary complications did not     

2005-2010年湖北省病毒性肝炎发病变化分析

目的分析湖北省病毒性肝炎的发病现状,为制订肝炎防治策略提供科学依据。方法从中国疾病报告管理信息系统中搜集2005-2010年湖北省病毒性肝炎病例,结合同期人口学资料进行流行病学统计分析。结果湖北省病毒性肝炎2005-2010年的发病率从120.31/10万增加到145.71/10万,其中超过85%的肝炎病例是乙型肝炎;甲肝发病逐年减少,乙肝、丙肝和戊肝发病逐年增加,甲、乙、丙和戊肝发病率年平均变化百分率分别为-13.00%、4.23%、28.78%和11.28%;15岁以下人群乙肝发病的比例在2005-2010年间显著降低。结论预防乙肝是病毒性肝炎防治工作的重点;疫苗在病毒性肝炎的防治中起到重要作用;应密切关注甲肝的发病,同时高度重视丙肝和戊肝的预防。     

邯郸县2005-2010年乙型病毒性肝炎流行病学分析

目的了解邯郸县2005-2010年乙型病毒性肝炎流行病学特征,评价和探讨预防控制策略和措施,为本地区乙肝防制政策的制订提供科学依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法对疾病监测信息报告管理系统收集的邯郸县2005-2010年乙型病毒性肝炎疫情资料进行分析。结果 2005-2010年邯郸县报告乙肝病例1 250例,平均发病率50.22/10万,差异有统计学意义(P<0.0 001);男女发病率之比为1.58∶1,男性高于女性(P<0.001);乡镇间发病率差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);病例<15岁儿童较少,以青壮年为主,20～30岁最多,占总病例数的32.64%。结论邯郸县乡镇间乙肝发病率差异较大,以20～30岁青壮年最多,加强新生儿乙肝疫苗的首针全程接种并同时开展>15岁重点人群的乙肝疫苗接种工作可有效降低乙肝发病率。     

广州市2006年病毒性肝炎流行特点分析

目的分析广州市2006年病毒性肝炎的发病特点,掌握流行规律,提出防控对策。方法对广州市2006年法定传染病综合年报表和生育期妇女乙肝病毒感染状况监测结果进行分析。结果广州市2006年病毒性肝炎报告发病率为119.5/10万,死亡率为0.3/10万。乙肝发病最多,占已分型肝炎的76.2%,发病率为83.2/10万。15岁以下人群乙肝发病200例,占乙肝总报告病例数的3.2%,继续维持在较低水平。共监测生育期妇女3952人,HBsAg阳性576人,阳性率为14.6%。HBsAg、HBeAg、抗-HBc三项阳性133人,占3.4%。HBsAg、抗-HBe、抗-HBc三项阳性329人,占8.3%。结论乙肝发病率直接影响病毒性肝炎总发病率。对儿童进行乙肝疫苗免疫是控制乙肝的主要策略。必须加强对流动人口的管理力度,杜绝乙肝病毒经血传播。     

酒泉市2004-2010年法定甲乙类传染病流行趋势分析

目的了解近年来酒泉市甲乙类传染病流行特征,为传染病防控提供依据。方法应用描述性流行病学方法进行统计分析。结果 2004-2010年酒泉市报告甲乙类传染病15种36 416例,死亡67例,其中甲类传染病1种3例,死亡2例。年均发病率517.31/10万,死亡率0.95/10万,病死率0.18%。各年度发病率在668.46/10万～341.36/10万之间,总体发病呈下降趋势。发病率居前3位的分别是病毒性肝炎、肺结核、痢疾。结论加大传染病综合防治力度,不断加强疫情监测,完善突发公共卫生事件应急处理机制和传染病防治长效机制,同时开展健康教育宣传,提高人民群众的防病意识,减少疾病的传播和蔓延。     

呼和浩特市病毒性肝炎发病率真实性调查研究

目的：掌握呼和浩特市病毒性肝炎发病率的真实情况,了解该病误诊、误报、重复报告等情况,客观反映呼和浩特市的病毒性肝炎的实际发病水平。方法：采用分层随机抽样方法,对2010年上半年呼和浩特市9个旗县区各级医疗卫生机构通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统报告的部分病毒性肝炎病例进行单纯型病例调查研究。收集2010年呼和浩特市地区各医疗机构在中国疾病预防控制信息系统中报告的735例病毒性肝炎病例信息,在对应的医疗机构准确查找该病例肝功和血清学实验室资料,进行统计分析;在此基础上通过电话随访或入户调查的方式,对其中的111例病毒性肝炎患者进行流调访视,掌握病例的发病情况和流行病学资料。结果：2010年上半年呼和浩特市病毒性肝炎以乙肝和丙肝为主,分别占87.21%和11.70%;符合肝炎病例评价标准的病毒性肝炎诊断病例占调查病例（735例）的22.04%,病原携带者占69.93%,假阳性病例占3.67%,疑似病例占4.35%。在随访到的111例病例中,44例（40%）患者属于重复报告病例,67例患者属于新发病例。结论：呼和浩特市病毒性肝炎发病率的校正系数为0.13,2009年呼和浩特市病毒性肝炎校正发病率为21.41/10万。     

2004-2013年昆山市病毒性肝炎流行特征分析

目的了解昆山市病毒性肝炎的流行特征,为卫生行政部门制定有效的病毒性肝炎防治措施提供科学依据。方法对2004-2013年昆山市网络直报系统中病毒性肝炎疫情资料进行分析,统计软件选用SPSS17.0。结果 2004-2013年昆山市累计报告病毒性肝炎4 159例,年均发病率为26.67/10万,其发病率及在甲乙类传染病中所占的比例均呈现先降后升的趋势。最主要的类型是乙肝占总数的68.74%,其构成比在逐年升高,近几年除甲肝外,其余几种类型的肝炎发病率均有不同程度的上升。丙肝在春夏季发病高于秋冬季(χ2=8.74,P0.05),戊肝在冬春季发病较高(χ2=34.99,P0.01),其余类型肝炎发病无明显季节差异。城区年平均发病率高于乡镇(P0.01),男性高于女性(P0.01)。25~44岁为高发年龄组,而发病率最高的是50岁以上的中老年;职业以工人与农民为主。结论病毒性肝炎发病有明显上升趋势,应加强相关肝炎疫苗在儿童以及普通人群中的接种,强化疾病监测,加大对群众尤其是城区流动人口的健康宣教。     

中国6~22岁学生群体甲乙丙类传染病流行趋势

目的: 分析2008—2017年中国6~22岁学生群体甲乙丙类传染病的长期趋势、顺位变化以及主要传染病在不同年龄组和地区间的变化特征。方法: 选取2008—2017年全国传染病监测数据中诊断为法定报告传染病的学生病例作为研究对象,共涉及到甲乙丙类传染病40种,传染病的发病率和死亡率基于教育部公布年度学生人口数作为分母进行计算,选取各年龄组、各省份在每年度中的发病率最高的传染病作为主要传染病进行分析。结果: 2008—2015年中国6~22岁学生群体传染病发病率和死亡率整体呈波动下降趋势,男生发病率、发病数以及死亡数均高于女生,其中,2008—2015年男女生发病率下降幅度分别为43.4%和40.1%,但在2015—2017年出现反弹,增长幅度分别为47.1%和53.8%,反弹主要由丙类传染病增长导致。10年间,甲乙类传染病发病率的前3位疾病分别由2008年的病毒性肝炎、结核病和痢疾,转变为2017年的结核病、猩红热和病毒性肝炎。甲乙类传染病死亡率的前3位疾病分别由2008年的狂犬病、结核病和人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)/获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS),转变为2017年的HIV/AIDS、狂犬病和结核病。丙类传染病发病率和死亡顺位变化并不明显。在年龄组和地区分析中,甲乙类传染病主要以病毒性肝炎、猩红热和结核病为主,丙类传染病则以流行性腮腺炎和感染性腹泻病为主,但近年来,流感和手足口病在东部地区增长明显。结论: 2008—2017年间,我国在学生群体传染病防控方面成就显著,但传染病变化模式和特征显示出我国未来在防控呼吸道传染病、HIV/AIDS等性传播疾病以及新型突发传染病方面的迫切需求,本研究为全国学校卫生传染病防控机制的政策制定提供了重要基础。     

Using Interrupted Time Series Design to Analyze Changes in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Incidence during the Declining Incidence Periods of 2008-2010 in China

ObjectiveTo identify patterns of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) incidence in China during declining incidence periods of 2008, 2009, and 2010.MethodsReported HFMD cases over a period of 25 months were extracted from the National Disease Reporting System (NDRS) and analyzed. An interrupted time series (ITS) technique was used to detect changes in HFMD incidence rates in terms of level and slope between declining incidence periods of the three years.ResultsOver 3.58 million HFMD cases younger than 5 years were reported to the NDRS between May 1, 2008, and May 31, 2011. Males comprised 63.4% of the cases. ITS analyses demonstrated a significant increase in incidence rate level (P<0.0001) when comparing the current period with the previous period. There were significant changes in declining slopes when comparing 2010 to 2009, and 2010 to 2008 (all P<0.005), but not 2009 to 2008.ConclusionIncremental changes in incidence rate level during the declining incidence periods of 2009 and 2010 can potentially be attributed to a few factors. The more steeply declining slope in 2010 compared with previous years could be ascribed to the implementation of more effective interventions and preventive strategies in 2010. Further investigation is required to examine this possibility.     

湖南省〈15岁人群乙型病毒性肝炎监测及流行病学分析

目的通过分析、比较疾病监测信息报告管理系统和中国免疫规划监测信息管理系统报告的〈15岁人群组乙型病毒性肝炎病例（乙肝）的基本信息、发病、诊断情况及发病因素等指标，了解我省近年来〈15岁人群组乙肝病例的报告及发病情况，为准确评价现有乙肝防治策略的效果提供依据。方法利用SPSS及Excel分析软件对两个系统报告的〈15岁人群组乙肝病例的基本信息及可疑影响因素进行分析和比较。结果我省通过中国免疫规划监测信息管理系统进行的乙肝监测的质量逐年提高，漏报情况明显下降，但报告人员对监测病例的定义掌握不够，存在错报现象。结论建立科学、有效的乙肝监测系统，制定统一的、便于临床医生操作的乙肝诊断标准对准确掌握乙肝实际发病情况，正确评价乙肝防治效果，调整乙肝防治策略是非常重要的和必要的。     

1990～2010年湘西州病毒性肝炎流行特征分析

目的了解湘西土家族苗族自治州（下称湘西州）1990～2010年病毒性肝炎流行趋势,为卫生行政部门制定防制策略提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法对湘西州1990～2010年病毒性肝炎疫情资料进行统计分析。结果湘西州1990～2010年间病毒性肝炎发病率呈下降趋势,发病率由1990年的154.72/10万下降至2010年的43.53/10万,但在甲乙类传染病排位一直在前2～4位波动,变化不大。分型以甲肝、乙肝为主,甲肝的发病构成下降,乙肝发病构成上升。性别分布男性多于女性,差异有统计学意义（χ2=2 090.3,P〈0.01,）;职业分布以农民发病最多,占36.08%;年龄分布以5～9岁和20～29岁组高发。结论在抓好甲、乙肝预防接种的同时,应加强对重点人群的防控措施,降低病毒性肝炎发病率。