解读美国甲状腺协会2009年甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南

近期,美国甲状腺协会发表了第3版甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌的临床诊治指南,总共提出了80项指南性的参考建议.指南强调了细针穿刺细胞学检查对鉴别甲状腺结节良、恶性的意义.提出了甲状腺癌手术方式以及是否进行淋巴结清扫的具体操作方案,并详细介绍了分化型甲状腺癌131I治疗的适应证、整个操作过程、不良反应、131I扫描联合甲状腺球蛋白测定的判读等.此外,指南还提出了甲状腺癌危险度三等级的判断标准.     

无锡地区人群甲状腺结节流行状况调查

目的研究无锡地区人群中甲状腺结节的患病情况。方法2005年5月至8月采用分层随机整体抽样方法,抽取无锡地区16岁以上常住居民807人,进行甲状腺B超和血清促甲状腺素检测。结果完成调查750人。调查人群中甲状腺结节患病率为22.53%,女性患病率显著高于男性(27.10%对16.82%),且男女患病率都随年龄增长而增加。男性和女性结节大小和数量构成比及结节体积比较差异均无统计学意义。有结节组和超声正常组甲状腺功能差异无统计学意义。女性群体中,有结节组甲状腺体积虽较超声正常组稍大,但差异无统计学意义。结论无锡地区人群中甲状腺结节发病率较高,应积极采用超声检查和甲状腺细针穿刺,早期发现和干预甲状腺结节。     

The associated factors for spontaneous intranodular hemorrhage of partially cystic thyroid nodules: A retrospective study of 101 thyroid nodules

Spontaneous intranodular hemorrhaging in benign partially cystic thyroid nodules was reported to cause neck swelling, difficulty swallowing, and other oppressive symptoms attributed to their growing progressively at high rates. In our study, the risk factors for hemorrhaging in these nodules were investigated.We retrospectively analyzed benign partial cystic thyroid nodules from September 2017 to December 2019, and divided them into 2 groups according to the occurrence of intranodular hemorrhage. Age, gender, follow-up time nodules initial maximum diameter, blood supply, spongiform content, nodules solid components, and internal solid portion were compared between the 2 groups at the first ultrasound examination. Chi-Squared and multivariate analysis were performed to evaluate the association of hemorrhage with clinical and ultrasonographic characteristics. ROC analysis was performed to evaluate the utility of factors in predicting hemorrhage.There were 59 occurrences of intranodular hemorrhage, which were associated with abundant blood supply, spongiform contents, and unsmooth margin of the internal solid portion. After multivariate analysis, abundant blood supply, and spongiform content were independent predictors for hemorrhage. In ROC analysis integrating these predictors, the sensitivity was 62.7% and specificity was 95.2% with the AUC 0.881.Partially cystic thyroid nodules with abundant blood supply, non-smooth margin of the internal solid portion and a spongiform internal content were apt to spontaneous intranodular hemorrhaging, which can be recognized as soon as possible by ultrasound.     

探讨甲状腺小结节的径线特征及其对结节定性诊断的价值

目的探讨甲状腺小结节(结节长径≤10 mm)的径线特征及其与结节良、恶性的关系,提高高频超声对甲状腺小结节定性诊断的准确性。方法对病理诊断的353例患者的665个甲状腺小结节(结节长径≤10 mm)的前后径与横径进行分析比较,观察超声声像图特征。结果恶性结节对于前后径≥横径的敏感性及特异性都很高(93.6%、97.4%),良、恶性结节相比有显著差异性(P<0.05);不规则边界、不完整晕环、微钙化、穿入血流,恶性结节的敏感性及阳性预测值都很低;恶性结节对于低回声的敏感性高(89.2%),特异性低(19.1%)。结论根据小结节的径线特征利于甲状腺微小癌的早期诊断。     

Interobserver variability in ultrasound assessment of thyroid nodules

The first diagnostic tool for thyroid disease management is ultrasound. Despite its importance, ultrasound is an extremely subjective procedure that requires a high level of performance skill. Few studies have assessed thyroid ultrasound performance and its effectiveness, particularly the variability between observers in the assessment of ultrasound images. This study evaluated the variability in ultrasound assessments and diagnoses of thyroid nodules between 2 radiologists. In this retrospective study, 75 thyroid nodules in 39 patients were reviewed by 2 experienced radiologists. The nodule composition, margin, shape, calcification, and vasculitis were determined using echogenicity. The study evaluation included these 5 assessments and the final diagnosis. Interobserver variation was determined using Cohen kappa statistics. The interobserver agreements in the interpretation of echogenicity, shape, and margin were fair (κ = 0.21–0.40), whereas there were substantial agreements for vascularity and calcification (κ = 0.62–0.78). The agreements between the observers for individual ultrasound features in this study were the highest for vascularity and the presence/absence of calcification. The interobserver reproducibility for thyroid nodule ultrasound reporting was adequate, but the diagnostic evaluation ability of the observers was inconsistent. The variability in the interpretation of sonographic features could influence the level of suspicion of thyroid malignancy. This study emphasizes the need for consistency in the training of sonographic interpretation of thyroid nodules, particularly for echogenicity, shape, and margin.     

SFE-AFCE-SFMN 2022 Consensus on the management of thyroid nodules : Thyroid nodules and pregnancy

The SFE-AFCE-SFMN 2022 consensus deals with the management of thyroid nodules, a condition that is a frequent reason for consultation in endocrinology. In more than 90% of cases, patients are euthyroid, with benign non-progressive nodules that do not warrant specific treatment. The clinician's objective is to detect malignant thyroid nodules at risk of recurrence and death, toxic nodules responsible for hyperthyroidism or compressive nodules warranting treatment.The diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodules requires close collaboration between endocrinologists, nuclear medicine physicians and surgeons, but also involves other specialists. Therefore, this consensus statement was established jointly by 3 societies: the French Society of Endocrinology (SFE), French Association of Endocrine Surgery (AFCE) and French Society of Nuclear Medicine (SFMN); the various working groups included experts from other specialties (pathologists, radiologists, pediatricians, biologists, etc.). The present section deals with the epidemiology and specificities of diagnosis and treatment of thyroid nodules in pregnant women.     

Thyroid nodules: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment

Thyroid nodules are very frequently found and their prevalence steadily increases with age. The discovery of such lesions by high-resolution radiological imaging procedures that have been performed for other indications raises the problem of how incidentally discovered thyroid nodules should be investigated in a cost-effective manner to identify the rare patient with a clinically significant malignancy. In this review the clinical criteria that prompt the evaluation of thyroid nodules are discussed, as is the currently recommended diagnostic approach, which principally relies on fine needle aspiration biopsy. The clinical implications of the different cytological diagnoses are discussed, with a special emphasis on the management of indeterminate, microfollicular lesions. Finally, the evidence for and against suppressive thyroid hormone therapy for benign thyroid nodules and multinodular goitres is discussed, with particular consideration of high-risk patients with prior external radiation therapy to the neck region.     

Radiofrequency ablation for the management of thyroid nodules: A critical appraisal of the literature

The majority of benign thyroid nodules are asymptomatic, remain stable in size and do not require treatment. However, a minority of patients with growing nodules may have local symptoms or cosmetic concerns, and thus demand surgical therapy. The timely use of ultrasound‐guided, minimally invasive thermal therapies has changed the natural history of benign, enlarging thyroid nodules (TNs). These procedures produce persistent shrinkage of TNs and an improvement of local symptoms. Among the various procedures, percutaneous ethanol injection represents the first‐line treatment for thyroid cysts, while in solid cold nodules, laser and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) have proven to be very effective and safe techniques in producing significant volume reduction that remains stable over several years. In particular, RFA seems to be suited for the management of small and medium nodules, while larger nodules may require repeated RFA treatments, and could be difficult to treat if they extend into the chest. RFA is performed in outpatient clinics and has a lower risk of complications compared to surgery. However, to date, there is still no unanimous consensus on the percutaneous treatment of benign nodules using such minimally invasive thermal techniques. In this review, we critically revise the literature to identify patients who are more likely to benefit from RFA treatment as an alternative to surgery.     

术前血清促甲状腺素水平与甲状腺结节良恶性关系的研究

]调查了1 870例甲状腺手术患者的术前血清TSH、手术记录、术后组织病理报告等.发现分化型甲状腺癌患者的术前血清TSH明显高于良性甲状腺结节患者[(1.95±1.69对1.40±1.98)mIU/L,P＜0.01].在分化型甲状腺癌患者中,有淋巴结转移或肿瘤直径大于10 mm的患者较无淋巴结转移或肿瘤直径小于10 mm的患者术前血清TSH水平升高(均P＜0.01).提示术前血清TSH水平是预测分化型甲状腺癌风险的一个指标.     

Prognostic value of postoperative stimulated thyroglobulin in differentiated thyroid cancer

BackgroundThyroglobulin (Tg) level is used for long-term follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). However, the prognostic value of the postoperative level and the level which can be considered risky are not clear in literature.PurposeTo evaluate the prognostic value of postoperative Tg in DTC for subsequent disease-free status. Also, to determine the cutoff with the highest sensitivity and specificity.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed of 62 patients with non-metastatic DTC presenting to our department from January 2018 to December 2019. Three groups were formed according to postoperative stimulated thyroglobulin (sTg) level: <1 ng/ml, 1-5 ng/ml, and >5 ng/ml. Outcomes were compared at 12 months. ROC curve analysis determined the cutoff with the highest sensitivity and specificity.ResultsSeven the 62 patients showed persistent or recurrent disease at 12 months after diagnosis. Comparing outcomes in the 3 sTg groups showed thyroglobulin to be a significant prognostic variable. A cut-off of 3.15 ng/ml had the highest sensitivity and specificity on ROC curve analysis.ConclusionPostoperative stimulated thyroglobulin is a useful prognostic tool in the postoperative categorization of patients and can subsequently be tested for its value to guide radioactive iodine therapy.     

基层乡镇医院无病理诊断条件下单侧甲状腺结节术式选择

目的探讨基层医院无病理诊断条件下单侧甲状腺结节手术治疗可行的合理手术方式。方法 206例单侧甲状腺结节患者分为研究组104例,对照组102例。研究组采用患侧甲状腺腺叶+峡部切除,对照组采用患侧甲状腺部分切除、大部分切除或单纯甲状腺结节挖除。结果研究组术后病理诊断为甲状腺乳头状癌12例,无需二次手术治疗;对照组术后病理诊断为甲状腺乳头状癌10例,再行二次手术治疗,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。研究组短暂喉返神经麻痹1例,对照组永久性喉返神经麻痹2例,两组均无术后呼吸困难及窒息、喉上神经损伤、甲状腺功能低下、甲状旁腺功能减退等。两组术后并发症比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组随访甲状腺乳头状癌12例,患者均存活。结论患侧甲状腺腺叶+峡部切除是无病理诊断条件下基层医院治疗单侧甲状腺结节优选且具操作性的手术术式。