经翼点入路鞍区手术间隙解剖学研究

目的　为鞍区显微外科手术提供解剖学参数。方法　对 10具成人尸体头颅的鞍区手术间隙及邻近血管、神经进行解剖学观察、测量。结果　大脑中动脉M1段在距颈内动脉分叉部 18.4± 3.2mm处形成初级分叉 ,向后上方发出约 14支穿支 ,分布至基底节区。鞍结节后缘至视交叉前缘相距 5 .6± 1.1mm ,两侧视神经内侧缘间最大距离 10 .5± 1.4mm。颈内动脉从内侧壁发出 3.2支垂体上动脉 ,终止于视神经、视交叉、视束和垂体柄 ;视神经 -颈内动脉三角三边长度分别为 6 .6± 0 .6mm ,6 .9± 0 .7mm ,4 .0± 0 .4mm。颈内动脉 -小脑幕三角三边长度为 8.8± 0 .7mm ,6 .7± 0 .7mm ,4 .4± 1.0mm ,后交通动脉起自颈内动脉后外壁距分叉部 7.7± 0 .5mm ,止于大脑后动脉 ,全长 18.7± 2 .3mm ,途中发出 7.4条穿通支。脉络膜前动脉从距分叉部 4 .4± 0 .6mm处发出 ,向后方走行 ,发出细小分支 ,分布于钩回、脉络丛。前交通动脉全长 1.9± 0 .3mm ,在前交通动脉上方 0 .9± 0 .2mm ,大脑前动脉A2段前外壁发出Heubner回返动脉 ,分布于胼胝体、基底节、下丘脑及额叶脑组织。结论　应用这些间隙的解剖学测量可指导与鞍区相关的手术 ,安全显露鞍区解剖结构 ,不损伤重要的血管和神经。     

垂体上动脉的显微外科解剖及其临床意义

目的：为探讨垂体上动脉在鞍区显微外科手术时的意义,以及与颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤发生的关系。方法：研究了２４例颅脑４８侧颈内动脉发出的垂体上动脉的显微外科解剖。结果：垂体上动脉起自颈内动脉眼动脉段,有１～４支,可分为单支型（３７．５％）和多支型（６２．５％）。平均支数为２．２±１．０支,直径为０．２６±０．１（０．１６～０．４８）ｍｍ。起点在颈内动脉起点远侧５．８±２．０（３．６～１８．６）ｍｍ。该动脉起始后向内、后、上行至视交叉下前面,发出分支与对侧垂体上动脉和后交通动脉分支相互吻合,构成漏斗周围吻合网,分布至漏斗、垂体、视交叉。且有一恒定分支折返前行至视神经,它对视神经的血液供应起着非常重要的作用。结论：该动脉的显微解剖,对理解颈内动脉瘤的发生以及鞍区肿瘤的外科手术有重要的临床意义。     

视交叉侧动脉显微解剖特点与垂体瘤患者视功能障碍的关系

目的 通过对视交叉侧动脉特点的显微解剖学研究,探讨其在垂体瘤致视功能障碍中的意义.方法 10例福尔马林固定的国人成人头颅标本,经双侧颈内动脉和椎动脉灌注红色乳胶后取脑,手术显微镜下剥离鞍区蛛网膜,暴露颈内动脉颅内段、Willis环及其穿动脉,以及垂体柄、视交叉、大脑脚、乳头体等鞍区重要结构.观察视交叉侧动脉的起始、走行、分支和分布,测量其起始部的直径并显微摄影. 结果 视交叉侧动脉自颈内动脉C<,2>段内侧壁发出,在蛛网膜下腔迂曲走行,起始部位靠上,几乎与视交叉处于同一水平,直径(0.18±0.06)mm,在到达视交叉之前发出2-3条亚支,呈"分水岭"样分布于视交叉侧缘、视交叉侧部的上面和下面(以下面为主)靠外侧的部分以及视神经近视交叉处外侧半.视交叉侧动脉具有较长的脑外游离段,各穿动脉主干之间不吻合,而在软膜上与邻近穿动脉之间存在广泛的终末吻合. 结论 垂体瘤不易累及视交叉侧动脉可能是垂体瘤患者鼻上象限视野往往可以长时间保留的原因.     

内窥镜下经鼻蝶切除垂体瘤鞍区应用解剖

目的 :为临床开展神经内窥镜下经鼻蝶切除垂体腺瘤提供解剖基础。方法 :对 2 5例成人头部固定标本进行蝶鞍区的解剖测量 ,并对 9具新鲜尸头进行内窥镜下经鼻蝶至蝶鞍的解剖观察。结果 :鞍膈高度(5 .5± 0 .6)mm ,鞍膈孔前后径 (6.2± 1.3 )mm ,鞍膈孔左右径 (6.5± 1.5 )mm ,鞍膈孔前缘到鞍结节 (3 .4± 1.3 )mm ,鞍膈孔前缘到垂体柄 (2 .5± 1.1)mm ;视神经出视神经颅口宽 (5 .0± 0 .4)mm ,两侧内缘间距 (13 .7±2 .3 )mm ,视交叉前缘距视神经间沟中点 (6.8± 1.3 )mm ,视交叉宽 (11.5± 1.4)mm。结论 :神经内窥镜下经鼻蝶切除垂体腺瘤应熟悉蝶鞍底及窦内的解剖标志 ,并充分利用鞍膈等解剖结构有序地做肿瘤切除。     

眶上锁孔入路治疗眼动脉瘤的应用解剖

目的 :为临床应用眶上锁孔入路治疗眼动脉段颈内动脉瘤提供解剖学基础。方法 :在 2 1例福尔马林固定尸体头部标本上观察测量前床突周围的神经血管位置关系 ,分析其对手术可能造成的影响及克服方法 ;在 9例新鲜尸体头部标本上模拟眶上锁孔入路治疗眼动脉段颈内动脉瘤手术 ,验证其可行性及优势。结果 :视交叉前缘至鞍结节距离为 (7.0± 1.8)mm ,视神经颅内段长度 (11.4± 2 .7)mm ,颅口处视神经内侧缘之间距离为 (12 .8± 0 .7)mm ,颈内动脉床突上段长度 (14 .5± 1.3 )mm。两侧前床突根间距 (2 1.2± 0 .8)mm ,两侧前床突尖间距为 (2 6.1± 1.7)mm ,视神经管颅口水平前床突长 (10 .1± 0 .2 )mm ,宽 (11.6± 1.4)mm ,厚 (4 .9± 0 .7)mm。手术时通过磨除前床突、鞍结节 ,切开镰状襞等能松解视神经、颈内动脉 ,形成较宽敞的操作空间 ,良好的控制近端动脉。视野细节显露清楚。结论 :眶上锁孔入路是治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤的良好手术入路。     

眶上锁孔入路治疗垂体瘤的临床解剖学研究

目的 :探讨内窥镜辅助眶上锁孔入路治疗垂体瘤的可行性。方法 :2 1例福尔马林固定尸体头部标本用于鞍区各解剖结构 ,特别是垂体柄、视神经、视交叉及其供血动脉特点的观察 ,总结手术可利用的间隙、应保护的结构 ;在 9例新鲜尸头上模拟进行内窥镜辅助眶上锁孔入路手术 ,进一步验证其可行性及优势。结果 :颈内动脉床突上段长度 (14 .5± 1.3 )mm(8.1～ 18.5mm ) ,发向垂体柄、视神经或视交叉的穿支动脉的支数分别为 :大脑前或前交通动脉 3 .0支 (2～ 6支 ) ,颈内动脉 2 .1支 (1～ 5支 ) ,后交通动脉 3 .2支 (3～ 6支 ) ,基底动脉 1.4支 (1～ 3支 )。视神经颅内段长度为 (11.4± 2 .7)mm (6.1～ 17.6mm ) ,第 1间隙面积为 (4 4 .8± 3 .4)mm2 (7.0～ 10 0 .8mm2 ) ,手术可通过第 1间隙或 /和第 2间隙进行。结论 :通过眶上锁孔入路治疗向鞍上发展的垂体瘤有充足的操作空间 ,具有视神经、视交叉减压充分 ,利于保护其供血动脉的优点。     

经额胼胝体下入路垂体瘤切除术的应用解剖

目的为经额胼胝体下入路垂体瘤切除术提供显微外科解剖学基础.方法采用显微解剖技术对17个甲醛固定,红色明胶动脉灌注的成年尸头标本蝶鞍区的有关神经和血管进行观察.结果(1)视交叉前间隙之间的面积为(28.4±6.2)mm2,视交叉前缘至鞍结节之间的距离为(4.1±0.8)mm.(2)前穿动脉主要来源于大脑前动脉交通前段和颈内动脉终末段,穿入前穿质前可分成多支或形成动脉丛.(3)两侧颈内动脉海绵窦段水平部之间的距离为(16.5±4.4)mm,在穿经海绵窦上壁处间距为(13.3±2.5)mm,在大脑前动脉发起处,间距为(17.9±1.6)mm.(4)前交通动脉在视交叉之上者占82.4%,之前者占14.3%,侧方者占5.9%.(5)动眼神经在后床突的前外侧(7.8±2.1)mm处穿海绵窦顶入海绵窦,入窦点在颈内动脉床突上段后方(5.0±2.0)mm,两侧入窦点之间的距离为(21.9±2.3)mm.结论经额胼胝体下入路垂体瘤切除术主要是通过视交叉前间隙,在颈内动脉之间的区域操作,手术中,既要保护颈内动脉、视神经、动眼神经等较大结构,又要尽量避免穿动脉、下丘脑支动脉等小动脉的损伤,以减少并发症的发生.     

膝周血管的应用解剖与骨肿瘤保肢术受区血管的选择

目的:为临床施行带血管骨移植修复膝关节周围肿瘤性骨缺损、选择恰当的受区吻合血管提供解剖学依据。方法:在30具(60侧)成人尸体下肢标本上,观测膝关节周围血管来源、走行、管径、可游离长度等。结果:膝降动脉于股骨内上髁最高点近侧(11.23±1.30)cm处起自股动脉前内侧壁,外径(2.39±0.32)mm,主干长3.2cm;半膜肌支于股骨内上髁最高点近侧7.9cm处起自腘动脉后壁,外径(2.17±0.20)mm,蒂长(5.39±1.09)cm;腓肠动脉内侧支于股骨内上髁最高点近侧(0.69±0.57)cm处起自腘动脉内侧壁,起始外径(2.16±0.24)mm,主干长(3.90±0.95)cm;腓肠动脉外侧支于腓骨头最高点近侧(4.3±0.80)cm处起自腘动脉外侧壁,起始外径(2.09±0.22)mm,主干长(4.03±1.16)cm。结论:①选取最佳的受区血管应综合考虑血管的解剖位置、变异情况、外径、蒂长以及是否受肿瘤侵犯等因素;②腓肠血管可作为膝周骨肿瘤保肢术的首选吻合血管,膝降血管、半膜肌血管可作为备选血管;③腘动脉关节支不适于作为骨肿瘤保肢术的受区吻合血管;④行同种异体全关节或半关节移植时应选下肢的主干血管作为吻合血管。     

眼动脉及其分支的显微解剖学研究

目的:研究眼动脉及其分支的显微解剖,为影像诊断、介入治疗和手术方案的制定提供解剖学依据。方法:肉眼及手术显微镜下观测30例(60侧)成人颅底湿性标本的眼动脉及其分支的形态、大小及毗邻关系。结果:①眼动脉分别起自颈内动脉床突上段起始部的前上壁(占93.34%)、海绵窦段前部(占3.33%)或脑膜中动脉(占3.33%),起始处外径为(1.46±0.40)mm。②眼动脉在视神经管内行于视神经下方、管底硬脑膜鞘内,在视神经管颅口处62.50%位于视神经内下方,在视神经管眶口处85.72%位于视神经外下方。③眼动脉眶内段分为3段,并形成2个弯曲。④视网膜中央动脉起始位置不恒定,起始处外径为(0.57±0.12)mm。结论:熟悉眼动脉的行径及其主要分支的正常解剖及变异,有利于眶尖区疾病的影像诊断和手术时避免损伤眼动脉及其分支。     

第五间隙的解剖及临床应用

目的:探讨翼点入路中第五间隙(颈内动脉上间隙)在鞍区肿瘤切除过程中的临床应用价值。方法:对磁共振显示为大型鞍区肿瘤的患者在术中采取颈内动脉上间隙结合第I-IV间隙分离并切除肿瘤,并观察患者术后的症状变化及复查影像学结果。结果:颈内动脉分叉部位于外侧裂的内侧角。11例存在颈内动脉分叉部的穿通动脉(35.5%)。15例存在内侧豆纹动脉(占48.4%),16例内侧豆纹动脉缺如,此时形成的间隙面积为8mm2左右。25例存在大脑前动脉A1段的穿通动脉(占80.6%)。全切除25例,次全切除6例。2例内囊前肢前下部有小片状脑梗塞。所有患者术后均恢复清醒,无肢体活动障碍。30例术前视力下降者中,视力改善者23例,无明显改善者6例,较术前差者1例。一过性尿崩症16例,需长期药物替代治疗者4例。无手术死亡。结论:经翼点入路切除大型鞍区肿瘤时,可以采取颈内动脉上间隙作为手术操作径路,增加肿瘤的全切率和减少并发症。     

Extrinsic and intrinsic blood supply to the optic chiasm

Although there have been many studies of the arterial cerebral blood supply, only seven have described the optic chiasm (OC) blood supply and their results are contradictory. The aim of this study was to analyze the extrinsic and intrinsic OC blood supply on cadaveric specimens using dissections and microcomputer tomography (Micro‐CT). Thirteen human specimens were dissected and the internal or common carotid arteries were injected with red latex, China Ink with gelatin or barium sulfate. Three Micro‐CTs were obtained to reveal the intrinsic blood supply to the OC. The superior hypophyseal arteries (SupHypA) (13/13) and posterior communicating artery (PCoA) (12/13) supplied the pial network on the inferior side of the OC. The first segment of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) (10/10), SupHypA (7/10), the anterior communicating artery (ACoA) (9/10), and PComA (1/10) supplied the pial network of its superior side. The intrinsic OC blood supply was divided into three networks (two lateral and one central). Capillaries entering the OC originated principally from the inferior pial network. The lateral network capillaries had the same orientation as the visual lateral pathways, but the central network was not correlated with the nasal fibers crossing into the OC. There was no anastomosis in the pial or intrinsic networks. Only SupHypA, PCoA, ACoA, and ACA were involved in the OC blood supply. Because there was no extrinsic or intrinsic anastomosis, all arteries should be preserved. Tumor compression of the inferior intrinsic arterial network could contribute to visual defects. Clin. Anat. 31:432–440, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

初生期去胸腺雄性大鼠免疫及神经内分泌功能的变化

本研究证实,初生48小时内去胸腺的成年雄性大鼠脾细胞ConA刺激反应性及IL-2活性下降,表明T细胞功能受损。同时,体重、垂体和睾丸重、血清LH和FSH水平、血清和尿睾丸酮含量以及垂体cAMP含量均降低,下丘脑5-HT代谢发生改变。这些结果提示,雄性大鼠去胸腺后可发生下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴功能的改变。     

脑源性神经生长因子对原代培养的下丘脑加压素能神经元的影响

目的：研究脑源性神经生长因子对下丘脑加压素能神经元发育的影响。方法：选用当日生Wistar大鼠,取下丘脑和垂体组织联合培养,向联合培养体系中加入外源性的脑源性神经生长因子,进行形态学观察以及VP免疫组织化学染色。结果：脑源性神经生长因子可明显促进加压素能神经元的早期发育,突起增长且数目增多,VP免疫阳性细胞增多,结论：脑源性神经生长因子在加压能神经元早期生长发育中发挥重要的作用。     

血管加压素免疫反应神经纤维也存在于中国树鼩垂体门微静脉管壁内

采用ABC免疫组化和DAB／H2O2／Ni加强技术以及兔抗血管加压素血清，观察了血管加压素免疫反应神经纤维在中国树垂体门脉系统的门微静脉壁内的存在。证明此纤维呈细丝状，在门微静脉壁内呈环行密集分布，可能呈螺旋形走向，纤维间界限不清，有的地方可见血管内皮细胞内含有血管加压素免疫反应产物。空白对照试验和抗催产素血清对照试验的结果表明；门微静脉壁内的着色反应为特异性的血管加压系免疫反应。本文讨论了门微静脉壁内血管加压素免疫反应神经纤维的来源、去向和与垂体前叶内其它肽能神经纤维的关系。     

Effects of acute haloperidol treatment on regional catecholamine levels and utilization in rats exposed to toluene

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate whether the responses of central catecholamine (CA) neurons to CA receptor blockade by haloperidol are altered upon toluene exposure. Male rats were exposed to air or toluene (80 ppm) for 5 and 4 days, 6 h day^-1. CA levels and utilization were determined in discrete regions of the forebrain and hypothalamus as well as in the substantia nigra (SN) and anteromedial frontal cortex (AMFC). Serum levels of corticosterone, thyroid stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and prolactin were determined by radioimmunoassay procedures. Toluene exposure led to increased dopamine (DA) utilization in the AMFC and increased CA utilization in the paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei. In air-exposed rats haloperidol (1 mg kg^-1, i.p., 2 h before killing) increased DA utilization in the marginal part of the nucleus caudatus putamen (CAUD). In toluene-exposed rats, haloperidol induced significant depletions of DA stores in the SN and in the medial and central parts of the CAUD. In the posterior nucleus accumbens (ACC) DA utilization was significantly increased. Combined haloperidol and toluene treatment selectively decreased DA levels in the ACC and SN, and significantly increased DA utilization in the CAUD, as compared with the air-exposed control group. Furthermore, after combined treatment, there was a specific increase in noradrenaline (NA) utilization in the SN and in CA utilization in the medial palisade zone of the median eminence. Serum prolactin levels were substantially raised in both the air and toluene groups after the haloperidol treatment. In conclusion, acute haloperidol treatment preferentially reduces DA levels and increases DA and NA utilization in the SN and in discrete tel- and diencephalic areas in rats exposed to toluene.     

Neuroendocrine and cytokine profile of chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia

A bidirectional relationship exists between depression and cardiovascular disease. Patients with major depression are more likely to develop cardiac events, and patients with myocardial infarction and heart failure are more likely to develop depression. A feature common to both clinical syndromes is activation of proinflammatory cytokines and stress hormones, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In the present study we examined the hypothesis that exposure to chronic mild stress (CMS), an experimental model of depression that induces anhedonia in rats, is sufficient to activate the production of proinflammatory cytokines and stress hormones that are detrimental to the heart and vascular system. Four weeks of exposure of male, Sprague-Dawley rats to mild unpredictable environmental stressors resulted in anhedonia which was operationally defined as a reduction in sucrose intake without a concomitant effect on water intake. Humoral assays indicated increased plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), plasma renin activity, aldosterone, and corticosterone in the CMS exposed rats. Tissue TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were increased in the hypothalamus, and TNF-alpha was increased in the pituitary gland. These humoral responses to CMS, associated with anhedonia as an index of depression in the rat, are likely to be associated with neurohumoral mechanisms that may contribute to adverse cardiac events. The findings provide a basis for examining more directly the interactions among the central, endocrine, and immune systems in depression associated with heart disease.     

Variation in the Origin of Cystic Artery

In recent years, an extensive development in laproscopic surgery has made surgeons to obtain a clear appreciation and knowledge of variations in the blood supply of gall bladder. The study was done on specimens including 35 embalmed cadavers and 15 fresh postmortem specimens by dissection method at JSS Medical College. In the present study we observed that the cystic artery from right hepatic was seen only in 54% cases. Whereas from hepatic artery proper in 22%, from common hepatic in 12%, from gastroduodenal in 8%, and from superior mesenteric in 2% of cases. Cystic artery from superior mesenteric passes through head of pancreas. This variation is very important for surgeons during resection of pancreas. Because of very limited field of vision during laproscopic surgery, haemorrhage could be a problem if these variations are overlooked. Sound knowledge of cystic artery variations is helpful for surgeons while performing upper abdominal surgeries.     

Multiple variations of internal iliac artery – A case report

IntroductionInternal iliac artery (IIA) is the vessel predominantly supplying the pelvic viscera and the pelvic wall. The main stem of IIA is usually devoid of any branches. Its two divisions give rise to all its branches.MethodA case of multiple variations of IIA was noted during routine dissection of a male cadaver on the right side.ResultsInferior gluteal artery and middle rectal artery which are usually branches of the anterior division of IIA arose from the posterior division. Iliolumbar artery, usually a branch of the posterior division arose from the main stem of IIA. Obturator artery arose from external iliac artery instead of IIA.DiscussionThe knowledge of such variations aids in performing various surgical and radiological procedures in this region.     

选择性腹腔动脉、肠系膜上动脉、肾动脉及肠系膜下动脉造影的局部解剖学研究

本文利用70具成人尸体(男性40具,女性30具)进行了经股动脉插管至腹腔动脉、肠系膜上动脉、肾动脉及肠系膜下动脉之间的距离,各动脉的直径,以及用圆形分布理论统计分析各动脉干与主动脉腹部间的平均夹角,并对动脉干纵轴的方向,动脉起始部与脊柱的对应关系,动脉干的类型做了解剖学观察,并讨论了相应的临床意义。