AGM区来源的基质细胞促进造血干细胞扩增的体外实验研究

目的： 探讨主动脉-性腺-中肾（aorta-gonad-mesonephros，AGM）来源的基质细胞对造血干细胞（HSC）增殖的促进作用，为探寻HSC的体外扩增方法奠定实验基础。 方法： 分别从孕11 d BALB/c小鼠胚胎AGM区及6周龄小鼠骨髓分离、培养基质细胞，流式细胞仪等对基质细胞进行鉴定；利用小鼠胚胎干细胞（ESC）向造血细胞定向分化的模型，结合高增殖潜能集落（HPP-CFC）、原始细胞集落（BL-CFC）形成实验及流式细胞仪分析CD34+、CD34+Sca-1+细胞比例，对比研究AGM及骨髓基质细胞对ESC来源的HSC的扩增作用。 结果： 小鼠AGM和骨髓基质细胞在形态及表型上基本相似，均符合基质细胞的特征。AGM和骨髓基质细胞均可促进ESC来源的HPP-CFC的形成，但AGM基质细胞还可促进ESC来源的 BL-CFC的形成；流式细胞仪检测发现：在骨髓基质细胞支持下，CD34+细胞增加了3-4倍，但CD34+/Sca-1+却无明显增加；而在AGM基质细胞支持下CD34+、CD34+Sca-1+细胞均明显增加了4-5倍。 结论： AGM基质细胞在有效扩增小鼠HSC同时，能很好地维持HSC自我更新及多向分化的潜能。     

含人AGM区、胎肝及骨髓基质细胞培养体系程序化诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞向造血干细胞的分化

背景：前期已分别制备人主动脉-性腺-中肾区基质细胞系及胎肝基质细胞系,发现前者可促进小鼠胚胎干细胞定向分化为造血干细胞。 目的：模拟胚胎发育过程中永久造血发育的时空顺序,探讨人主动脉-性腺-中肾(AGM)区、胎肝(FL)及骨髓(BM)基质细胞对小鼠胚胎干细胞体外诱导分化为造血干细胞的支持作用,以寻求更佳的诱导条件。 方法：将小鼠E14胚胎干细胞诱导为拟胚体(EB),并利用Transwell非接触共培养体系依次在人主动脉-性腺-中肾区、胎肝及骨髓基质细胞饲养层上进一步诱导分化,按不同诱导阶段分为拟胚体对照、EB/AGM、EB/AGM+FL和EB/AGM+FL+BM共4组。共培养6 d后分别收获各组拟胚体来源细胞,以流式细胞仪检测Sca-1+c-Kit+细胞含量,进行各系造血细胞集落形成单位分析并观察细胞形态。 结果与结论：①EB/AGM+FL组和EB/AGM+FL+BM组收获细胞涂片均发现原始造血细胞。②拟胚体来源细胞经AGM区基质细胞诱导后Sca-1+c-Kit+ 细胞明显升高(P < 0.05)。③拟胚体对照组造血细胞集落形成单位低于其他各组(P < 0.05), 而EB/AGM+FL、EB/AGM+FL+BM组造血细胞集落形成单位计数亦较EB/AGM组明显增高。提示AGM+FL和AGM+FL+骨髓基质细胞微环境对原始造血干细胞的扩增效应均明显高于单纯主动脉-性腺-中肾饲养层。     

含人AGM区基质细胞培养体系定向诱导胚胎干细胞为造血干细胞的实验研究

目的： 体外模拟胚胎早期AGM区造血微环境，诱导胚胎干细胞（ESCs）分化为造血干细胞（HSCs）。方法：将小鼠E14 ESCs在含BMP-4及VEGF的半固体培养基中诱导为拟胚体（EB），分别于3、6、9、12、15 d时收获EB，流式细胞术检测Flk-1+细胞含量。取Flk-1+ 细胞处于高峰期的EB细胞，在人AGM区基质细胞饲养层上进一步诱导分化，并设无饲养层对照，分别于3、6、9、12 d时收获细胞计数、流式细胞术检测Sca-1+c-kit+ 细胞含量，并分析造血细胞集落形成能力。结果：诱导E14细胞形成EB过程中添加BMP4+VEGF的因子组Flk-1+细胞在第9 d达峰值（27.53%± 2.84％），与未添加因子组（8.77%± 1.12％）比较差异显著(P<0.05)。将培养9 d的EB细胞在hAGMS3、hAGMS4饲养层上进一步诱导分化，第6 d时Sca-1+c-kit+细胞达峰值，分别为7.31%±1.21％、7.62%±1.52％，其绝对数分别扩增(2.57±0.48)倍、(2.35±0.36)倍，与无饲养层组比较显著差异（P<0.05）。该分化阶段的Sca-1+c-kit+细胞具有形成各系造血细胞集落的能力。结论：人胚早期AGM区基质细胞能促进小鼠ESCs定向分化为HSCs，为研究ESCs分化为HSCs的分子机制提供了实验模型。     

人主动脉-性腺-中肾区基质细胞诱导胚胎干细胞分化为造血干细胞及体内造血重建

背景：研究证实多种造血生长因子、基质细胞饲养层及其条件培养液可促进胚胎干细胞向造血干细胞分化。 目的：以人主动脉-性腺-中肾(aorta-gonad-mesonephros,AGM)区基质细胞为饲养层体外诱导小鼠胚胎干细胞分化为造血干细胞,并比较不同移植途径对造血干细胞体内造血重建能力的影响。 方法：将小鼠E14 胚胎干细胞诱导为拟胚体,采用Transwell非接触共培养体系在人AGM区基质细胞饲养层上诱导6 d,接种NOD-SCID小鼠检测体内致瘤性。再将诱导后的拟胚体细胞移植经致死量60Co γ射线辐照的BALB/C雌鼠,受鼠随机分为静脉移植组、骨髓腔移植组、照射对照组及正常对照组。 结果与结论：拟胚体细胞经人AGM区基质细胞诱导后Sca-1⁺c-Kit⁺细胞占(13.12±1.30)%。NOD-SCID小鼠皮下接种经人AGM区基质细胞诱导的拟胚体细胞可出现畸胎瘤,经骨髓腔接种未见肿瘤形成。静脉移植组动物全部死亡,骨髓腔移植组生存率为55.6%,移植后21 d外周血象基本恢复,存活受鼠检测到供体来源Sry基因。提示小鼠胚胎干细胞经人AGM区基质细胞诱导分化的造血干细胞通过骨髓腔移植安全并具有一定的造血重建能力。     

胎肝条件培养液体外诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞定向分化为造血细胞的研究

目的：探讨人骨髓间充质干细胞（hMSCs）体外造血分化潜能。方法： 选用孕12.5-14.5 d（12.5-14.5 dpc）的昆明小鼠，分别制备小鼠胎肝基质细胞条件培养液（FLSC-CM）及胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层（FD），将体外扩增的CD34-CD45-hMSCs分别接种于含FLSC-CM、FD和IL-6及SCF组合的培养体系中，培养7 d后，通过形态学、表型、粒-单/巨噬细胞系集落培养（CFU-GM）对分化细胞进行鉴定。结果： hMSCs与FLSC-CM共培养组产生的非贴壁细胞明显增多，形态类似于单核或小淋巴细胞，部分细胞可表达人造血细胞特异性表面分子（CD34和CD45），在含人粒-单集落刺激因子（GM-CSF）的甲基纤维素培养体系中能够形成CFU-GM，而FD和IL-6+SCF诱导组无上述作用。结论： FLSC-CM可诱导CD34-CD45-hMSCs分化为造血细胞，提示hMSCs具有体外造血分化潜能。     

血管内皮生长因子促进小鼠胚胎干细胞的造血分化

目的：研究血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)体外促进小鼠胚胎干细胞系ES-D3向造血分化的能力。方法：先将ES-D3形成拟胚体，将拟胚体细胞转入含不同浓度的VEGF和VEGF+SCF的培养基中。实验分6组，分别为VEGF 5 μg/L组、VEGF 10 μg/L组、VEGF 20 μg/L组、VEGF 5 μg/L＋SCF组、VEGF 10 μg/L＋SCF组、VEGF 20 μg/L＋SCF组，同时设不加因子的自发分化对照组。RT-PCR检测造血转录基因GATA-2和早期造血细胞基因c-kit和β-H1的表达，流式细胞仪检测CD34+细胞，甲基纤维素半固体培养法检测生成造血集落的能力。结果：经过1周的诱导培养，实验组生成的细胞可以表达GATA-2、c-kit和β-H1，CD34＋细胞的比例也升高，并可形成造血祖细胞的集落。从诱导生成CD34＋细胞的比例和生成的集落数量看，VEGF联合SCF组的诱导效率要高于VEGF单用组和对照组，其中以VEGF 20 μg/L＋SCF组和VEGF 10 μg/L＋SCF组的诱导效率最高。结论：VEGF能够促进ESC的早期造血分化，尤以与SCF合用时，其诱导效率更高。     

人AGM区及胎肝基质细胞促进小鼠胚胎干细胞向造血干细胞分化和体内造血重建

目的: 探讨小鼠胚胎干细胞(ESCs)经人主动脉-性腺-中肾(AGM)区及胎肝(FL)基质细胞程序诱导后,向造血干细胞(HSCs)分化的效率及其造血功能。方法: 将E14 ESCs诱导为拟胚体(EB),并在人AGM区及FL基质细胞饲养层上进一步诱导分化,培养6 d后收集细胞检测Sca-1⁺c-Kit⁺细胞含量、分析造血细胞集落形成能力及致瘤性。再将不同诱导阶段的EB来源细胞移植经致死量 γ射线辐照的BALB/c雌鼠,观察生存率、植入状况和造血重建。结果: (1)EB来源细胞经人AGM区及FL基质细胞程序诱导后Sca-1⁺c-Kit⁺细胞含量为(21.96±2.54)%,造血集落总数为(520±52)/10⁵cells,明显优于诱导前及人AGM区基质细胞初步诱导者(P＜0.05)。(2)NOD-SCID小鼠接种经人AGM区及FL基质细胞诱导的ESCs未见畸胎瘤。(3)BALB/c雌鼠移植经人AGM区及FL基质细胞诱导的EB来源细胞后生存率77.8%,14 d外周血细胞计数明显改善,存活受鼠均检测到供体来源sry基因,而移植人AGM区基质细胞诱导的EB细胞者15 d内全部死亡。结论: 人AGM区及FL基质细胞能促进小鼠ESCs定向分化为HSCs,有效重建体内造血功能。     

人胚胎干细胞HuES17向造血干细胞的分化

背景：人类胚胎干细胞是来源于着床前囊胚的内细胞团,能在长期培养中无限增殖并保持未分化状态,且具有分化成人体组织各种细胞类型能力的细胞。 目的：进一步验证人胚胎干细胞HuES17细胞株向造血干细胞分化的能力。 方法：人胚胎干细胞HuES17采用与人包皮成纤维细胞二维共培养的方式培养,采用人胚胎干细胞与小鼠骨髓基质细胞(OP9) 二维共培养的方法诱导胚胎干细胞向造血干细胞分化。 结果与结论：人胚胎干细胞与小鼠骨髓基质细胞(OP9) 二维共培养诱导造血分化的第四五天即开始出现OP9细胞逐渐老化,很快死亡;可以观察到人胚胎干细胞分化,然而,随着OP9细胞死亡,分化的人胚胎干细胞亦死亡,不能诱导人胚胎干细胞向造血干细胞分化。提示人胚胎干细胞HuES17细胞株可能不能向造血干细胞分化,或向造血干细胞分化的能力较低。     

体外分化胚胎干细胞为造血干细胞重建造血功能的研究

目的：探讨体外定向分化胚胎干细胞（ESCs）为造血干细胞（HSCs）对体内造血功能的重建作用。方法：将小鼠E14.1胚胎干细胞采用“三步诱导法”在体外分化发育为HSCs，造血克隆形成(CFU)实验观察其体外造血集落形成情况，免疫磁珠分选纯化HSCs移植给经亚致死剂量γ射线照射的雌性SCID小鼠，观察其植入及小鼠造血功能恢复情况。结果: 经过分阶段诱导，多种造血刺激因子联合应用能有效促进ESCs定向分化发育为HSCs,流式细胞仪检测HSCs特异性表面标志物CD34+/Sca-1+表达最高为（58.64±4.20）%，CFU培养能形成较多的红系、粒系/巨噬细胞系及混合细胞集落, Wright-Giemsa 染色显示为原始的造血细胞。此阶段的HSCs经分选纯化后移植给经γ射线照射后的小鼠，移植组小鼠+10 d造血功能开始恢复，观察40 d后除血小板恢复较慢外，白细胞、红细胞、血红蛋白等指标已接近正常，植入率为71.4%，存活率为43.0%，染色体检测证实已由受体鼠的XX转为供体鼠的XY。结论: 采用分阶段诱导的方法，可在体外定向诱导小鼠ESCs分化发育为HSCs，此来源的HSCs可以有效重建体内造血功能。     

胚胎干细胞来源神经干细胞调控巨噬细胞的实验研究

目的:观察胚胎干细胞(Embryonic stem cell,ESC)来源的神经干细胞(Neural stem cells,NSCs)对骨髓巨噬细胞的增殖、吞噬及分泌细胞因子的影响,为探讨NSCs 免疫调节及在重大疾病中的应用做铺垫。方法:培养骨髓巨噬细胞,收集胚胎干细胞来源NSCs(ESC-NSCs)的上清液处理巨噬细胞,然后利用磺酰罗丹明B(Sulforhodamine B,SRB)法检测增殖情况;利用红荧光beads 检测吞噬能力;ELISA 法检各组TNF 和IL-1 表达情况。结果:成功从ESC 获得具有NSCs 特征的细胞。对照组、NSC 组巨噬细胞增殖率分别为100%、(126.29±5.41)%,beads 吞噬率分别为(70.23±2.57)%、(90.32±8.49)%。相比对照组,NSC 组巨噬细胞TNF 和IL-1茁含量下降(P<0.05)。结论:ESC 来源的NSCs 具有促进骨髓巨噬细胞增殖及增强其吞噬能力,并抑制其炎性因子分泌,为NSCs 免疫调节作用提供新的依据。     

Hematopoietic differentiation of embryoid bodies derived from the human embryonic stem cell line SNUhES3 in co-culture with human bone marrow stromal cells

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells can be induced to differentiate into hematopoietic precursor cells via two methods: the formation of embryoid bodies (EBs) and co-culture with mouse bone marrow (BM) stromal cells. In this study, the above two methods have been combined by co-culture of human ES-cell-derived EBs with human BM stromal cells. The efficacy of this method was compared with that using EB formation alone. The undifferentiated human ES cell line SNUhES3 was allowed to form EBs for two days, then EBs were induced to differentiate in the presence of a different serum concentration (EB and EB/high FBS group), or co- cultured with human BM stromal cells (EB/BM co-culture group). Flow cytometry and hematopoietic colony-forming assays were used to assess hematopoietic differentiation in the three groups. While no significant increase of CD34+/CD45- or CD34+/CD38- cells was noted in the three groups on days 3 and 5, the percentage of CD34+/CD45- cells and CD34+/ CD38- cells was significantly higher in the EB/BM co-culture group than in the EB and EB/high FBS groups on day 10. The number of colony-forming cells (CFCs) was increased in the EB/BM co-culture group on days 7 and 10, implying a possible role for human BM stromal cells in supporting hematopoietic differentiation from human ES cell-derived EBs. These results demonstrate that co-culture of human ES-cell-derived EBs with human BM stromal cells might lead to more efficient hematopoietic differentiation from human ES cells cultured alone. Further study is warranted to evaluate the underlying mechanism.     

Megakaryocytopoiesis in vitro: from the stem cells' perspective

Megakaryocytopoiesis is a complex network regulated by different megakaryocyte (MK)-stimulating factors (i.e., thrombopoietin [TPO], stem cell factor [SCF], interleukin 3 [IL-3], IL-6, IL-11 and GM-CSF). Although all of these factors can affect human and murine megakaryocytopoiesis at different levels of MK development, the effect on very primitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) is not well understood. We have further characterized the in vitro biological activity of recombinant murine TPO, SCF and IL-3 on the maturation and proliferation of MK progenitors from different murine primitive hematopoietic cells in a fibrin clot system under serum-free conditions. Neither TPO nor SCF alone induced MK colony formation (CFU-MK) from Lin- Sca+ cells. However, isolated large and mature MKs were observed in the presence of TPO. In contrast, IL-3 exerted a potent effect on CFU-MK formation from Lin- Sca+ cells. On this population of HSC, a significant increase of large MK colonies with mature MK were obtained under those conditions in which TPO was combined with IL-3 or SCF plus IL-3. Similar results were obtained with murine bone marrow cells enriched by primitive progenitors from day 3 post-5-fluorouracil treated mice (5-FUBMC). In contrast, TPO-sensitive precursors were detected in fetal liver cells (FLC). These cells differentiate and proliferate to MK progenitors in the presence of TPO. A significant increase in the number of CFU-MK was induced when TPO was combined with either IL-3 or SCF. On these populations of primitive hematopoietic progenitors, IL-3 induced both the proliferation and differentiation of MK progenitors. Because erythropoietin and TPO share similarities between their molecules and their receptors, we studied whether these growth factors may modulate megakaryocytopoiesis from FLC. Flow cytometry analysis of FLC expressing erythroid markers demonstrated that these cells expressed c-Mpl receptor. In our in vitro studies, although EPO by itself did not induce MK colonies from FLC, it enhanced the proliferative activity of TPO. High ploidy and proplatelet-shedding MK were observed in Lin- Sca+ cells, 5-FUBMC and FLC stimulated with TPO alone or in combination with other MK-stimulating factors. Based on these observations, we propose that TPO, IL-3 and SCF constitute early MK-acting factors with differential proliferative and differentiative activities on murine stem cells. TPO by itself does not appear to be involved in the proliferation of MK progenitors from bone marrow HSC. TPO appears to induce in these cells the commitment toward MK differentiation. However, this growth factor may enhance the proliferative activity of IL-3. IL-3 is an early MK-stimulating factor able to induce in vitro the proliferation and differentiation of MK progenitors from HSC.     

Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells promote lymphohematopoietic differentiation from murine embryonic stem cells: Role of soluble factors

Liver sinusoid endothelial cells (LSEC) constitute an in vitro and in vivo microenvironment for the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Previously, we have shown that LSEC support the survival and growth of murine embryonic stem cells (ESC). In this study, we investigated the capacity of LSEC to promote hematopoietic differentiation from the murine ESC cell line, CGR8. Undifferentiated ESC were cultured on LSEC monolayers in the absence of exogenous cytokines. After 10 and 20 days, cells were harvested and examined by their morphology, phenotype and capacity of hematopoietic colony formation. Microscopic observation of LSEC/ESC cocultures showed the presence of cobblestone areas formation, which indicates active hematopoiesis. Morphological analysis of cell from these foci showed the presence of hematopoietic cells at different stages of differentiation. Cells expressing B lymphoid markers (B220 and CD19) were detected by flow cytometry, and clonogenic assays showed the formation of CFU-pre B colonies. Similar results were observed when ESC were cultured with LSEC conditioned media. Myeloid precursors were also detected by the presence of CFU-GM colonies and cells expressing myeloid markers. These results indicate that LSEC provided an in vitro microenvironment mainly for B cell development, but also myeloid differentiation from ESC. Coculture of ESC with LSEC may constitute a very powerful tool to study the mechanisms involved in B cell generation from ESC.