超声心动图评价房间隔缺损封堵术心脏血流动力学及其负荷的变化

目的应用经胸超声心动图（TTE）评价房间隔缺损（ASD）封堵术前、后心脏血流动力学及负荷的变化。方法西京医院ASD封堵术患者30（女23,男7）例,年龄4.563（28±18）岁。于封堵术前、术后3 d、3个月及6个月行TTE检查。测量肺动脉瓣口、三尖瓣口血流速度,左、右心室和心房大小变化。结果ASD封堵术后3 d、3个月、6个月:肺动脉瓣口最大流速、平均流速、速度时间积分以及三尖瓣口E峰和A峰值血流速度较术前显著降低（P<0.01）;肺动脉中段内径、右心房和右心室各径较术前显著减小（P<0.01）;左心房、左心室各径较术前增大（P<0.05,P<0.01）。术后各个时间点比较各指标也有不同程度改善。结论ASD封堵治疗后患者血流动力学异常和心腔前负荷变化得以纠正。TTE在ASD封堵术后的疗效观察中具有重要的作用。     

超声心动图评价成人房间隔缺损封堵术后心脏结构和功能的变化

目的探讨超声心动图评价成人房间隔缺损(atrial septal defects,ASD)介入封堵术后心脏形态和功能变化。方法经超声心动图和心电图检查确诊为ASD并成功施行ASD封堵术的患者74例,年龄(35.63±12.74)岁,ASD直径为(16.29±5.11)mm。于封堵器堵闭术后24h、1个月、3个月、6个月和12个月进行经胸超声心动图追踪测量主动脉内径、左心室舒张末内径、左心室收缩末内径和右心室前后径,肺动脉内径和肺动脉瓣血流速度,右心房和右心室的上下径、主动脉瓣口血流速度、二尖瓣口血流速度、三尖瓣口血流速度和左心室射血分数,同时测量封堵器的直径和长度,并进行统计学分析。结果术后24h与术前相比,右心房内径、右心室内径、肺动脉内径、三尖瓣口血流速度和肺动脉瓣口血流速度均显著减少(P0.01);左心房内径、左心室内径、主动脉内径、二尖瓣口血流速度和主动脉瓣口血流速度均显著增加(P0.05);左心室射血分数无明显变化。房室大小和血流速度在术后24h内变化明显,在术后1个月后的随访中逐渐趋于稳定。结论封堵器介入封堵ASD,既纠正了解剖畸形,又改善了左心和右心系统的几何结构。     

组织多普勒成像在房间隔缺损封堵术中的应用

目的:利用组织多普勒成像（DTI）观测房间隔缺损封堵术前、后心脏功能的变化,以评价疗效和术后恢复情况。方法:房间隔缺损封堵术患者100例,分别于术前、术后3d、3个月和6个月进行超声心动图检查,于心尖四腔切面分别取右室侧壁三尖瓣环处、右室侧壁中部、室间隔二尖瓣环处、室间隔中部、左室侧壁二尖瓣环处以及左室侧壁中部组织多普勒速度频谱,测量收缩期（S）、舒张早期（E）和舒张晚期（A）峰值速度,计算E/A比值。结果:术前右室侧壁三尖瓣环处和右室侧壁中部各参数较大,室间隔侧二尖瓣环处和室间隔中部各参数较小;术后3d右室各运动参数显著降低,室间隔和左室S和E峰显著降低,但A峰参数无统计学变化;术后3个月右室、室间隔侧各运动参数均较术前显著降低,左室侧S峰较术前降低,余参数无统计学变化;术后6个月右室侧、室间隔二尖瓣环处各运动参数均较术前显著降低,但较术后3个月有增高趋势,室间隔中部各参数较术前无显著变化,左室S峰较术前显著降低。在各时间点中所有取样点的E/A比值无显著变化。结论:DTI能准确、定量观测房间隔缺损封堵术前、后心脏功能的变化,评价封堵术的治疗效果和恢复情况。     

中老年继发孔型房间隔缺损治疗前后左房形态及功能的变化

目的:分析成人继发孔型房间隔缺损（ASD）封堵术后左房形态及功能变化与年龄的关系。方法:49例成人ASD患者依据年龄分成二组:,<40岁组23（男13,女10）例,年龄20~38（31±12）岁。≥40岁组26（男9,女17）例,年龄40~72（49±14）岁。均于术前、术后2 d、1月、3月、6月行经胸超声心动图（TTE）检查,测量左房左右径及左房相关容积。结果:<40岁组ASD患者封堵术后3月,左房左右径较术前减小（P<0.05）,≥40岁组ASD患者封堵术后6月左房左右径较术前减小（P<0.05）;<40岁组ASD患者封堵术后2 d左房储蓄容积较术前减小（P<0.05）,≥40岁组ASD患者封堵术后6月较术前明显减小(P<0.05);<40岁组ASD患者封堵术后3月左房被动排空容积较术前明显缩小（P<0.05）,≥40岁组ASD患者封堵术后6个月时才明显缩小（P<0.01）;<40岁组ASD患者封堵术后1月,LAEF较术前明显增加（P<0.01）,≥40岁组ASD患者封堵术后3个月,LAEF较术前明显增加（P<0.01）。结论:≥40岁ASD患者封堵术后左房形态及功能恢复较慢。     

先天性心脏病介入治疗围手术期管理及近中期随访

目的对行介入封堵治疗的先天性心脏病患者围手术期管理及近中期随访,观察其并发症发生率、心脏结构与功能及大动脉僵硬度改变。方法 (1)所有131例先天性心脏病患者均进行严格系统的围手术期管理,按照先天性心脏病介入治疗指南行介入封堵治疗;(2)所有患者在术前与术后3天行心脏脚踝血管指数检测;(3)所有患者在术前与术后3天、1个月、3个月、6个月及1年分别行超声心动图及心电图检查,观察其心脏结构及心电图变化。结果 (1)130例患者均成功行介入封堵治疗,无死亡病例;(2)室间隔缺损治疗后:心脏脚踝血管指数、左室舒张末径、肺动脉内径、肺动脉瓣口血流速度及脉压差均较术前减少(P<0.05);出现2例不完全性干扰性房室脱节,1例非阵发性交界性心动过速,2例完全房室传导阻滞,出现3例残余漏;无装置栓塞、溶血及瓣膜返流。(3)动脉导管未闭治疗后:心脏脚踝血管指数、左室舒张末径、肺动脉内径、肺动脉瓣口血流速度、主动脉瓣口血流速度及脉压差均较术前减少(P<0.05);出现2例残余漏,无装置栓塞、溶血、心律失常及瓣膜返流。(4)房间隔缺损治疗后:心脏脚踝血管指数、肺动脉内径、肺动脉瓣口血流速度、及脉压差均较术前减少(P<0.05);出现1例残余漏,无装置栓塞、溶血、心律失常及瓣膜反流。结论 (1)经介入封堵治疗的先天性心脏病患者,严格执行围手术期管理,其并发症发生率低,但室间隔缺损患者应警惕严重并发症高度房室传导阻滞的发生。(2)先天性心脏病介入封堵治疗后,心脏结构明显改善,大动脉僵硬度减小,心血管事件风险下降。     

先天性心脏病介入治疗围手术期管理及近中期随访

目的对行介入封堵治疗的先天性心脏病患者围手术期管理及近中期随访,观察其并发症发生率、心脏结构与功能及大动脉僵硬度改变。方法 (1)所有131例先天性心脏病患者均进行严格系统的围手术期管理,按照先天性心脏病介入治疗指南行介入封堵治疗;(2)所有患者在术前与术后3天行心脏脚踝血管指数检测;(3)所有患者在术前与术后3天、1个月、3个月、6个月及1年分别行超声心动图及心电图检查,观察其心脏结构及心电图变化。结果 (1)130例患者均成功行介入封堵治疗,无死亡病例;(2)室间隔缺损治疗后:心脏脚踝血管指数、左室舒张末径、肺动脉内径、肺动脉瓣口血流速度及脉压差均较术前减少(P<0.05);出现2例不完全性干扰性房室脱节,1例非阵发性交界性心动过速,2例完全房室传导阻滞,出现3例残余漏;无装置栓塞、溶血及瓣膜返流。(3)动脉导管未闭治疗后:心脏脚踝血管指数、左室舒张末径、肺动脉内径、肺动脉瓣口血流速度、主动脉瓣口血流速度及脉压差均较术前减少(P<0.05);出现2例残余漏,无装置栓塞、溶血、心律失常及瓣膜返流。(4)房间隔缺损治疗后:心脏脚踝血管指数、肺动脉内径、肺动脉瓣口血流速度、及脉压差均较术前减少(P<0.05);出现1例残余漏,无装置栓塞、溶血、心律失常及瓣膜反流。结论 (1)经介入封堵治疗的先天性心脏病患者,严格执行围手术期管理,其并发症发生率低,但室间隔缺损患者应警惕严重并发症高度房室传导阻滞的发生。(2)先天性心脏病介入封堵治疗后,心脏结构明显改善,大动脉僵硬度减小,心血管事件风险下降。     

前列地尔注射液对室间隔缺损介入治疗后血浆氨基末端脑利钠肽前体水平及心功能的影响

目的 观察先天性心脏病室间隔缺损（VSD）患儿介入封堵术后联合应用前列地尔注射液对术后血浆氨基末端脑利钠肽前体（NT-proBNP）水平及心功能的影响。方法 选择本院2011年1月至2013年1月住院行介入封堵治疗的VSD患儿120例,男51例,女69例,年龄5～8,平均6.1±2.3岁。随机分为前列地尔组60例,对照组60例,前列地尔组在封堵术后即刻注射前列地尔注射液连续7天,分别在术前、术后第3天、术后6个月采用双向侧流免疫法测定其血浆NT-proBNP水平,所有患儿在术前、术后第7天和术后6个月分别进行超声心动图检查,测定左心室舒张期末内径（LVEDD）、左心室收缩期末内径（LVESD）、左心室收缩期末容量（LVESV）、左心室舒张期末容量（LVEDV）、左心室射血分数（LVEF）,并比较两组临床特征、血浆NT-proBNP水平及心功能参数的变化。结果 两组患儿LVEDD、LVESD、LVEDV、LVESV在介入术后第7天及术后6个月均明显小于术前（P<0.05）,且封堵术后6个月前列地尔组LVEDD、LVESD、LVEDV、LVESV较对照组减小更明显（P<0.05）。两组患儿术前血浆NT-proBNP水平无统计学差异（P>0.05）;两组患儿血浆NT-proBNP水平术前与术后第3天、术后第3天与术后6个月比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）,且前列地尔组封堵术后3天、术后6个月较对照组下降更明显（P<0.01）。结论 VSD患儿介入封堵术联合前列地尔治疗可进一步降低血浆NT-proBNP水平并改善患儿心功能。     

动脉导管未闭封堵术后经胸超声心动图左心功能随访研究

目的回顾性分析动脉导管未闭患者介入封堵术后经胸超声心动图检查结果,观察其术后左心收缩功能恢复情况。方法总结2012年1月至2014年12月于东南大学附属盐城市第三人民医院行动脉导管未闭介入封堵术治疗的28例患者,分别于术前、术后3 d、1个月、6个月经胸超声心动图测定其心脏结构、血流动力学及心功能指标。结果患者术后3 d、1个月、6个月较术前左心房前后径、左心室舒张末期前后径、左心室收缩末期前后径、主动脉根部前后径、二尖瓣口最大前向血流速度、主动脉瓣口最大前向血流速度、三尖瓣口最大前向血流速度、肺动脉瓣口最大前向血流速度、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室缩短率(LVFS)、每搏输出量、平均肺动脉压均减小,6 min步行距离增加,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。术前、术后同期,年龄≤14岁组LVEF和LVFS均显著大于年龄14岁组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论动脉导管未闭介入封堵术是一种安全、有效地根治先天性解剖畸形的微创手术方法,早期即可迅速纠正血流动力学异常,改善心脏几何构型和心功能,且患者年龄越小术后心功能恢复越好。     

室间隔缺损封堵术前后血浆BNP、ANP的变化及意义

目的探讨室间隔缺损（VSD）封堵术对患者血浆脑钠尿肽（BNP）、心房钠尿肽（ANP）的影响及意义。方法以在我院接受封堵术治疗的187例VSD患者为研究对象,按心脏超声测得的肺体循环血流量比值（Qp/Qs）分为A组（Qp/Qs<1.5,98例）与B组（Qp/Qs≥1.5,89例）;分别于封堵术当日07∶00及封堵术后24 h、72 h各抽取静脉血5 m l,用酶联免疫吸附法检测血BNP浓度,用放射免疫法检测血清ANP浓度。结果①B组肺动脉压力较A组显著升高（P<0.05）。②术前B组血浆BNP浓度较A组及对照组显著升高（P<0.05）;术后24 h及72 h两组血浆BNP浓度均较术前显著升高（P<0.01）,而术后72 h虽较术后24 h有下降趋势,但无统计学差异。③术前两组患者血浆ANP浓度均较对照组显著升高（P<0.05）,而术后72 h则较术前显著降低（P<0.05）,其中A组已达正常对照组水平。结论VSD患者血浆BNP及ANP浓度与肺循环血量多少及肺动脉压力呈正相关;术后早期血浆ANP浓度的变化特征,可作为VSD封堵术后远期疗效判断的一项重要指标。     

国产封堵器治疗房间隔缺损的应用

目的:评价应用国产封堵器治疗继发孔型房间隔缺损（ASD）的初步疗效。方法:31例ASD患者,ASD直径为1034（19±8）mm。所有患者在X线及经胸超声心动图（TTE）监视下经导管置入国产房间隔封堵器。治疗术后及术后3个月随访超声心动图、胸片、心电图,观察对血流动力学及心功能的影响。结果:全组手术成功率为100%,术后即刻及随访未见残余分流。与术前比较,三尖瓣口、肺动脉瓣口血流峰值明显降低,二尖瓣口血流峰值增加（P<0.05）,术后及随访期右心房、右心室内径缩小,右室射血分数早期下降,后期无明显变化。左室功能无明显变化,无出现新的心律失常和脑栓塞等并发症。结论:国产房间隔封堵器可有效治疗ASD,操作方便,手术成功率高,疗效可靠。有效改善右心高容量负荷状态。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.