胸膜粘连术治疗脓胸术后支气管胸膜瘘1例

1 临床资料 患者男性,17岁,汉族,2009年3月2日因"咳嗽、咳痰、发热20 d,加重伴胸痛16 d"入西藏军区总医院治疗.入院查血常规示:WBC 19.8×109 L-1、中性0.64,血沉40 mm·h-1;胸片示:右侧胸腔大量积液.行右侧胸腔穿刺,抽出黄色脓稠液,涂片检查见革兰氏阴性球菌,未见抗酸杆菌及其他细菌,普通细菌培养结果阴性.     

肺切除术后危重患者机械通气的应用肺切除术后危重患者机械通气的应用肺切除术后危重患者机械通气的应用

目的总结机械通气治疗肺切除术后患者呼吸功能不全的经验.方法回顾分析2001-05～2006-03我科肺切除术后并发呼吸功能不全25例患者的临床资料,均采用机械通气,同时对因治疗、控制肺部感染和营养支持. 结果 治愈20例,死亡3例,自动出院2例.结论肺切除术后并发呼吸功能不全,应及时给予机械通气治疗,合理选择呼吸机参数,注意无菌操作,在呼吸功能改善的同时对因治疗,并积极控制肺部感染,采用有效抗生素和营养支持.     

肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的非手术治疗

目的:探讨肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的非手术治疗方法.方法:支气管胸膜瘘患者11例均先行胸腔闭式引流,应用庆大霉素及1:4络合碘液、3%三氯醋酸稀释液交替冲洗,配合祛痰、止咳药物、抗生素的应用,加强营养,待瘘口基本无分泌物时酌情更换细引流管并逐渐外退或纤维支气管镜下以医用生物蛋白胶黏合,然后继续引流.结果:10例患者瘘口愈合后1,3,12个月复查纤维支气管镜及胸部CT未见复发.1例经上述方法2次处理无效后行开胸瘘口修补,带蒂肌瓣填塞后治愈.结论:肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘瘘口<6 mm的患者,处理得当多数可通过非手术疗法治愈.     

肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘12例治疗分析

1988～2004年我们共施行各类肺切除手术920例，术后发生支气管胸膜瘘（BPF）12例，发生率约1．21％。分析如下。 1临床资料 本组年龄30～75岁，术前诊断：肺结核6例，肺化脓症3例，肺癌3例。发生时间：术后1个月内发生BPF为10例，1个月～3a发生者2例。     

肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的预防体会

支气管胸膜瘘(Bronchopleural fistula,BPF)是指肺泡、各级支气管与胸膜腔之间相互交通而形成的瘘管。它是肺切除术后严重的并发症之一,处理困难,病程拖延长,死亡率达40％,故在肺切除术中对支气管胸膜瘘预防至关重要。1997年8月～2004年7月,作者进行肺切除术138例,除2例死亡,余未发生支气管胸膜瘘,效果满意,现报告如下。     

肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的预防

目的：探讨肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的预防方法。方法：术前积极改善病人全身一般状况，加强营养支持。应用广谱有效抗生素，结核病人充分抗结核。术中避免病变组织残留，避免损伤支气管动脉，尽量保留支气管残端良好血供，避免支气管残端过长。术中残端闭合技术可靠，并用周围的胸膜或心包等组织包埋支气管残端。术后加强呼吸道管理，充分镇痛，有效咳痰，及时处理胸腔积液及肺部感染等术后并发症。结果：本组80例病人，无一例发生支气管胸膜瘘。结论：肺切除病人如术前充分准备，术中合理操作，术后精心管理，能够有效地预防支气管胸膜瘘的发生。     

覆膜气管支架治疗全肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘

目的:初步探讨覆膜气管支架治疗全肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的可行性。方法:应用覆膜气管支架治疗全肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘2例。结果:2例分别经20d和35d胸腔冲洗而痊愈,随访期间无复发。结论:覆膜气管支架为全肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘治疗提供了一个安全、有效的方法。     

胸膜内胸改术治疗结核性脓胸合并支气管胸膜瘘的护理

采用胸膜内胸改术治疗14例结核性脓胸合并支气管胸膜瘘病人。术前经加强抗结核治疗、改善引流,减轻中毒症状,纠正低蛋白血症,增强病人的体质。术后注意引流管的管理,保障引流通畅,预防反常呼吸的发生;选择3—4种敏感结核药物联合化疗,预防结核病的复发或加重。通过上述治疗和护理,10例治愈,3例术后留有残腔,经3—6个月继续引流,脓腔闭合,1例因胸腔大出血抢救无效死亡。     

57例结核性脓胸合并支气管胸膜瘘的手术配合

外科手术是治疗慢性结核性脓胸有效的方法〔1〕。胸膜内胸改术即将部分肋骨切除使胸廓塌陷压缩消失脓腔。我院结核外科对结核性脓胸患者实行胸膜内胸改术治疗,效果比较满意。     

全肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的诊治体会

支气管胸膜瘘是指各级支气管与胸膜交通形成的窦道，多见于肺手术后，尤其全肺切除术后发生率较高。本文收集我院1989～2004年收治的11例全肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘，治疗效果满意，现报告如下。     

Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure

Noninvasive ventilation refers to any form of ventilatory support applied without the use of an endotracheal tube. It offers the potential to provide primary treatment for acute respiratory failure while avoiding complications associated with mechanical ventilation with endotracheal intubation. Noninvasive ventilation has been most commonly studied in hypercapnic respiratory failure. A review of randomized, controlled studies shows mixed results and methodologic limitations affect the interpretation of current evidence. Patient selection is clearly the most important issue in considering noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Unfortunately, patients who benefit from noninvasive ventilation represent only a minority of the total group with any one disease, and thus it is difficult to make broad conclusions concerning applicability of this treatment modality. Future studies are needed to focus on determining the specific patient populations who will benefit the most, evaluating the optimal ventilatory mode and mask for providing noninvasive ventilation, and clarifying its impact on clinical outcomes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

32例重型颅脑损伤继发呼吸衰竭护理

目的 回顾性总结32例重型颅脑损伤后继发急性呼吸衰竭的护理经验。方法 重型颅脑损伤后继发呼吸衰竭的患者予以病因治疗，并予以气管切开、机械性通气及亚低温等综合治疗，加强呼吸道护理及营养支持治疗。结果 经治疗良好14例（43．75％），中残6例（18．75％），重残2例（6．25％），死亡10例（31．25％）。结论 重视术前准备，加强术后生命体征的监测，做好呼吸道、引流管的护理，及时使用机械通气、亚低温疗法，早期给予营养支持，是该病的护理重点，也是降低死亡率的有效措施。     

肺切除术后危重患者机械通气的应用

目的总结机械通气治疗肺切除术后患者呼吸功能不全的经验。方法回顾分析2001-05～2006-03我科肺切除术后并发呼吸功能不全25例患者的临床资料,均采用机械通气,同时对因治疗、控制肺部感染和营养支持。结果治愈20例,死亡3例,自动出院2例。结论肺切除术后并发呼吸功能不全,应及时给予机械通气治疗,合理选择呼吸机参数,注意无菌操作,在呼吸功能改善的同时对因治疗,并积极控制肺部感染,采用有效抗生素和营养支持。     

Medical emergency team and non-invasive ventilation outside ICU for acute respiratory failure

Objective  To report data about “real-life” treatments with non-invasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure (ARF), managed outside intensive care units by anaesthesiologists acting as a medical emergency team. Design  Observational study; prospectively collected data over a 6-month period in a single centre. Setting  Non-intensive wards in a University Hospital with 1,100 beds. Patients  Consecutive patients with ARF for whom a ventilatory support was indicated but tracheal intubation was not appropriated or immediately needed. Interventions  None. Measurements and results  Patient’s characteristics, safety data, short-term outcome and organizational aspects of 129 consecutive treatments were collected. The overall success rate was 77.5%, while 10.1% were intubated and 12.4% died (all of them were “do not attempt resuscitation” patients). The incidence of treatment failure varied greatly among different diseases. Complications were limited to nasal decubitus (5%), failure to accomplish the prescribed ventilatory program (12%), malfunction of the ventilator (2%) and excessive air leaks from face mask (2%) with no consequences for patients. Three patients became intolerant to NIV. The work-load for the MET was high but sustainable: on average NIV was applied to a new case every 34 h and more than three patients were simultaneously treated. Conclusions  Under the supervision of a MET, in our institution NIV could be applied in a wide variety of settings, outside the ICU, with a high success rate and with few complications. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. This article is discussed in the editorial available at: doi:.     

有创机械通气实施时机对COPD急性发作期合并重度呼吸衰竭患者临床疗效的影响

目的探讨有创机械通气实施时机对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)急性发作期合并重度呼吸衰竭患者临床疗效的影响。方法选取本院2013年1月至2014年12月收治的92例COPD急性发作期合并重度呼吸衰竭患者作为研究对象,并按机械通气应用时间将其分为研究组和对照组各46例,入组后均给予常规治疗措施,对照组给予延迟机械通气,研究组给予早期机械通气,比较两组患者氧合指数(PaO_2/FiO_2)和动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)等血气指标变化及相关临床指标。结果治疗前两组患者PaO_2/FiO_2和PaCO_2组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。经过治疗后两组患者PaO_2/FiO_2和PaCO_2均明显改善,与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。治疗后研究组PaO_2/FiO_2高于对照组,而PaCO_2低于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。研究组总体机械通气时间、有创通气时间和住院时间均较对照组低,且组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论 COPD急性发作期合并重度呼吸衰竭患者应早期给予有创机械通气,对快速改善血气指标,促进病情好转有积极意义。     

Non-invasive negative and positive pressure ventilation in the treatment of acute on chronic respiratory failure

Objective To investigate in clinical practice the role of non-invasive mechanical ventilation in the treatment of acute respiratory failure on chronic respiratory disorders.Design An 18 months prospective cohort study.Setting A specialised respiratory intensive care unit in a university-affiliated hospital.Patients A total of 258 consecutive patients with acute respiratory failure on chronic respiratory disorders.Interventions Criteria for starting non-invasive mechanical ventilation and for endotracheal intubation were predefined. Non-invasive mechanical ventilation was provided by positive pressure (NPPV) ventilators or iron lung (NPV).Results The main characteristics of patients (70% with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) on admission were (mean, SD or median, 25th–75th centiles): pH 7.29 (0.07), PaCO₂ 83 mm Hg (19), PaO₂/FiO₂ 198 (77), APACHE II score 19 (15–24). Among the 258 patients, 200 (77%) were treated exclusively with non-invasive mechanical ventilation (40% with NPV, 23% with NPPV, and 14% with the sequential use of both), and 35 (14%) with invasive mechanical ventilation. In patients in whom NPV or NPPV failed, the sequential use of the alternative non-invasive ventilatory technique allowed a significant reduction in the failure of non-invasive mechanical ventilation (from 23.4 to 8.8%, p=0.002, and from 25.3 to 5%, p=0.0001, respectively). In patients as a whole, the hospital mortality (21%) was lower than that estimated by APACHE II score (28%).Conclusions Using NPV and NPPV it was possible in clinical practice to avoid endotracheal intubation in the large majority of unselected patients with acute respiratory failure on chronic respiratory disorders needing ventilatory support. The sequential use of both modalities may increase further the effectiveness of non-invasive mechanical ventilation.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-003-2145-9     

经鼻与经口气管插管机械通气抢救呼吸衰竭的比较

目的：探讨经鼻和经口气管插管的临床应用价值。方法：采用一次性附有低压高容气囊的气管插管，对１０７例急性呼吸衰竭患者进行经纤维支气管镜引导下插管，经鼻与经口明视插管或盲插管，并进行两种插管方法的比较。结果：经鼻插管６２例次，经口插管５４例次（共１１６例次）；留管时间：经鼻插管平均１１．８天，经口插管平均６．６天，两组比较Ｐ＜０．００５；气管切开率：经鼻插管组为１２．９％，显著低于经口插管组４２．６％（Ｐ＜０．００１）；而拔管率经鼻插管组为５９．７％，则明显高于经口插管组４０．７％（Ｐ＜０．００５）。结论：经鼻气管插管机械通气优于经口插管气管插管机械通气，前者具有患者耐受性好、留管时间较长、并发症少等优点，可避免或减少气管切开。     

急性呼吸衰竭纤维支气管镜肺段冲洗乌司他丁干预的临床研究

目的 评价纤维支气管镜肺段冲洗联合机械通气乌司他丁干预对控制胸腹部手术后急性呼吸衰竭、防治多脏器功能障碍综合征（MODS）及降低其病死率的作用.方法 56例胸腹部手术后急性呼吸衰竭患者随机分为纤维支气管镜肺段冲洗联合机械通气组（n=30）和纤维支气管镜肺段冲洗联合机械通气乌司他丁干预组（n=26）,比较两组患者呼吸力学、动脉血气及血流动力学的变化.观察两组患者肺及肺外脏器功能改善率、ICU病死率及其死亡原因等.结果 两组患者年龄和APACHE Ⅱ评分比较差异无显著性（P＞0.05）;纤维支气管镜肺段冲洗联合机械通气乌司他丁干预组对患者呼吸力学、动脉血气及血流动力学的影响均优于单纯使用纤维支气管镜肺段冲洗联合机械通气组;乌司他丁治疗组多脏器功能衰竭（MODF）的病死率为15.3%,明显低于对照组（25.6%,P＜0.05）.结论 纤维支气管镜联合机械通气乌司他丁干预能进一步改善胸腹部手术后急性呼吸功能衰竭患者的呼吸力学、动脉血气及血流动力学指标,并在防治MODS及降低急性呼吸衰竭患者病死率上有显著临床效果.     

Noninvasive ventilation in hypercapnic acute respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease vs. other conditions: effectiveness and predictors of failure

Objective This study compared the effectiveness of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) and the risk factors for NIV failure in hypercapnic acute respiratory failure (ARF) due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) vs. non-COPD conditions.Design and setting Prospective cohort study in the medical intensive care unit of a university hospital.Patients and participants 111 patients with hypercapnic ARF, 43 of whom had COPD exacerbations and 68 other conditions. Baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar.Measurements and results The risk of NIV failure, defined as the need for endotracheal intubation, was significantly lower in COPD than in other conditions (19% vs. 47%). High APACHE II score was an independent predictor of NIV failure in COPD (OR 5.38 per 5 points). The presence of pneumonia (OR 5.63), high APACHE II score (OR 2.59 per 5 points), rapid heart rate (OR 1.22 per 5 beats/min), and high PaCO₂ 1 h after NIV (OR 1.22 per 5 mmHg) were independent predictors of NIV failure in the non-COPD group. Failure of NIV independently predicted mortality (OR 10.53).Conclusions Noninvasive ventilation was more effective in preventing endotracheal intubation in hypercapnic ARF due to COPD than non-COPD conditions. High APACHE II score predicted NIV failure in both groups. Noninvasive ventilation was least effective in patients with hypercapnic ARF due to pneumonia.This revised version was published online in March 2005. In the abstract all occurrences of 95% CI were deleted, and in the main text some orthographical corrections were made.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病伴呼吸衰竭患者两种通气模式应用效果比较

目的探讨两种不同呼吸机通气模式对慢性阻塞性肺疾病伴呼吸衰竭患者的影响。方法 85例COPD合并呼吸衰竭患者分为2组,观察组(n=41)患者采用适用性支持通气模式(ASV),对照组(n=44)患者采用压力支持通气模式(PSV)和同步间歇指令通气模式(SIMV)。结果 2组患者HR、呼吸频率、MAP、pH、SpO_2、p(O_2)、p(CO_2)及p(A-a)O_2指标比较无显著差异(P0.05)。观察组MRV显著高于对照组(P0.01),潮气量(VT)显著低于对照组(P0.01)。观察组患者吸气流量显著高于对照组(P0.01),呼吸比、气道闭合压显著低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组患者并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论相比SIMV+PSV模式,ASV通气模式可以维持COPD伴呼衰患者自主呼吸功能。